Changes

'''5.''' Apply structured after-action review. In organizational settings, formally scheduling counterfactual reflection after a project — asking "what would we do differently, and why?" — captures institutional learning while the evidence is still fresh. The key discipline is to focus counterfactuals on controllable factors within the decision process, not on unforeseeable external events, keeping the review constructive rather than retrospectively punishing.

'''5.''' Apply structured after-action review. In organizational settings, formally scheduling counterfactual reflection after a project — asking "what would we do differently, and why?" — captures institutional learning while the evidence is still fresh. The key discipline is to focus counterfactuals on controllable factors within the decision process, not on unforeseeable external events, keeping the review constructive rather than retrospectively punishing.

'''6.''' Reframe sunk cost thinking with forward counterfactuals. The sunk cost fallacy — continuing a failing course of action to avoid "wasting" past investment — is sustained by a backward counterfactual ("I've already put so much in"). Redirecting attention to a forward counterfactual ("if I start fresh today, where will I be in a year?") breaks the backward anchor and aligns the decision with future value rather than past loss.

'''6.''' Reframe [[sunk cost]] thinking with forward counterfactuals. The sunk cost fallacy — continuing a failing course of action to avoid "wasting" past investment — is sustained by a backward counterfactual ("I've already put so much in"). Redirecting attention to a forward counterfactual ("if I start fresh today, where will I be in a year?") breaks the backward anchor and aligns the decision with future value rather than past loss.

== Adaptive value and modulation ==

== Adaptive value and modulation ==