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Saudi Arabia (view source)

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[[Barack Obama]] pandered to this tyrannical regime while he was president, even deeply bowing to its dictator in a subservient gesture that offended many [[American|Americans]].

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Despite homosexuality being illegal in Saudi Arabia, there is a large number of men who are secretly gay .<ref>[https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2007/05/the-kingdom-in-the-closet/305774/ The Kingdom in the Closet - The Atlantic]. May 2007</ref>

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Despite homosexuality being illegal in Saudi Arabia, there is a large number of men who are secretly gay.<ref>[https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2007/05/the-kingdom-in-the-closet/305774/ The Kingdom in the Closet - The Atlantic]. May 2007</ref>

==People==

[[File:Young Saudi Arabian woman.jpg|left|170px]]

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The Gulf War and Operation Iraqi Freedom demonstrated U.S.-Saudi cooperation in the areas of cultural accommodation, as well as in military operations. For example, the U.S. military issued general orders prohibiting the consumption of alcohol and setting guidelines for off-duty behavior and attire. Saudi Arabia accommodated U.S. culture and its military procedures by allowing U.S. servicewomen to serve in their varied roles throughout the kingdom—a major step for a highly patriarchal society. In August 2003, following the U.S.-led war in Iraq in March and April 2003, the United States withdrew its troops stationed in Saudi Arabia.

[[File:Geore W. Bush - King Abdullah-hlrg.jpg|right|300px|thumb|George W. Bush - King Abdullah-hlrg.]]

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Saudi Arabia's relations with the United States were strained after the September 11, 2001, terrorist attacks in which 15 of the hijackers were Saudi citizens. On May 12, 2003 suicide bombers killed 35 people, including nine Americans, in attacks at three housing compounds for Westerners in Riyadh. On November 8, 2003 terrorists attacked another compound housing foreign workers from mainly Arab countries. At least 18 people, including 5 children, died in this attack, and more than 100 were injured. When [[NATO]] forces raided the offices of the Saudi High Commission for Relief of Bosnia and Herzegovina; police found before-and-after images of the twin towers, US Embassy in Tanzania, US Embassy in Kenya, the USS Cole; detailed blueprints of buildings in DC, anti-American propaganda, anti-Semitic propaganda, and equipment for creating fake US government identification badges .<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jc2VW8GUqAwC&pg=PA42&lpg=PA42&dq=saudi+high+commission+for+relief+of+bosnia+&+herzegovina+forging&source=bl&ots=FNjtuqvB24&sig=IsH8G43wYDnq-fV2lyzbNdvT04A&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiMscXG6t7TAhXD6yYKHcimCRgQ6AEIXDAI#v=onepage&q=saudi%20high%20commission%20for%20relief%20of%20bosnia%20&%20herzegovina%20forging&f=false|title=Funding Evil: How Terrorism is Financed-- and how to Stop it|last=Ehrenfeld|first=Rachel|date=2005-01-01|publisher=Bonus Books, Inc.|isbn=9781566252317|language=en}}</ref>

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Saudi Arabia's relations with the United States were strained after the September 11, 2001, terrorist attacks in which 15 of the hijackers were Saudi citizens. On May 12, 2003 suicide bombers killed 35 people, including nine Americans, in attacks at three housing compounds for Westerners in Riyadh. On November 8, 2003 terrorists attacked another compound housing foreign workers from mainly Arab countries. At least 18 people, including 5 children, died in this attack, and more than 100 were injured. When [[NATO]] forces raided the offices of the Saudi High Commission for Relief of Bosnia and Herzegovina; police found before-and-after images of the twin towers, US Embassy in Tanzania, US Embassy in Kenya, the USS Cole; detailed blueprints of buildings in DC, anti-American propaganda, anti-Semitic propaganda, and equipment for creating fake US government identification badges.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jc2VW8GUqAwC&pg=PA42&lpg=PA42&dq=saudi+high+commission+for+relief+of+bosnia+&+herzegovina+forging&source=bl&ots=FNjtuqvB24&sig=IsH8G43wYDnq-fV2lyzbNdvT04A&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiMscXG6t7TAhXD6yYKHcimCRgQ6AEIXDAI#v=onepage&q=saudi%20high%20commission%20for%20relief%20of%20bosnia%20&%20herzegovina%20forging&f=false|title=Funding Evil: How Terrorism is Financed-- and how to Stop it|last=Ehrenfeld|first=Rachel|date=2005-01-01|publisher=Bonus Books, Inc.|isbn=9781566252317|language=en}}</ref>

