Changes

Roughly 1 in 10 Pennsylvanians are farmers,<ref>https://www.pa.gov/en/agencies/pda/about-pda.html#:~:text=Pennsylvania%20agriculture%20contributes%20%24132.5%20billion,in%2010%20jobs%20in%20Pennsylvania.</ref> which is also the national average. Higher education is one of the biggest industries in this state, which makes it more [[liberal]] than its neighbors of [[West Virginia]] and [[Ohio]].

Roughly 1 in 10 Pennsylvanians are farmers,<ref>https://www.pa.gov/en/agencies/pda/about-pda.html#:~:text=Pennsylvania%20agriculture%20contributes%20%24132.5%20billion,in%2010%20jobs%20in%20Pennsylvania.</ref> which is also the national average. Higher education is one of the biggest industries in this state, which makes it more [[liberal]] than its neighbors of [[West Virginia]] and [[Ohio]].

In 2022, Pennsylvania was a [[battleground state]] for control of the [[U.S. Senate]], as [[Republican]] [[Mehmet Oz|Dr. Oz]] lost to [[Leftist]] [[Dem]] John Fetterman for the seat held by retiring Republican [[Pat Toomey]] (who had won narrowly in 2016 based on Trump's coattails). Again overuse of mail-in voting with unverified signatures by the [[Dem]] political machine provided the margin of victory.

In 2022, Pennsylvania was a [[battleground state]] for control of the [[U.S. Senate]], as [[Republican]] [[Mehmet Oz|Dr. Oz]] lost to [[Leftist]] [[Dem]] John Fetterman for the seat held by retiring Republican [[Pat Toomey]] (who had won narrowly in 2016 based on Trump's coattails). Again, overuse of mail-in voting with unverified signatures by the [[Dem]] political machine provided the margin of victory.

The state Constitution of Pennsylvania, like all of the other 50 states, acknowledges God or our Creator or the ''Sovereign Ruler of the Universe''.  It says:

The state Constitution of Pennsylvania, like all of the other 50 states, acknowledges God or our Creator or the ''Sovereign Ruler of the Universe''.  It says:

==Politics==

==Politics==

Pennsylvania is a [[purple state]], it voted Democrat in presidential elections since 1992. It swung to red in 2016 when [[Donald Trump]] won. The Pennsylvania State Senate consists of 30 Republicans and 20 Democrats. The State House has 112 Republicans and 90 Democrats. Republicans also have a 12-7 edge in Pennsylvania's federal House delegation.

Pennsylvania is a [[purple state]]; it voted Democrat in presidential elections since 1992. It swung to red in 2016 when [[Donald Trump]] won. The Pennsylvania State Senate consists of 30 Republicans and 20 Democrats. The State House has 112 Republicans and 90 Democrats. Republicans also have a 12-7 edge in Pennsylvania's federal House delegation.

===Elected Officials===

===Elected Officials===

[[File:Pennsylvania-740x740.jpg|right|350px|thumb|Vote switching.]]

[[File:Pennsylvania-740x740.jpg|right|350px|thumb|Vote switching.]]

:{{See also|Pennsylvania election fraud|Biden Putsch}}

:{{See also|Pennsylvania election fraud|Biden Putsch}}

The Pennsylvania state legislature decided Election Day ends at 8 PM on November 3, 2020 election night.  Rogue Democrat governor Tom Wolf circumvented the state legislature and took the fight to the state supreme court.  The Pennsylvania Supreme Court created law out of thin air and extended the deadline for mail-in ballots to November 6.  The case then was appealed to the U.S. Supreme Court.

The Pennsylvania state legislature decided Election Day ends at 8 PM on November 3, 2020, election night.  Rogue Democrat governor Tom Wolf circumvented the state legislature and took the fight to the State Supreme Court.  The Pennsylvania Supreme Court created law out of thin air and extended the deadline for mail-in ballots to November 6.  The case then was appealed to the U.S. Supreme Court.

[[Democrat]] operative [[Kathy Boockvar]], who simultaneously was serving as Pennsylvania Secretary of Commonwealth in charge of elections, told the [[United States Supreme Court]] on October 28, 2020 that ballots received after 8 p.m. on November 3, 2020 would be segregated, but she changed the rules on November 1 and directed counties to canvass those ballots as soon as possible upon receipt. In some counties, it is not possible to both segregate and canvass ballots as directed. This directive leaves open the possibility that timely votes will be commingled with votes received after 8 p.m. on Election Day, despite the fact that these votes remain the subject of litigation before the United States Supreme Court.

