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→Congress of Vienna (1815 - 1914)
In [[West Asia]], only the Arabian Peninsula, and in [[East Asia]], only [[Japan]] remained completely [[independent]]. Japan soon emulated Europe’s [[imperialist]] powers by building its own overseas empire, seizing the Chinese province of [[Taiwan]] in 1895, subjugating the Empire of [[Korea]] in 1905, and annexing it in 1910.
In [[West Asia]], only the Arabian Peninsula, and in [[East Asia]], only [[Japan]] remained completely [[independent]]. Japan soon emulated Europe’s [[imperialist]] powers by building its own overseas empire, seizing the Chinese province of [[Taiwan]] in 1895, subjugating the Empire of [[Korea]] in 1905, and annexing it in 1910.
==Treaty of Versailles==
{{See also|Treaty of Versailles}}
The 1919 peace conference in [[Paris]] that followed the armistice with [[Germany]] in the [[First World War]] marked international recognition of the [[United States]] as a leading [[Atlantic]] and global power. At the conference, [[President Woodrow Wilson]] advocated a distinctly [[American]] vision of world order based on [[self-determination]] – if only for the [[white]] nations of [[Europe]] – and the replacement of [[international]] power politics with a version of the [[rule of law]] under a new "[[League of Nations]]." His support for self-determination reflected both popular American reverence for the [[U.S.]] [[Declaration of Independence]] and his own sympathy for the right of secession espoused by his native [[Virginia]] and childhood residence in [[Georgia]], both unreconciled members of the ill-fated [[Confederate States of America]]. Wilson's [[idealistic]] vision of a [[new world order]] based on agreed norms and regulatory institutions gained lip service at the conference, but little else. Translated into [[ethno]]-[[linguistic]] terms relevant to [[Europe]] and [[West Asia]], "self-determination" furnished the justification for the dismantling and partition of the [[Austro-Hungarian]] and [[Ottoman Empire]]s.
America's core [[ideology]] had long been the [[rule of law]]. The proposal for a "League of Nations" represented a projection of this ideology into [[international]] affairs. The subsequent refusal of the [[United States]] to join the League incapacitated it, but the idea of a rule-bound order continued to find expression in idealistic projects like the [[Kellogg-Briand Pact]] of 1928, whose signatories sanctimoniously renounced the use of [[war]] to settle international disputes.
The [[First World War]] had crippled [[Germany]], gutted and impoverished [[Britain]] and [[France]], and catalyzed the dissolution and rebirth of the [[Russian Empire]] as the [[Soviet Union]]. The victors, including the [[United States]], excluded both [[Germany]] and the [[Soviet Union]] from any role in a renewed [[Europe]]an system of governance or [[balance of power]]. This miscarriage of [[statecraft]] ensured instability and laid the basis for a renewed [[violent]] struggle for [[hegemony]] in Europe two decades later.
Meanwhile, the world war of 1914 – 1918 had propelled the United States to global [[economic]], [[financial]], and [[cultural]] preeminence. The [[dollar]] became a major international medium of exchange, and [[American]] [[music]], [[literature]], and [[consumer]] products achieved worldwide acclaim. But with the United States self-isolated, the [[great power]]s of Europe weakened, and agitation for independence in their overseas [[empire]]s mounting, the world was in a state of increasing disorder – in transition to something yet unknown.
==Cold War (1947 – 1989)==
==Cold War (1947 – 1989)==