On May 1, 2004 terrorists killed two Americans in the Yanbu oil facility in the western part of the country. On May 29, 2004 terrorists killed one American and wounded several others in attacks on an official building and housing compound in al-Khobar in the Eastern Province. On June 6, terrorists shot and killed a BBC journalist. On June 9 and June 12, 2004 terrorists killed Americans Robert Jacobs and Kenneth Scroggs. On June 18, 2004 terrorists kidnapped and beheaded American Paul Johnson. On December 6, 2004 terrorists attacked the U.S. Consulate in Jeddah, killing five consulate employees. Terrorists also targeted and killed other foreign nationalities during this time. In February 2007, four French nationals were killed in western Saudi Arabia in a suspected terrorist attack.

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Despite close cooperation on security issues, the United States remains concerned about [[human rights]] conditions in Saudi Arabia. Principal human rights problems include abuse of prisoners and incommunicado detention; prohibitions or severe restrictions on the freedoms of speech, press, peaceful assembly and association, and religion; denial of the right of citizens to change their government; systematic discrimination against women and ethnic and religious minorities; and suppression of workers' rights.

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There are strict laws punishable by beheading, such as for sodomy convictions. If the criminal is convicted of lewd offenses, occasionally the Saudis will crucify the victim in addition to beheading them in public. In 2008, 102 people were beheaded .<ref>[https://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,523364,00.html?test=latestnews Saudis Behead, Crucify Convicted Child Molester, Murderer] AP, May 30, 2009</ref>

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There are strict laws punishable by beheading, such as for sodomy convictions. If the criminal is convicted of lewd offenses, occasionally the Saudis will crucify the victim in addition to beheading them in public. In 2008, 102 people were beheaded.<ref>[https://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,523364,00.html?test=latestnews Saudis Behead, Crucify Convicted Child Molester, Murderer] AP, May 30, 2009</ref>

===Religion===

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As an [[Islam]]ic country under strict [[Shari'a]] law (Islamic law), Saudi Arabia has little of the religious freedom common in the West. Bringing a [[Bible]] or religious symbols such as a cross or a [[Star of David]] into the country, even for personal use only, will risk confiscation. Although Christianity is permitted, preaching to Muslims or attempting to convert them in public or private is a criminal offense, as is the production or distribution of Bibles .<ref>''Christian Examiner'', Sept. 2007, Vol 25, No 9, Pg. 20</ref>

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As an [[Islam]]ic country under strict [[Shari'a]] law (Islamic law), Saudi Arabia has little of the religious freedom common in the West. Bringing a [[Bible]] or religious symbols such as a cross or a [[Star of David]] into the country, even for personal use only, will risk confiscation. Although Christianity is permitted, preaching to Muslims or attempting to convert them in public or private is a criminal offense, as is the production or distribution of Bibles.<ref>''Christian Examiner'', Sept. 2007, Vol 25, No 9, Pg. 20</ref>

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===Apes and Pigs dehumanization - in education===

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As of 2006, Christians are still called 'swine' and Jews 'apes' in Saudi schools. Despite its claims of these texts being taken out .<ref>Harry de Quetteville, "[https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/middleeast/saudiarabia/1522286/Christians-still-swine-and-Jews-apes-in-Saudi-schools.html Christians still 'swine' and Jews 'apes' in Saudi schools]" Daily Telegraph, June 25, 2006 .

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As of 2006, Christians are still called 'swine' and Jews 'apes' in Saudi schools. Despite its claims of these texts being taken out.<ref>Harry de Quetteville, "[https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/middleeast/saudiarabia/1522286/Christians-still-swine-and-Jews-apes-in-Saudi-schools.html Christians still 'swine' and Jews 'apes' in Saudi schools]" Daily Telegraph, June 25, 2006 .