[[Democrat]] operative [[Kathy Boockvar]], who simultaneously was serving as Pennsylvania Secretary of the Commonwealth in charge of elections, told the [[United States Supreme Court]] on October 28, 2020 that ballots received after 8 p.m. on November 3, 2020 would be segregated, but she changed the rules on November 1 and directed counties to canvass those ballots as soon as possible upon receipt. In some counties, it is not possible to both segregate and canvass ballots as directed. This directive leaves open the possibility that timely votes will be commingled with votes received after 8 p.m. on Election Day, despite the fact that these votes remain the subject of litigation before the United States Supreme Court.

The Department changed the rules again on November 2, 2020 when they provided last-second guidance directing counties to provide information to help voters whose mail-in or absentee ballots were incorrectly completed so those voters could vote on a provisional ballot. The late release of this “guidance” resulted in inconsistent application across the counties – some of whom contacted voters as directed and some who did not. There is no basis for this guidance in current law. The Secretary created this new process out of thin air.

The Department changed the rules again on November 2, 2020, when it provided last-second guidance directing counties to provide information to help voters whose mail-in or absentee ballots were incorrectly completed so those voters could vote on a provisional ballot. The late release of this “guidance” resulted in inconsistent application across the counties – some of which contacted voters as directed and some of which did not. There is no basis for this guidance in current law. The Secretary created this new process out of thin air.

At 8:38 p.m. on Monday, November 2 – less than 12 hours before the polls were to open – the Department issued an email to counties directing them to provide information to political party and candidate representatives regarding mail-in and absentee ballots which had been set aside because they failed to comply with the requirements of the Election Code in order to be counted, so that voters could come in and vote provisionally at the polls. The late release of this “guidance” resulted in inconsistent application across the counties, some of whom contacted voters as directed and some who did not; such differential treatment is wholly inappropriate and a direct result of Boockvar’s scattershot approach to Pennsylvania’s elections.<ref>https://www.breitbart.com/politics/2020/11/04/pennsylvania-republican-senators-call-on-pa-secretary-of-state-to-resign/</ref><ref>https://www.bitchute.com/video/xUWA4CqzQ6pN/</ref>

At 8:38 p.m. on Monday, November 2 – less than 12 hours before the polls were to open – the Department issued an email to counties directing them to provide information to political party and candidate representatives regarding mail-in and absentee ballots which had been set aside because they failed to comply with the requirements of the Election Code in order to be counted, so that voters could come in and vote provisionally at the polls. The late release of this “guidance” resulted in inconsistent application across the counties, some of which contacted voters as directed and some of which did not; such differential treatment is wholly inappropriate and a direct result of Boockvar’s scattershot approach to Pennsylvania’s elections.<ref>https://www.breitbart.com/politics/2020/11/04/pennsylvania-republican-senators-call-on-pa-secretary-of-state-to-resign/</ref><ref>https://www.bitchute.com/video/xUWA4CqzQ6pN/</ref>

Trump led by almost 800,000 votes on election night after most Americans headed to bed. Over the course of the next 72 hours, President Trump’s lead shrunk to less than a 95,000 vote lead in the keystone state, and then Joe Biden took the lead.  Batches of votes started flowing into the final tally, mostly in favor of Joe Biden. [[Five Thirty Eight]] reported that “Two more batches of Pennsylvania vote were reported: 23,277 votes in Philadelphia, all for Biden."   

Trump led by almost 800,000 votes on election night after most Americans headed to bed. Over the course of the next 72 hours, President Trump’s lead shrunk to less than a 95,000-vote lead in the keystone state, and then Joe Biden took the lead.  Batches of votes started flowing into the final tally, mostly in favor of Joe Biden. [[Five Thirty Eight]] reported that “Two more batches of Pennsylvania vote were reported: 23,277 votes in Philadelphia, all for Biden."   

The Pennsylvania Appeals Court issued an order that said  

The Pennsylvania Appeals Court issued an order that said  

According to the lawsuit, about 92 percent of the 21,000 dead people on Pennsylvania’s voter rolls died sometime before October 2019. About 216 dead people show voting credits after federally listed dates of death in 2016 and 2018, the lawsuit alleges.

According to the lawsuit, about 92 percent of the 21,000 dead people on Pennsylvania’s voter rolls died sometime before October 2019. About 216 dead people show voting credits after federally listed dates of death in 2016 and 2018, the lawsuit alleges.

