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→Unipolar (1991 - 2017)
The US-backed [[Kyiv regime]] launched an offensive that occupied parts of the Donbas. [[Diplomatic]] efforts to restore [[linguistic]] and other elements of autonomy within a federalized Ukraine produced two never-implemented agreements, the [[Minsk Accords]]. As the [[Donbas war]] proceeded amidst occasional [[ceasefire]]s, Ukraine built a line of fortifications in the Donbas from which it daily bombarded the [[civilian]] residents. The [[United States]], [[Britain]], and other [[NATO]] members made a major effort to retrain, reorganize, and re-equip the [[Armed Forces of Ukraine]]. Russia simultaneously [[escalate]]d its [[military]] support for the Donbas militias.
The US-backed [[Kyiv regime]] launched an offensive that occupied parts of the Donbas. [[Diplomatic]] efforts to restore [[linguistic]] and other elements of autonomy within a federalized Ukraine produced two never-implemented agreements, the [[Minsk Accords]]. As the [[Donbas war]] proceeded amidst occasional [[ceasefire]]s, Ukraine built a line of fortifications in the Donbas from which it daily bombarded the [[civilian]] residents. The [[United States]], [[Britain]], and other [[NATO]] members made a major effort to retrain, reorganize, and re-equip the [[Armed Forces of Ukraine]]. Russia simultaneously [[escalate]]d its [[military]] support for the Donbas militias.
In late 2021, Russia demanded [[negotiation]]s to rule out Ukrainian membership in NATO. The U.S. and NATO refused to discuss this. Russia massed troops on its border with Ukraine. The U.S. and NATO again rebuffed Moscow’s demand for talks about NATO enlargement. In early 2022, Russia finally recognized the [[independence]] of Donetsk and Lugansk, garrisoned them, and invaded Ukraine.
In response, the [[United States]], joined by the [[EU]], [[Britain]], [[Australia]], and a few other [[security]] partners, declared all-out economic war on Russia, cutting it off from the [[SWIFT network|global dollar-based trading system]], attempting to ban its [[energy]] [[export]]s, and seizing its [[dollar]] reserves, while initiating massive arms transfers and [[tactical]] [[intelligence]] support to the Kyiv regime, which is became mired in a thousand-kilometer-wide [[war of attrition]] with Russia. The [[Ukraine propaganda war|information war]] that accompanied the proxy war is the fiercest and most comprehensive in world history. With all sources of information other than those favoring Ukraine cut off, it became impossible to understand what is actually happening there. Whether a Western [[policy]] of support for [[proxy war]] in Ukraine can save it and restore [[peace]] in Europe is at best doubtful, but the [[economic sanctions]] on Russia, its knock-on effects, the concomitant paroxysm in US-China relations, and the worldwide turn to [[protectionism]] driven by [[national security]] rather than economic concerns together catalyzed the emergence of a very new pattern of international interactions.
==References==
==References==