Saudi Arabia has been accused of continuing to foster religious hatred in its schools, despite its repeated assurances since the September 11 attacks that it would rewrite textbooks that refer to Jews as "apes" and Christians as "swine".

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The strict segregation of women in Saudi Arabia, although a consequence of tradition and [[Wahhabi]] conservatism, continued to be implemented even as urbanization has progressed and the authority of the state has grown.

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A female sphere of activities has developed, encouraged by the state, but Saudi women have appropriated this segregated organization and developed it on their own terms, such that their activities and discourses are by and for women. However, autonomy for these organizations is limited, as they are subject to decisions from above, from all-men's institutions, and from state rules and laws that demand adherence .<ref>Amélie Lerenard, “'Only for Women': Women, the State, and Reform in Saudi Arabia,” ‘’Middle East Journal’‘ 2008 62(4): 610-629</ref>

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A female sphere of activities has developed, encouraged by the state, but Saudi women have appropriated this segregated organization and developed it on their own terms, such that their activities and discourses are by and for women. However, autonomy for these organizations is limited, as they are subject to decisions from above, from all-men's institutions, and from state rules and laws that demand adherence.<ref>Amélie Lerenard, “'Only for Women': Women, the State, and Reform in Saudi Arabia,” ‘’Middle East Journal’‘ 2008 62(4): 610-629</ref>

In the second decade of the 21st century, some of the restrictions were relaxed - in part due to a reform-minded crown prince.

* In 2017, the ''New York Times'' reported "Increasing numbers of women are working in a growing number of professions, and in 2015, women were allowed to vote and to run for seats on the kingdom’s local councils."<ref name=end-driving-ban> [https://www.nytimes.com/2017/09/26/world/middleeast/saudi-arabia-women-drive.html Saudi Arabia Agrees to Let Women Drive] - Ben Hubbard - Sept. 26, 2017</ref>

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It was announced in September 2017 that the ban on women driving would end in June 2018 .<ref name=end-driving-ban />

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It was announced in September 2017 that the ban on women driving would end in June 2018.<ref name=end-driving-ban />

==Economy==

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[[File:King Abdullah Sport City Stadium.jpg|thumb|left|320px|King Abdullah Sport City Stadium.]]

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During [[WW2]], Saudi Arabia's [[King Farouk]], officials were [[Nazi]] collaborators .<ref>M. Friedman, [https://books.google.com/books?id=CfBOAAAAIBAJ&pg=PA4 Saudi Arabian Official Exposed As Pro-Nazi Collaborator]. ''The Canadian Jewish Chronicle'', ‎Aug 2, 1957, p.7.</ref><ref>Reference Guide to the Nazis and Arabs During the [[Holocaust]]: A Concise Guide to the Relationship and Conspiracy of the Nazis and the [[Grand Mufti of Jerusalem]] in North Africa and the Middle East During the Era of the Holocaust. (2006). United States: International Sephardic Leadership Council, [https://books.google.com/books?id=T2g2XA53UOEC&pg=PA15 p.15]</ref>

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During [[WW2]], Saudi Arabia's [[King Farouk]], officials were [[Nazi]] collaborators.<ref>M. Friedman, [https://books.google.com/books?id=CfBOAAAAIBAJ&pg=PA4 Saudi Arabian Official Exposed As Pro-Nazi Collaborator]. ''The Canadian Jewish Chronicle'', ‎Aug 2, 1957, p.7.</ref><ref>Reference Guide to the Nazis and Arabs During the [[Holocaust]]: A Concise Guide to the Relationship and Conspiracy of the Nazis and the [[Grand Mufti of Jerusalem]] in North Africa and the Middle East During the Era of the Holocaust. (2006). United States: International Sephardic Leadership Council, [https://books.google.com/books?id=T2g2XA53UOEC&pg=PA15 p.15]</ref>