Republican candidates and officials also filed a lawsuit challenging Montgomery county officials’ decision to notify voters whose ballots are defective and giving them a chance to “cure” the defects—something not authorized under state law.failing to maintain accurate voter rolls and remove individuals who have died, moved out of state, or otherwise become ineligible to vote.<ref>https://www.heritage.org/crime-and-justice/commentary/what-know-about-litigation-being-waged-across-us-preserve-trump</ref>

Republican candidates and officials also filed a lawsuit challenging Montgomery county officials’ decision to notify voters whose ballots are defective and giving them a chance to “cure” the defects—something not authorized under state law, failing to maintain accurate voter rolls and remove individuals who have died, moved out of state, or otherwise become ineligible to vote.<ref>https://www.heritage.org/crime-and-justice/commentary/what-know-about-litigation-being-waged-across-us-preserve-trump</ref>

Tyler O'Neil of ''PJMedia'' reported Boockvar was sued by the [[2020 Trump campaign]] following massive allegations of widespread voter fraud after the 2020 Presidential election, accusing Boockvar and county elections boards throughout the state of violating the [[U.S. Constitution]] by unilaterally revising the [[law]] in a manner that deprives some [[voter]]s of their rights to a free and fair [[election]].  The lawsuit brought no fewer than seven counts against Boockvar and the county election officials, claiming that they violated the [[Fourteenth Amendment]] to the Constitution and the [[United States Constitution:Article I|Electors and Elections Clauses of Article I]] in the Constitution.  In broad strokes, the lawsuit accuses the defendants of unilaterally making law on elections, depriving the [[legislature]] of its rights, and of denying voters and the Trump campaign [[equal protection]] under the law. <ref>https://pjmedia.com/election/tyler-o-neil/2020/11/10/10-reasons-pennsylvanias-election-results-may-be-irredeemably-compromised-n1136044</ref>

Tyler O'Neil of ''PJMedia'' reported Boockvar was sued by the [[2020 Trump campaign]] following massive allegations of widespread voter fraud after the 2020 Presidential election, accusing Boockvar and county elections boards throughout the state of violating the [[U.S. Constitution]] by unilaterally revising the [[law]] in a manner that deprives some [[voter]]s of their rights to a free and fair [[election]].  The lawsuit brought no fewer than seven counts against Boockvar and the county election officials, claiming that they violated the [[Fourteenth Amendment]] to the Constitution and the [[United States Constitution:Article I|Electors and Elections Clauses of Article I]] in the Constitution.  In broad strokes, the lawsuit accuses the defendants of unilaterally making law on elections, depriving the [[legislature]] of its rights, and of denying voters and the Trump campaign [[equal protection]] under the law. <ref>https://pjmedia.com/election/tyler-o-neil/2020/11/10/10-reasons-pennsylvanias-election-results-may-be-irredeemably-compromised-n1136044</ref>

The lawsuit seeks an emergency order preventing Pennsylvania from certifying the election results or one prohibiting the election officials from certifying any results  

The lawsuit seeks an emergency order preventing Pennsylvania from certifying the election results or one prohibiting the election officials from certifying any results  

{{quotebox-float|“that include the tabulation of absentee and mail-in ballots which do not comply with the Election Code,”}}  

{{quotebox-float|“that include the tabulation of absentee and mail-in ballots which do not comply with the Election Code,”}}  

such as ballots counted while the Trump campaign’s watchers were prevented from observing or ballots that lack requirements of state law such as a secrecy envelope or a voter’s signed declaration. The lawsuit also seeks an injunction ordering election officials not to count ballots in cases where election officials contacted voters to give them an opportunity to “cure” improperly cast ballots.

such as ballots counted while the Trump campaign’s watchers were prevented from observing or ballots that lack requirements of state law such as a secrecy envelope or a voter’s signed declaration. The lawsuit also seeks an injunction ordering election officials not to count ballots in cases where election officials contacted voters to give them an opportunity to “cure” improperly cast ballots.This extraordinary legal action only makes sense given the numerous significant concerns the Trump campaign raises throughout the lawsuit. Boockvar and county election officials allegedly engaged in egregious [[discrimination]] and gave wanton preference to voters in Democratic-leaning counties over those in Republican-leaning counties.

 

This extraordinary legal action only makes sense given the numerous significant concerns the Trump campaign raises throughout the lawsuit. Boockvar and county election officials allegedly engaged in egregious [[discrimination]] and gave wanton preference to voters in Democratic-leaning counties over those in Republican-leaning counties.

