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→Unipolar (1991 - 2017)
In 2007, Russian [[President Vladimir Putin]] issued a strong warning against further NATO enlargement. But in 2008, under U.S. pressure, NATO offered membership to the [[republic of Georgia]] and [[Ukraine]], both former constituent states of the Soviet Union bordering the [[Russian Federation]]. An emboldened Georgia then challenged Russian influence in minority regions on its Russian border. The result was the first [[Europe]]an [[war]] of the 21st century, which ended in the Russian-aided secession of both [[South Ossetia]] and [[Abkhazia]] from Georgia and Russian establishment of suzerainty there.
In 2007, Russian [[President Vladimir Putin]] issued a strong warning against further NATO enlargement. But in 2008, under U.S. pressure, NATO offered membership to the [[republic of Georgia]] and [[Ukraine]], both former constituent states of the Soviet Union bordering the [[Russian Federation]]. An emboldened Georgia then challenged Russian influence in minority regions on its Russian border. The result was the first [[Europe]]an [[war]] of the 21st century, which ended in the Russian-aided secession of both [[South Ossetia]] and [[Abkhazia]] from Georgia and Russian establishment of suzerainty there.
In 2014 a US-supported [[color revolution]] and [[regime change]] operation overthrew the [[democratic]]ally [[elect]]ed but [[corrupt]] pro-Russian [[government]] of Ukraine. After the [[coup]], the [[U.S.]] again pressed [[NATO]] to induct Ukraine. Ukrainian membership in NATO threatened, among other consequences, to deprive Russia of its centuries-old vital [[national security]] [[Black Sea]] naval base in [[Crimea]]. In a [[blood]]less use of [[military]] measures short of war, Russia then took back Crimea, administrative control of which the Soviet Union had transferred from Russia to Ukraine in 1954.
Meanwhile, the new ultranationalist regime in [[Kyiv]] sought to make Ukrainian the sole [[language]] of official and interpersonal communication in public institutions throughout the country, ending the official use of [[Russian]] and other languages at both the national and regional levels. Soon thereafter, Russia conducted a [[referendum]] in Crimea, most of whose inhabitants — more than three-fourths of whom are native speakers of Russian – welcomed reincorporation into the [[Russian Federation]]. The [[Donbas]] oblasts of [[Donetsk]] and [[Lugansk]], where Russian speakers are seventy percent or more of the [[population]], then declared their [[autonomy]] from Ukraine, but were denied reincarnation into the Russian Federation by the Russian State Duma.
The US-backed [[Kyiv regime]] launched an offensive that occupied parts of the Donbas. [[Diplomatic]] efforts to restore [[linguistic]] and other elements of autonomy within a federalized Ukraine produced two never-implemented agreements, the [[Minsk Accords]]. As the [[Donbas war]] proceeded amidst occasional [[ceasefire]]s, Ukraine built a line of fortifications in the Donbas from which it daily bombarded the [[civilian]] residents. The [[United States]], [[Britain]], and other [[NATO]] members made a major effort to retrain, reorganize, and re-equip the [[Armed Forces of Ukraine]]. Russia simultaneously [[escalate]]d its [[military]] support for the Donbas militias.
==References==
==References==