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After the war, "King Farouk (and later the man who deposed him Gamal Abdal [[Nasser]]) in Egypt was a leading proponent in enticing Nazi war criminals to bring their grisly 'expertise' to help them against their" opponents .<ref>Trigg, J. (2011). Hitler's Jihadis: Muslim Volunteers of the [[Waffen-SS]]. United Kingdom: History Press,

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After the war, "King Farouk (and later the man who deposed him Gamal Abdal [[Nasser]]) in Egypt was a leading proponent in enticing Nazi war criminals to bring their grisly 'expertise' to help them against their" opponents.<ref>Trigg, J. (2011). Hitler's Jihadis: Muslim Volunteers of the [[Waffen-SS]]. United Kingdom: History Press,

[https://books.google.com/books?id=1_eaDgAAQBAJ&pg=PT261]</ref>

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King Fahd suffered a stroke in November 1995. From 1997, Crown Prince Abdullah took on much of the day-to-day responsibilities of running the government. Upon King Fahd's death on August 1, 2005, Abdullah assumed the throne as King. Prince Sultan, Minister of Defense and Aviation, became Crown Prince and First Deputy Prime Minister.

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In January 2015, King Abdullah died at the age of 90. His half-brother Prince Salman was appointed as successor .<ref>https://www.cnsnews.com/news/article/powerful-saudi-arabia-king-abdullah-dies-age-90</ref>

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In January 2015, King Abdullah died at the age of 90. His half-brother Prince Salman was appointed as successor.<ref>https://www.cnsnews.com/news/article/powerful-saudi-arabia-king-abdullah-dies-age-90</ref>

===Attack on the Grand Mosque, 1979===

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The Grand Mosque in Mecca (home of the [[Kaaba]]) was briefly taken over for a period of weeks by an obscure group led by a poorly educated ''Bedouin'' named Juhayman <ref>Review of ''[http://www.fsmitha.com/review/trofimov2.html The Siege of Mecca: The Forgotten Uprising in Islam's Holiest Shrine and the Birth of al Qaeda]'', Yaroslav Trofimov, Doubleday, 2007.</ref> whose theology was an early manifestation of modern violent [[Salafi]]sm. These believers did not embrace many aspects of modern society. They opposed identity cards and passports because these denote loyalty to an entity other than [[Allah]]. They were against [[Idolatry|images of living beings]], not only on television and in photography but also on coins. The only previous violent encounter was when a group of young activists were caught smashing shop display windows showing female mannequins in the center of Medina in 1965. And they had peculiar views on ritual practices setting them apart from other religious communities and the religious establishment.

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The Grand Mosque in Mecca (home of the [[Kaaba]]) was briefly taken over for a period of weeks by an obscure group led by a poorly educated ''Bedouin'' named Juhayman<ref>Review of ''[http://www.fsmitha.com/review/trofimov2.html The Siege of Mecca: The Forgotten Uprising in Islam's Holiest Shrine and the Birth of al Qaeda]'', Yaroslav Trofimov, Doubleday, 2007.</ref> whose theology was an early manifestation of modern violent [[Salafi]]sm. These believers did not embrace many aspects of modern society. They opposed identity cards and passports because these denote loyalty to an entity other than [[Allah]]. They were against [[Idolatry|images of living beings]], not only on television and in photography but also on coins. The only previous violent encounter was when a group of young activists were caught smashing shop display windows showing female mannequins in the center of Medina in 1965. And they had peculiar views on ritual practices setting them apart from other religious communities and the religious establishment.