====Ignoring mail-in ballot safeguards====

====Ignoring mail-in ballot safeguards====

[[File:PA mail-in fraud.jpeg|right|350px|thumb|Pennsylvania mailed out 1.8 Million mail-in ballots, but got back 2.5 million.<ref>https://youtu.be/2AYSs77k2tY</ref>]]

[[File:PA mail-in fraud.jpeg|right|350px|thumb|Pennsylvania mailed out 1.8 Million mail-in ballots, but got back 2.5 million.<ref>https://youtu.be/2AYSs77k2tY</ref>]]

Boockvar and the county officials repeatedly ignored essential safeguards for absentee and mail-in voting which require “procedural safeguards to deter fraud and ensure transparency” due to “inherent risk.” In December 2019, Pennsylvania’s auditor general, Eugene DePasquale, determined that there are more than 50,000 cases of potentially inaccurate voter records in the state’s system.

Boockvar and the county officials repeatedly ignored essential safeguards for absentee and mail-in voting which require “procedural safeguards to deter fraud and ensure transparency” due to “inherent risk.” and in December 2019, Pennsylvania’s auditor general, Eugene DePasquale, determined that there are more than 50,000 cases of potentially inaccurate voter records in the state’s system.

On October 31, 2019, Pennsylvania’s legislature passed Act 77, which allowed all Pennsylvania voters the option of voting by mail without providing a reason or excuse. Yet mail-in voting still requires a ballot application and the election code still bars ballot harvesting except in the case of disabled voters. Pennsylvania law still requires ballots that have been filled out incompletely or incorrectly to be declared void and it does not permit election boards to give voters who cast improper ballots a “notice and opportunity to cure” those ballots.

On October 31, 2019, Pennsylvania’s legislature passed Act 77, which allowed all Pennsylvania voters the option of voting by mail without providing a reason or excuse. Yet mail-in voting still requires a ballot application and the election code still bars ballot harvesting except in the case of disabled voters. Pennsylvania law still requires ballots that have been filled out incompletely or incorrectly to be declared void, and it does not permit election boards to give voters who cast improper ballots a “notice and opportunity to cure” those ballots.

Importantly, Act 77 prohibits a voter from casting both a mail-in ballot and an in-person ballot, unless the voter returns an unvoted mail-in ballot and declares that he or she has not voted by mail. The lawsuit alleged,

Importantly, Act 77 prohibits a voter from casting both a mail-in ballot and an in-person ballot, unless the voter returns an unvoted mail-in ballot and declares that he or she has not voted by mail. The lawsuit alleged,

{{quotebox-float|“Defendants failed to take adequate measures to ensure that the provisions of the Election Code enacted to protect the validity of absentee or mail-in ballots, including without limitation Act 77, were followed.”}}

{{quotebox-float|“Defendants failed to take adequate measures to ensure that the provisions of the Election Code enacted to protect the validity of absentee or mail-in ballots, including without limitation Act 77, were followed.”}}

On September 11, Boockvar’s office sent the county officials another guidance regarding applications for mail-in ballots. That guidance did not mention the key fact that state law requires a voter to sign a mail-in ballot application, and the law requires officials to verify that signature before sending out a ballot.

On September 11, Boockvar’s office sent the county officials another guidance regarding applications for mail-in ballots. That guidance did not mention the key fact that state law requires a voter to sign a mail-in ballot application, and the law requires officials to verify that signature before sending out a ballot.

The lawsuit claims the September 11 guidance forbade signature verification in vetting mail-in ballots and ballot applications. It also cites a September 28 guidance memo, in which Boockvar claimed that the “Election Code does not permit county election officials to reject applications or voted ballots based solely on signature analysis.” The lawsuit claimed,

The lawsuit claims the September 11 guidance forbade signature verification in vetting mail-in ballots and ballot applications. It also cites a September 28 guidance memo, in which Boockvar claimed that the “Election Code does not permit county election officials to reject applications or voted ballots based solely on signature analysis.” The lawsuit claimed,

{{quotebox-float|“Despite the fact that well over a third of the votes were cast by mail, Secretary Boockvar and the Pennsylvania Department of State did not undertake any meaningful effort to prevent the casting of illegal or unreliable absentee or mail-in ballots and/or to ensure the application of uniform standards across the County Election Boards to prevent the casting of such illegal or unreliable ballots. Rather, Secretary Boockvar has exercised every opportunity to do quite the opposite.”}}

{{quotebox-float|“Despite the fact that well over a third of the votes were cast by mail, Secretary Boockvar and the Pennsylvania Department of State did not undertake any meaningful effort to prevent the casting of illegal or unreliable absentee or mail-in ballots and/or to ensure the application of uniform standards across the County Election Boards to prevent the casting of such illegal or unreliable ballots. Rather, Secretary Boockvar has exercised every opportunity to do quite the opposite.”}}

====Trashed Trump military ballots====

====Trashed Trump military ballots====

The lawsuit cites many examples in which election officials prevented poll-watchers from observing the counting of votes, as required by state law.

