Changes

The prominent origin of life researcher [[Stanley Miller]] said the origin of life problem was more difficult than he or anyone else had imagined.<ref name="Why Abiogenesis is impossible">[https://web.archive.org/web/20170717223959/https://www.creationresearch.org/crsq/articles/36/36_4/abiogenesis.html Why Abiogenesis is impossible]</ref> Organic synthesis has been ongoing for at least 200 years and millions of molecules have been successfully synthesized, which makes it puzzling that prebiotic chemistry has not had much success in synthesizing anything close to any of the thousands of complex biomolecular machinery that make up a cell.<ref name="fuzzy">Gilles Bruylants et al. 2011. "Prebiotic chemistry: A fuzzy field". Comptes Rendus Chimie (Proceedings of the Academy of Sciences France). 14 (4): 388–391. doi:10.1016/j.crci.2010.04.002. ISSN 1631-0748.</ref> Most of the prebiotic chemistry research has remained in searching for prebiotic pathways for the formation of very simple building blocks such as amino acids, riboses or nucleic bases - similar to the [[Miller-Urey experiment]] level, not higher molecular and complex machinery level like RNA, DNA, proteins, enzymes; due to the significantly higher level of chemistry required.<ref name="fuzzy" /> As of 2024 numerous problems still persist for prebiotic chemists trying to solve abiogenesis.<ref name="abio 2024" />  

The prominent origin of life researcher [[Stanley Miller]] said the origin of life problem was more difficult than he or anyone else had imagined.<ref name="Why Abiogenesis is impossible">[https://web.archive.org/web/20170717223959/https://www.creationresearch.org/crsq/articles/36/36_4/abiogenesis.html Why Abiogenesis is impossible]</ref> Organic synthesis has been ongoing for at least 200 years and millions of molecules have been successfully synthesized, which makes it puzzling that prebiotic chemistry has not had much success in synthesizing anything close to any of the thousands of complex biomolecular machinery that make up a cell.<ref name="fuzzy">Gilles Bruylants et al. 2011. "Prebiotic chemistry: A fuzzy field". Comptes Rendus Chimie (Proceedings of the Academy of Sciences France). 14 (4): 388–391. doi:10.1016/j.crci.2010.04.002. ISSN 1631-0748.</ref> Most of the prebiotic chemistry research has remained in searching for prebiotic pathways for the formation of very simple building blocks such as amino acids, riboses or nucleic bases - similar to the [[Miller-Urey experiment]] level, not higher molecular and complex machinery level like RNA, DNA, proteins, enzymes; due to the significantly higher level of chemistry required.<ref name="fuzzy" /> As of 2024 numerous problems still persist for prebiotic chemists trying to solve abiogenesis.<ref name="abio 2024" />  

[[Cell]]s are very optimized entities and appear to be fine tuned. Studies on raw materials used by cells such as the 20 chiral-specific [[amino acid]]s, which permeate all life on earth, are the optimal or ideal set of amino acids out of all the possible amino acid combinations.<ref>Ilardo, M., Meringer, M., Freeland, S. et al. Extraordinarily Adaptive Properties of the Genetically Encoded Amino Acids. Scientific Reports 5, 9414 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1038/srep09414</ref><ref>Doig, A.J. (2017), Frozen, but no accident – why the 20 standard amino acids were selected. FEBS J, 284: 1296-1305. https://doi.org/10.1111/febs.13982</ref>   

[[Cell]]s are very optimized entities and appear to be fine tuned. Studies on raw materials used by cells such as the 20 chiral-specific [[amino acid]]s, which permeate all life on earth, are the optimal or ideal set of amino acids out of all the possible amino acid combinations.<ref>Ilardo, M., Meringer, M., Freeland, S. et al. Extraordinarily Adaptive Properties of the Genetically Encoded Amino Acids. Scientific Reports 5, 9414 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1038/srep09414</ref><ref>Doig, A.J. (2017), Frozen, but no accident – why the 20 standard amino acids were selected. FEBS J, 284: 1296-1305. https://doi.org/10.1111/febs.13982</ref> Out of 100,000 isomers of 20 natural amino acids, the 20 that life uses were found to be very thermodynamically stable.<ref>Crespi, S., Vadivel, D., Bellisario, A. et al. Computational Study of the Stability of Natural Amino Acid isomers. Orig Life Evol Biosph 51, 287–298 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11084-021-09615-2</ref> More than 900 amino acids exist in nature.<ref>Lu, Y., Freeland, S. On the evolution of the standard amino-acid alphabet . Genome Biol 7, 102 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1186/gb-2006-7-1-102 "different categories of amino acids: abiotic, approximately 80 amino acids which were probably produced by abiotic synthesis before life evolved (see, for example, [53]); biosynthetic, approximately 900 amino acids which are produced by natural biosynthetic pathways [54,55]; and engineered, at least 118 amino acids which have been experimentally engineered and placed into proteins by biomedical research projects"</ref>

== Current status ==

== Current status ==