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The incident revealed the Saudi state was thoroughly unprepared to deal with a challenge to its legitimacy from conservative religious believers .<ref>Thomas Hegghammer and Stephane Lacroix. [http://journals.cambridge.org/action/displayAbstract?fromPage=online&aid=862184 Rejectionist Islamism in Saudi Arabia: The Story of Juhayman al-Utaybi Revisited.] International Journal of Middle East Studies, February 2007, pp 103-122, Cambridge University Press.</ref> After three days of fruitless negotiations, the Saudis turned to external, non-Islamic "crusader" forces to dislodge the jihadis. Non-Muslims are not allowed within the city of Mecca, and bloodshed on the grounds of the temple is considered virtually an unpardonable sin; yet the Saudi state and its reigning religious establishment deputized, through a fatwa, the French Special Operations Forces to retake the mosque .<ref>Many details of the Mosque takeover remain officially classified Saudi state secrets. [http://cat-int.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/12/The-Makkah-Siege-In-defense-of-Juhayman-Sayyid-2004.pdf The Makkan Siege: In Defense of Juhayman], a collection of internet reports on the siege and excerpts of Juhayman's letters. Juhayman is considered to have provided more inspiration to the the modern jihadist movement than Osama bin Laden who left virtually no religious writings behind.</ref><ref>Peterson, J.E. “[http://www.jepeterson.net/sitebuildercontent/sitebuilderfiles/APBN-003_Saudi_Arabia_Internal_Security_Incidents_Since_1979.pdf Saudi Arabia: Internal Security Incidents Since 1979.]” Arabian Peninsula Background Note, No. APBN-003. Published on www.JEPeterson.net, January 2004; updated 31 December 2007.</ref>

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The incident revealed the Saudi state was thoroughly unprepared to deal with a challenge to its legitimacy from conservative religious believers.<ref>Thomas Hegghammer and Stephane Lacroix. [http://journals.cambridge.org/action/displayAbstract?fromPage=online&aid=862184 Rejectionist Islamism in Saudi Arabia: The Story of Juhayman al-Utaybi Revisited.] International Journal of Middle East Studies, February 2007, pp 103-122, Cambridge University Press.</ref> After three days of fruitless negotiations, the Saudis turned to external, non-Islamic "crusader" forces to dislodge the jihadis. Non-Muslims are not allowed within the city of Mecca, and bloodshed on the grounds of the temple is considered virtually an unpardonable sin; yet the Saudi state and its reigning religious establishment deputized, through a fatwa, the French Special Operations Forces to retake the mosque.<ref>Many details of the Mosque takeover remain officially classified Saudi state secrets. [http://cat-int.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/12/The-Makkah-Siege-In-defense-of-Juhayman-Sayyid-2004.pdf The Makkan Siege: In Defense of Juhayman], a collection of internet reports on the siege and excerpts of Juhayman's letters. Juhayman is considered to have provided more inspiration to the the modern jihadist movement than Osama bin Laden who left virtually no religious writings behind.</ref><ref>Peterson, J.E. “[http://www.jepeterson.net/sitebuildercontent/sitebuilderfiles/APBN-003_Saudi_Arabia_Internal_Security_Incidents_Since_1979.pdf Saudi Arabia: Internal Security Incidents Since 1979.]” Arabian Peninsula Background Note, No. APBN-003. Published on www.JEPeterson.net, January 2004; updated 31 December 2007.</ref>

Official reports say that 255 fanatics, troops and pilgrims were killed, while 560 were injured. The rebels who survived were imprisoned or beheaded, with reports claiming 63 beheadings.

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===1987 Mecca massacre===

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In 1987 more than four hundred persons, mostly Iranian Shi'ite pilgrims and about 85 Saudis and security personnel, were killed during a demonstration against the "Enemies of Islam" (basically, the United States and Israel) in front of the Grand Mosque .<ref>[http://web.archive.org/web/20091029204548/http://www.geocities.com/martinkramerorg/Hajj.htm#ref32 Khomeini's Messengers in Mecca (Hajj) by Martin Kramer]</ref> Iranian [[hajj]] pilgrims traditionally make up the largest single contingent from any single country .<ref>US Saudi Arabia Diplomatic and Political Cooperation Handbook, USA International Business Publications, 2007, [http://books.google.com/books?id=ob37QAVkGrgC&q=lunar%2BHijaz#v=snippet&q=lunar%2BHijaz&f=false p. 178.]</ref> Details about the incident and causes remain murky, with the official Saudi version contradicted by Iran's own investigation. <ref>The Muslim World League convened a conference in Mecca in October 1987 condemning Iran for the violence: Iran’s government--a government “accustomed to terrorism and a thirst for Muslim blood”--“solely bears the responsibility for the outrage in God’s holy mosque.” The conference endorsed the measures taken by the Saudi authorities “to quell the sedition and to contain the fires of wickedness.” Kramer, ''Khomeini’s Messengers''.</ref><ref>http://www.shiachat.com/forum/topic/234966843-saudi-propaganda-of-iranian-attack-on-kaabah-1987/ </ref>