The lawsuit cites many examples in which election officials prevented poll-watchers from observing the counting of votes, as required by state law.

The lawsuit claims that Trump campaign observers were denied access altogether in some instances in Philadelphia County. The county’s elections board did not permit the Trump campaign’s observers to be within 6 feet of “all aspects” of the pre-canvassing process in violation of Commonwealth Court Judge Christine Fizzano Cannon’s November 5, 2020, order requiring that poll-watchers “be permitted to observe all aspects of the canvassing process within 6 feet.” The lawsuit states,

The lawsuit claims that Trump campaign observers were denied access altogether in some instances in Philadelphia County. The county’s elections board did not permit the Trump campaign’s observers to be within 6 feet of “all aspects” during the pre-canvassing process in violation of Commonwealth Court Judge Christine Fizzano Cannon’s November 5, 2020, order requiring that poll-watchers “be permitted to observe all aspects of the canvassing process within 6 feet.” The lawsuit states,

{{quotebox-float|“It is estimated that 680,770 ballots were processed by the Allegheny and Philadelphia County Boards of Elections when no observation was allowed.”}}

{{quotebox-float|“It is estimated that 680,770 ballots were processed by the Allegheny and Philadelphia County Boards of Elections when no observation was allowed.”}}

==History==

==History==

[[File:Col-pa.jpg|thumb|200px|Philadelphia]]

[[File:Col-pa.jpg|thumb|200px|Philadelphia]]

When Europeans settlers arrived in the early 17th century the area was inhabited by about 15,000 Indians; they belonged to three main tribal groups, the Delaware, Susquehanna, and Shawnee. The English, Dutch, and Swedes all sought to occupy the land, but the English won the wars and took control. Dutch trading posts were established first; in 1637 Swedes built Fort Christina, and in 1643, began the first permanent settlement, located at the mouth of the Schuylkill River. The Dutch seized New Sweden in 1655, only to lose it to the English in 1664. King Charles II gave it to William Penn to pay off debts; the Penn family were the proprietors (owners) until 1776, when they were overthrown by the patriots as part of the American Revolution.

When European settlers arrived in the early 17th century, the area was inhabited by about 15,000 Indians; they belonged to three main tribal groups, the Delaware, Susquehanna, and Shawnee. The English, Dutch, and Swedes all sought to occupy the land, but the English won the wars and took control. Dutch trading posts were established first; in 1637, Swedes built Fort Christina, and in 1643 began the first permanent settlement, located at the mouth of the Schuylkill River. The Dutch seized New Sweden in 1655, only to lose it to the English in 1664. King Charles II gave it to William Penn to pay off debts; the Penn family were the proprietors (owners) until 1776, when they were overthrown by the patriots as part of the American Revolution.

===Religious tolerance===

===Religious tolerance===

The colony was founded and owned by [[William Penn]], an English Quaker who wanted a place where [[Quaker]]s and other denominations could worship freely without persecution. The first Colonial Legislative Act, the Great Law of Pennsylvania, December 7, 1682, mandated:  <blockquote>"That no person ... who shall confess and acknowledge one Almighty God

The colony was founded and owned by [[William Penn]], an English Quaker who wanted a place where [[Quaker]]s and other denominations could worship freely without persecution. The first Colonial Legislative Act, the Great Law of Pennsylvania, December 7, 1682, mandated:  <blockquote>"That no person ... who shall confess and acknowledge one Almighty God

to be the Creator, Upholder and Ruler of the World ... shall in any case be molested or prejudiced for his, or her Conscientious persuasion or practice." <ref>http://www.docheritage.state.pa.us/documents/constitutiontrans.asp</ref></blockquote>

to be the Creator, Upholder and Ruler of the World ... shall in any case be molested or prejudiced for his, or her Conscientious persuasion or practice." <ref>http://www.docheritage.state.pa.us/documents/constitutiontrans.asp</ref></blockquote>

[[Benjamin Franklin]] helped write Pennsylvania's 1776 Constitution. In Frame of Government, Chapter 2, Section 10, it states:  "Each member of the legislature, before he takes his seat, shall make and subscribe the following declaration: 'I do believe in one God, the Creator and Governor of the Universe, the Rewarder of the good and Punisher of the wicked, and I do acknowledge the Scriptures of the Old and New Testament to be given by Divine Inspiration.'"

[[Benjamin Franklin]] helped write Pennsylvania's 1776 Constitution. In Frame of Government, Chapter 2, Section 10, it states:  "Each member of the legislature, before he takes his seat, shall make and subscribe the following declaration: 'I do believe in one God, the Creator and Governor of the Universe, the Rewarder of the good and Punisher of the wicked, and I do acknowledge the Scriptures of the Old and New Testament to be given by Divine Inspiration.'"

