Changes

Neighboring [[West Virginia]] has swung strongly to the [[Republican]] side as [[Dem]]s push radical [[environmentalism]] to wreck the [[coal]] industry, and Trump carried West Virginia by nearly 40 points in 2020.  Ohio depends more on the car industry, but it too is being destroyed by the [[Dem]] push for [[electric car]]s that are difficult to make and sell.  As to college [[football]], Ohio has won 8 national championships.<ref>https://www.ncaa.com/news/football/article/college-football-national-championship-history</ref>

Neighboring [[West Virginia]] has swung strongly to the [[Republican]] side as [[Dem]]s push radical [[environmentalism]] to wreck the [[coal]] industry, and Trump carried West Virginia by nearly 40 points in 2020.  Ohio depends more on the car industry, but it too is being destroyed by the [[Dem]] push for [[electric car]]s that are difficult to make and sell.  As to college [[football]], Ohio has won 8 national championships.<ref>https://www.ncaa.com/news/football/article/college-football-national-championship-history</ref>

Ohio's booming [[Amish]] population has surpassed that of [[Pennsylvania]],<ref>https://www.transportation.ohio.gov/wps/wcm/connect/gov/b3b86275-f673-4a2b-b4ae-69a58f82c194/AmishPopulationTrends.pdf?MOD=AJPERES&CONVERT_TO=url&CACHEID=ROOTWORKSPACE.Z18_K9I401S01H7F40QBNJU3SO1F56-b3b86275-f673-4a2b-b4ae-69a58f82c194-nAkqhqh (some websites say that Pennsylvania still has a bit more Amish than Ohio)</ref> which was previously the largest in the world.  Two of the top three most friendly Amish communities are located in Ohio.<ref>https://amishamerica.com/5-friendliest-amish-communities/</ref>  Overall, the largest number of migrants into Ohio annually are from [[Florida]], as of 2023 Census data.<ref>https://amishamerica.com/5-friendliest-amish-communities/</ref>

Ohio's booming [[Amish]] population has surpassed that of [[Pennsylvania]],<ref>https://www.transportation.ohio.gov/wps/wcm/connect/gov/b3b86275-f673-4a2b-b4ae-69a58f82c194/AmishPopulationTrends.pdf?MOD=AJPERES&CONVERT_TO=url&CACHEID=ROOTWORKSPACE.Z18_K9I401S01H7F40QBNJU3SO1F56-b3b86275-f673-4a2b-b4ae-69a58f82c194-nAkqhqh (some websites say that Pennsylvania still has a bit more Amish than Ohio)</ref> which was previously the largest in the world.  Two of the top three friendliest Amish communities are located in Ohio.<ref>https://amishamerica.com/5-friendliest-amish-communities/</ref>  Overall, the largest number of migrants into Ohio annually are from [[Florida]], as of 2023 Census data.<ref>https://amishamerica.com/5-friendliest-amish-communities/</ref>

The state Constitution of Ohio, like all of the other 50 states, acknowledges God or our Creator or the ''Sovereign Ruler of the Universe''.  It says:

The state Constitution of Ohio, like all of the other 50 states, acknowledges God or our Creator or the ''Sovereign Ruler of the Universe''.  It says:

==History==

==History==

[[File:Benjamin F. Wade Brady-Handy picture.jpg|thumb|right|250px|Portrait of [[abolitionist]] U.S. senator [[Benjamin F. Wade]], a prominent [[Radical Republican]].]]

[[File:Benjamin F. Wade Brady-Handy picture.jpg|thumb|right|250px|Portrait of [[abolitionist]] U.S. senator [[Benjamin F. Wade]], a prominent [[Radical Republican]].]]

Chillicothe was the capital from the formation of the Ohio Territory from the [[Northwest Territory]] in 1800, until 1809 when it was moved to Zanesville for three years.  Chillicothe was again the capital from 1812 until 1816, when Columbus became the capital because it was the geographical center of the state.  Cincinnati was the largest and most important city until surpassed by Cleveland in the early 20th century.  

Chillicothe was the capital from the formation of the Ohio Territory from the [[Northwest Territory]] in 1800 until 1809, when it was moved to Zanesville for three years.  Chillicothe was again the capital from 1812 until 1816, when Columbus became the capital because it was the geographical center of the state.  Cincinnati was the largest and most important city until surpassed by Cleveland in the early 20th century.  