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In 1987 more than four hundred persons, mostly Iranian Shi'ite pilgrims and about 85 Saudis and security personnel, were killed during a demonstration against the "Enemies of Islam" (basically, the United States and Israel) in front of the Grand Mosque.<ref>[http://web.archive.org/web/20091029204548/http://www.geocities.com/martinkramerorg/Hajj.htm#ref32 Khomeini's Messengers in Mecca (Hajj) by Martin Kramer]</ref> Iranian [[hajj]] pilgrims traditionally make up the largest single contingent from any single country.<ref>US Saudi Arabia Diplomatic and Political Cooperation Handbook, USA International Business Publications, 2007, [http://books.google.com/books?id=ob37QAVkGrgC&q=lunar%2BHijaz#v=snippet&q=lunar%2BHijaz&f=false p. 178.]</ref> Details about the incident and causes remain murky, with the official Saudi version contradicted by Iran's own investigation.<ref>The Muslim World League convened a conference in Mecca in October 1987 condemning Iran for the violence: Iran’s government--a government “accustomed to terrorism and a thirst for Muslim blood”--“solely bears the responsibility for the outrage in God’s holy mosque.” The conference endorsed the measures taken by the Saudi authorities “to quell the sedition and to contain the fires of wickedness.” Kramer, ''Khomeini’s Messengers''.</ref><ref>http://www.shiachat.com/forum/topic/234966843-saudi-propaganda-of-iranian-attack-on-kaabah-1987/ </ref>

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Shock over violence just outside the Grand Mosque again sparked a debate across the Muslim world about the Saudis dual role as American ally and Custodian of the Two Holy Custodian of the Islamic Holy Places .<ref>http://introducingislam.org/info/carnage/carnage.php </ref> [[Ayatollah Khomeini]] condemned the "vile and ungodly Wahhabis" as "lackeys of the United States” and called for the overthrow of the House of Saud .<ref><small>"Iran convened an “International Congress on Safeguarding the Sanctity and Security of the Great Mosque,” under the auspices of the ministry of Islamic guidance and the foreign ministry. Rafsanjani, in addressing the three hundred participants from 36 countries, called for the “liberation” of Mecca and the establishment of an “Islamic International” which would govern Mecca as a free city."</small> Kramer, ''Khomeini’s Messengers''.</ref> The Iranian Revolutionary Guards Corps (IRGC) formed a group known as Hezbollah al-Hejaz, more commonly known as Saudi Hezbollah, for this purpose .<ref>https://www.aei.org/publication/saudi-arabias-forgotten-shiite-spring/ </ref>

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Shock over violence just outside the Grand Mosque again sparked a debate across the Muslim world about the Saudis dual role as American ally and Custodian of the Two Holy Custodian of the Islamic Holy Places.<ref>http://introducingislam.org/info/carnage/carnage.php </ref> [[Ayatollah Khomeini]] condemned the "vile and ungodly Wahhabis" as "lackeys of the United States” and called for the overthrow of the House of Saud.<ref><small>"Iran convened an “International Congress on Safeguarding the Sanctity and Security of the Great Mosque,” under the auspices of the ministry of Islamic guidance and the foreign ministry. Rafsanjani, in addressing the three hundred participants from 36 countries, called for the “liberation” of Mecca and the establishment of an “Islamic International” which would govern Mecca as a free city."</small> Kramer, ''Khomeini’s Messengers''.</ref> The Iranian Revolutionary Guards Corps (IRGC) formed a group known as Hezbollah al-Hejaz, more commonly known as Saudi Hezbollah, for this purpose.<ref>https://www.aei.org/publication/saudi-arabias-forgotten-shiite-spring/ </ref>

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It was in this atmosphere of anti-Saudi and anti-U.S. sentiment throughout the Muslim world that [[Saddam Hussein]] made his calculated gamble to challenge Saudi Arabia and the United States over Kuwait in 1990 .<ref>

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It was in this atmosphere of anti-Saudi and anti-U.S. sentiment throughout the Muslim world that [[Saddam Hussein]] made his calculated gamble to challenge Saudi Arabia and the United States over Kuwait in 1990.<ref>

Political Islam, Edited by Fredric Volpi, Routledge, [https://wiki.zirve.edu.tr/sandbox/groups/economicsandadministrativesciences/wiki/b7907/attachments/b87f0/week6required1.pdf?sessionID=be1325d37a7c5f7b99f39de6da779933c272d74d p. 5-6 pdf], ''et seqq''.</ref>

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==Wahhabi Lobby==

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Since post [[911]], worry about the Wahhabi Lobby grew .<ref>[https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/CHRG-108shrg91326/html/CHRG-108shrg91326.htm Terrorism: Growing Wahhabi Influence In The United States]

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Since post [[911]], worry about the Wahhabi Lobby grew.<ref>[https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/CHRG-108shrg91326/html/CHRG-108shrg91326.htm Terrorism: Growing Wahhabi Influence In The United States]

Hearing Before The Subcommittee On Terrorism, Technology And Homeland Security. Of The Committee On The Judiciary United States Senate One Hundred Eighth Congress. First Session, June 26, 2003</ref><ref>[https://www.cbsnews.com/news/europes-wahhabi-lobby/ Europe's Wahhabi Lobby - CBS News]. Oct 7, 2005.</ref>

==Notable Saudi Arabians==

*[[Osama Bin Laden]]: former leader of Al-Qaeda; died in 2011

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*[[Prince Alwaleed Bin Talal Alsaud]]: ranked 11th richest person in the world by USAToday in 2002 .<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20210816000109/https://usatoday30.usatoday.com/news/nation/2002/02/28/forbes.htm Ranking the world's richest people]. '"USA Today'', 03/01/2002.</ref>

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*[[Prince Alwaleed Bin Talal Alsaud]]: ranked 11th richest person in the world by USAToday in 2002.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20210816000109/https://usatoday30.usatoday.com/news/nation/2002/02/28/forbes.htm Ranking the world's richest people]. '"USA Today'', 03/01/2002.</ref>

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*[[Raif Badawi]]: Imprisoned blogger, winner of the Sakharov Prize in 2015 and nominated for Nobel Peace Prize .<ref name="Nobel">{{cite web|url=http://www.moroccoworldnews.com/2015/02/150847/saudi-blogger-raif-badawi-nominated-nobel-peace-prize-2015/|title=Saudi Blogger Raif Badawi Nominated for Nobel Peace Prize 2015|website=Morocco World News|date=2 February 2015}}</ref><ref name="EUparl">{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-34667260|title=Saudi blogger Raif Badawi awarded Sakharov human rights prize|website=BBC News|date=29 October 2015}}</ref>

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*[[Raif Badawi]]: Imprisoned blogger, winner of the Sakharov Prize in 2015 and nominated for Nobel Peace Prize.<ref name="Nobel">{{cite web|url=http://www.moroccoworldnews.com/2015/02/150847/saudi-blogger-raif-badawi-nominated-nobel-peace-prize-2015/|title=Saudi Blogger Raif Badawi Nominated for Nobel Peace Prize 2015|website=Morocco World News|date=2 February 2015}}</ref><ref name="EUparl">{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-34667260|title=Saudi blogger Raif Badawi awarded Sakharov human rights prize|website=BBC News|date=29 October 2015}}</ref>

*[[Hamza Kashgari]]: Arrested for tweets critical of [[Muhammad]].<ref name="emirates247_arrested">{{cite news | title= Sacrilegious Saudi writer arrested in Malaysia| date=2012-02-09| work= [[Emirates 24/7]]| url= http://www.emirates247.com/news/region/sacrilegious-saudi-writer-arrested-in-malaysia-2012-02-09-1.442198| accessdate=2017-05-07 | archiveurl= http://www.webcitation.org/65MOcflmZ| archivedate=2012-02-10 }}</ref>

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