===18th century===

===18th century===

Quakers came to the Philadelphia area, where many became successful merchants, handling the long-distance trade to London and other parts of the British Empire. Pennsylvania attracted large numbers of Germans, including Lutherans and many smaller sects. They were farmers in the southeast. [[Scots-Irish]] (mostly Presbyterians) settled the frontier regions. Pennsylvania was the third largest colony by 1775, with 275,000 people (including a few thousand black slaves who worked mostly as house servants).

Quakers came to the Philadelphia area, where many became successful merchants, handling the long-distance trade to London and other parts of the British Empire. Pennsylvania attracted large numbers of Germans, including Lutherans and many smaller sects. They were farmers in the southeast. [[Scots-Irish]] (mostly Presbyterians) settled the frontier regions. Pennsylvania was the third largest colony by 1775, with 275,000 people (including a few thousand black slaves who worked mostly as house servants).

[[Philadelphia]] grew quickly into the largest city in colonial America and with 35,000 people in 1776 was the second largest city in the British Empire. The city's economy was based on growing agricultural wealth from prosperous inland farms which sent their surplus grains, cattle and horses for export. Entrepreneurs set up prosperous shipbuilding works on the Delaware River, and opened an iron industry. The Quaker merchants favored education and civic culture, creating a rich cultural and intellectual life that gave Philadelphia the nickname, "the Athens of America."

[[Philadelphia]] grew quickly into the largest city in colonial America and with 35,000 people in 1776 was the second largest city in the British Empire. The city's economy was based on growing agricultural wealth from prosperous inland farms which sent their surplus grains, cattle and horses for export. Entrepreneurs set up prosperous shipbuilding works on the Delaware River, and opened an iron industry. The Quaker merchants favored education and civic culture, creating a rich cultural and intellectual life that gave Philadelphia the nickname, "the Athens of America."

The [[Continental Congress]] met in Philadelphia from 1774 to 1783, with an interruption when the British occupied the city in 1777 and the government moved to Lancaster and York. The [[Declaration of Independence]] was signed there in 1776, the [[Liberty Bell]] is there, and the [[Continental Army]] spent the winter of 1777 at Valley Forge outside Philadelphia, where they suffered severe hardships for want of supplies.

The [[Continental Congress]] met in Philadelphia from 1774 to 1783, with an interruption when the British occupied the city in 1777 and the government moved to Lancaster and York. The [[Declaration of Independence]] was signed there in 1776, the [[Liberty Bell]] is there, and the [[Continental Army]] spent the winter of 1777 at Valley Forge outside Philadelphia, where they suffered severe hardships for want of supplies.

===Early national period===

===Early national period===

The [[Constitution of the United States|American Constitution]] was written in [[Philadelphia]] in 1787. Pennsylvania was the 2nd State to join [[United States of America|the Union]] on December 12, 1787 and the city was the national capital from 1790 to 1800. In 1790 the state adopted a more conservative state constitution; state capital was relocated in 1800 to Lancaster, and then to Harrisburg in 1812.   

The [[Constitution of the United States|American Constitution]] was written in [[Philadelphia]] in 1787. Pennsylvania was the second state to join [[United States of America|the Union]] on December 12, 1787, and the city was the national capital from 1790 to 1800. In 1790 the state adopted a more conservative state constitution; the state capital was relocated in 1800 to Lancaster, and then to Harrisburg in 1812.   

The population grew with high birth rates, and low death rates, but little immigration. Scotch Irish filled out the frontier. A strong sense of commitment to [[Jeffersonian Democracy]] and [[Jacksonian Democracy]] gave the Jeffersonian Republicans and (after 1830) the Democrats a strong position. The Whiskey Rebellion of 1794 saw western farmers angrily protest the federal tax on their most portable product. President Washington personally led an army against it, and the rebels immediately gave in. A new and more democratic state constitution was adopted in 1838.  

The population grew with high birth rates and low death rates, but little immigration. Scotch-Irish filled out the frontier. A strong sense of commitment to [[Jeffersonian Democracy]] and [[Jacksonian Democracy]] gave the Jeffersonian Republicans and (after 1830) the Democrats a strong position. The Whiskey Rebellion of 1794 saw western farmers angrily protest the federal tax on their most portable product. President Washington personally led an army against it, and the rebels immediately gave in. A new and more democratic state constitution was adopted in 1838.  

===Civil War Era===

===Civil War Era===

The antislavery movement flourished after Quaker originated the anti-slavery cause and freed their own slaves.  