Since 1940, fiscal conservatism has been a hallmark of Ohio leaders, including such Republican governors as John Bricker, Thomas Herbert, and C. William O’Neill, as well as some Democrats, notably Martin Davey and [[Frank Lausche]]. Especially in the small towns and cities, voters expressed low-tax, low-spending, and pro-business sentiments.  

Since 1940, fiscal conservatism has been a hallmark of Ohio leaders, including such Republican governors as John Bricker, Thomas Herbert, and C. William O’Neill, as well as some Democrats, notably Martin Davey and [[Frank Lausche]]. Especially in the small towns and cities, voters expressed low-tax, low-spending, and pro-business sentiments.  

Michael V. DiSalle, a Democrat elected in 1958, tried to convert Ohio to high spending but angered the taxpayers after one term.<ref>Richard G. Zimmerman, ''Call Me Mike: A Political Biography of Michael V. DiSalle'' (2003)</ref> He was defeated by Republican [[James A. Rhodes]] (1909-2001), who branded DiSalle "Tax Hike Mike" and went on to become Ohio's longest-serving governor (1962–70 and 1974–82).  Rhodes eliminated or cut back the wasteful programs and concentrated instead on building of airports, state office buildings, prisons, and other public structures. Rhodes lowered taxes on small business owners, thereby building up the economy while increasing funding to schools and universities.  

Michael V. DiSalle, a Democrat elected in 1958, tried to convert Ohio to high spending but angered the taxpayers after one term.<ref>Richard G. Zimmerman, ''Call Me Mike: A Political Biography of Michael V. DiSalle'' (2003)</ref> He was defeated by Republican [[James A. Rhodes]] (1909-2001), who branded DiSalle "Tax Hike Mike" and went on to become Ohio's longest-serving governor (1962–70 and 1974–82).  Rhodes eliminated or cut back the wasteful programs and concentrated instead on building airports, state office buildings, prisons, and other public structures. Rhodes lowered taxes on small business owners, thereby building up the economy while increasing funding to schools and universities.  

Democrat Richard F. Celeste was defeated by Rhodes in 1978, but won the governorship in 1982 and defeated Rhodes's comeback effort in 1986.  Celeste sought to increase state funding to education, health services, and welfare programs; with the legislature under liberal control, he increased the state income tax by 90%. A referendum to overturn the tax increase failed, but in 1984, voters returned the Ohio Senate to Republican control.

Democrat Richard F. Celeste was defeated by Rhodes in 1978, but won the governorship in 1982 and defeated Rhodes's comeback effort in 1986.  Celeste sought to increase state funding to education, health services, and welfare programs; with the legislature under liberal control, he increased the state income tax by 90%. A referendum to overturn the tax increase failed, but in 1984, voters returned the Ohio Senate to Republican control.

==Presidents From Ohio==

==Presidents From Ohio==

Ohio was known as the "mother of presidents"; the last one was Harding, who won in 1920 by defeating another Ohioan, Governor James Cox.

Ohio was known as the "mother of presidents"; the last one was Harding, who won in 1920 by defeating another Ohioan, Governor James Cox.

*[1773-1841]  9th President -[[William Henry Harrison]]. Whig

*[1773-1841]  9th President - [[William Henry Harrison]]. Whig

*[1822-1885]  18th President -[[Ulysses Simpson Grant]], Republican  

*[1822-1885]  18th President - [[Ulysses Simpson Grant]], Republican  

*[1822-1893] 19th President -[[Rutherford B. Hayes]], Republican

*[1822-1893] 19th President - [[Rutherford B. Hayes]], Republican

*[1831-1881] 20th President -[[James Garfield]], Republican

*[1831-1881] 20th President - [[James Garfield]], Republican

*[1833-1901] 23rd President -[[Benjamin Harrison]], Republican

*[1833-1901] 23rd President - [[Benjamin Harrison]], Republican

*[1843-1901] 25th President -[[William McKinley]], Republican

*[1843-1901] 25th President - [[William McKinley]], Republican

*[1857-1930] 27th President -[[William Howard Taft]], