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==Defense==
==Defense==
Mali's armed forces number some 7,000 and are under the control of the Minister of Defense and Veterans, as is the National Guard. The Gendarmerie and local police forces are under the Ministry of Security and Civil Protection. The police and gendarmes share responsibility for internal security; the police are in charge of urban areas only. In the 1960s and 1970s, Mali's Army and Air Force relied primarily on the Soviet Union for materiel and training. A few Malians receive military training in the United States, France, and Germany. Under the Pan Sahel Initiative, more troops got training and equipment in 2003-2004 and in subsequent years. Military expenditures total about 13% of the national budget.
Mali's armed forces number some 7,000 and are under the control of the Minister of Defense and Veterans, as is the National Guard. The Gendarmerie and local police forces are under the Ministry of Security and Civil Protection. The police and gendarmes share responsibility for internal security; the police are in charge of urban areas only. In the 1960s and 1970s, Mali's Army and Air Force relied primarily on the Soviet Union for materiel and training. A few Malians receive military training in the United States, France, and Germany. Under the Pan Sahel Initiative, more troops got training and equipment in 2003-2004 and in subsequent years. Military expenditures total about 13% of the national budget.
==Civil War 2012-Present==
2026 Jihadists Are on the Brink of an African Caliphate. Islamists in Mali have routed Kremlin-backed forces hired by the government. Confounding efforts by the West to uproot al Qaeda and its offshoots<ref>https://www.wsj.com/world/africa/jihadists-are-on-the-brink-of-an-african-caliphate-831569e7</ref>.Islamist groups tightens blockade on Mali capital<ref>https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cg4pq3zxnpqo</ref>.<br>
2017 June – Al-Qaeda-aligned group Nusrat al-Islam wal Muslimeen claims responsibility for an attack on an hotel popular with Westerners east of Bamako.<br>
2014 France announces 60% reduction in troops deployed in Mali to about a thousand. President Keita appoints former rival Moussa Mara prime minister in a bid to curb instability in the north. Fragile truce with Tuareg MNLA separatists breaks down in north.<br>
2013 June – Government signs peace deal with Tuareg nationalist rebels to pave way for elections. Rebels agree to hand over northern town of Kidal that they captured<br>
2012 Islamist groups involved in the Mali civil war include Ansar Dine, al-Qaeda in the Islamic Maghreb (AQIM), and Jama'at Nusrat al-Islam wal-Muslimin (JNIM),fighting to impose their interpretation of Islamic law<ref>https://pksoi.armywarcollege.edu/index.php/minusma-timeline-since-2007-conflict-in-mali/<ref>
==Economy==
==Economy==