The antislavery movement flourished after Quakers originated the anti-slavery cause and freed their own slaves.  

The need for Philadelphia to maintain access to the expanding interior and the West, both as markets and as sources of materials, such as coal and iron, to be sold and manufactured, led to aggressive state programs to improve the transportation system. The Philadelphia-Lancaster Turnpike, first in the nation, was completed in 1794; the state built hundreds of miles of canals; mules pulled boats loaded with commerce and passengers. The canal system was linked by the Allegheny Portage Railroad over the Allegheny mountains in 1835. Private enterprise built railroads that opened up the anthracite coal region, which became the premier energy source for America by 1850. Philadelphia became an industrial city, famous for textiles, iron and steel, and railroad equipment along with commerce and shipbuilding. The world's first major oil wells were drilled near Titusville in 1859 and the northwestern part of the state became the center for [[Standard Oil]] and other companies.

The need for Philadelphia to maintain access to the expanding interior and the West, both as markets and as sources of materials, such as coal and iron, to be sold and manufactured, led to aggressive state programs to improve the transportation system. The Philadelphia-Lancaster Turnpike, first in the nation, was completed in 1794; the state built hundreds of miles of canals; mules pulled boats loaded with commerce and passengers. The canal system was linked by the Allegheny Portage Railroad over the Allegheny Mountains in 1835. Private enterprise built railroads that opened up the anthracite coal region, which became the premier energy source for America by 1850. Philadelphia became an industrial city, famous for textiles, iron and steel, and railroad equipment along with commerce and shipbuilding. The world's first major oil wells were drilled near Titusville in 1859 and the northwestern part of the state became the center for [[Standard Oil]] and other companies.

[[File:Pennsylvania State Capitol.jpg|right|300px|thumb|Pennsylvania State Capitol]]

[[File:Pennsylvania State Capitol.jpg|right|300px|thumb|Pennsylvania State Capitol]]The only president from Pennsylvania, [[James Buchanan]], proved a failure in allowing seven southern states to break away under his watch. During the war, Gettysburg was the scene of the war's most decisive battle, July 1–3, 1863—and Pennsylvania furnished men and leaders, including generals George B. McClellan, Winfield S. Hancock, and George Meade and Adm. David D. Porter, for the Union army and navy. Philadelphia banker Jay Cooke was the leading financier of the Civil War; he invented a system of savings bonds that allowed ordinary people to help finance the war. Philadelphia continued as a financial leader in the nation until after 1870, when it was far overshadowed by New York.

The only president from Pennsylvania, [[James Buchanan]], proved a failure in allowing seven southern states to break away under his watch. During the war Gettysburg was the scene of the war's most decisive battle,   July 1–3, 1863—and Pennsylvania furnished men and leaders, including generals George B. McClellan, Winfield S. Hancock, and George Meade and Adm. David D. Porter, for the Union army and navy. Philadelphia banker, Jay Cooke was the leading financier of the Civil War; he invented a system of savings bonds that allowed ordinary people to help finance the war. Philadelphia continued as a financial leader in the nation until after 1870, when it was far overshadowed by New York.

===Obama era election fraud===

===Obama-era election fraud===

The city of Philadelphia has a majority of voters affiliated with the [[Democrat Party]]. As of November, 2008, there are 1,126,768 registered voters in Philadelphia. Of those, 880,684 are registered with the Democrat Party, and 147,074 are registered with the [[Republican Party]].<ref>http://www.dos.state.pa.us/elections/cwp/view.asp?A=1310&Q=446974</ref>  Despite overwhelming evidence of [[voter suppression]] by [[New Black Panther Party]] members Minister King Samir Shabazz, Malik Zulu Sha-Bazz, and Jerry Jackson at a Philadelphia polling office, they were acquitted with minimal charges by the [[U.S. Department of Justice]], then under [[Attorney General]] [[Eric Holder]]. Holder, when questioned about his rationale, said he didn't want to prosecute "my people" (thus implying that he holds bias against white voters and for minorities, and that attempts to bring justice to people who violated the [[Voting Rights Act]] is comparable to what happened to Blacks in Charleston during the Civil Rights era).<ref>http://www.examiner.com/article/eric-holder-focus-on-black-panther-voter-intimidation-case-demeans-my-people</ref>

The city of Philadelphia has a majority of voters affiliated with the [[Democrat Party]]. As of November 2008, there are 1,126,768 registered voters in Philadelphia. Of those, 880,684 are registered with the Democratic Party, and 147,074 are registered with the [[Republican Party]].<ref>http://www.dos.state.pa.us/elections/cwp/view.asp?A=1310&Q=446974</ref>  Despite overwhelming evidence of [[voter suppression]] by [[New Black Panther Party]] members Minister King Samir Shabazz, Malik Zulu Sha-Bazz, and Jerry Jackson at a Philadelphia polling office, they were acquitted on minimal charges by the [[U.S. Department of Justice]], then under [[Attorney General]] [[Eric Holder]]. Holder, when questioned about his rationale, said he didn't want to prosecute "my people" (thus implying that he is biased against white voters and in favor of minorities, and that attempts to bring justice to people who violated the [[Voting Rights Act]] are comparable to what happened to Blacks in Charleston during the Civil Rights era).<ref>http://www.examiner.com/article/eric-holder-focus-on-black-panther-voter-intimidation-case-demeans-my-people</ref>

In the [[2012 presidential election]], [[Republican]] polling inspectors were blocked from polling places in the Democrat-ruled city. Rob Gleason, chairman of the [[Pennsylvania]] Republican Party, stated, "This was a shameless attempt from the Obama campaign to suppress our legally appointed Republican poll watchers."<ref>Curry, C. & De Vogue, A. (2012, November 6). [https://abcnews.go.com/Blotter/jersey-extends-email-voting-friday-election-workers-inundated/story?id=17653589&page=2 N.J. Extends Email Voting to Friday, Other States Hurry to Fix Polling Problems]. ABC News.</ref>  [[Barack Obama]] received 100% of the vote in 59 Philadelphia precincts with zero votes for [[Mitt Romney]].<ref>[http://www.philly.com/philly/news/politics/20121112_In_59_Philadelphia_voting_wards__Mitt_Romney_got_zero_votes.html?mobi=true]</ref>  In Philadelphia, a mural of Obama at a polling place was covered up after a Republican voter took a picture of it.<ref>Miller, J.R., Berger, J., & Weber, J. (2012, November 6). [https://www.foxnews.com/politics/2012/11/06/judge-issuing-order-to-reinstate-booted-philadelphia-election-officials Philly poll workers partially cover Obama mural after court order, leaving logo and quote in view]. FOX News.</ref>

In the [[2012 presidential election]], [[Republican]] polling inspectors were blocked from polling places in the Democratic-ruled city. Rob Gleason, chairman of the [[Pennsylvania]] Republican Party, stated, "This was a shameless attempt from the Obama campaign to suppress our legally appointed Republican poll watchers."<ref>Curry, C. & De Vogue, A. (2012, November 6). [https://abcnews.go.com/Blotter/jersey-extends-email-voting-friday-election-workers-inundated/story?id=17653589&page=2 N.J. Extends Email Voting to Friday, Other States Hurry to Fix Polling Problems]. ABC News.</ref>  [[Barack Obama]] received 100% of the vote in 59 Philadelphia precincts with zero votes for [[Mitt Romney]].<ref>[http://www.philly.com/philly/news/politics/20121112_In_59_Philadelphia_voting_wards__Mitt_Romney_got_zero_votes.html?mobi=true]</ref>  In Philadelphia, a mural of Obama at a polling place was covered up after a Republican voter took a picture of it.<ref>Miller, J.R., Berger, J., & Weber, J. (2012, November 6). [https://www.foxnews.com/politics/2012/11/06/judge-issuing-order-to-reinstate-booted-philadelphia-election-officials Philly poll workers partially cover Obama mural after court order, leaving logo and quote in view]. FOX News.</ref>

==Miscellaneous==

==Miscellaneous==

Pennsylvania was the only one of the 13 original colonies to be completely landlocked&mdash;it did not border an ocean.

Pennsylvania was the only one of the 13 original colonies to be completely landlocked&mdash;it did not border an ocean.

The ruffled grouse is the state bird of Pennsylvania.

The ruffed grouse is the state bird of Pennsylvania.

The white-tailed deer is the state animal of Pennsylvania.

The white-tailed deer is the state animal of Pennsylvania.

* Klein, Philip S and Ari Hoogenboom. ''A History of Pennsylvania'' (1973), solid college textbook

* Klein, Philip S and Ari Hoogenboom. ''A History of Pennsylvania'' (1973), solid college textbook

* Weigley, Russell. ''Philadelphia: A 300-Year History'' (1982)

* Weigley, Russell. ''Philadelphia: A 300-Year History'' (1982)

* WPA Federal Writers' Project. ''Pennsylvania: A Guide to the Keystone State,'' 1940.  

* WPA Federal Writers' Project. ''Pennsylvania: A Guide to the Keystone State,'' 1940.  

==See also==

==See also==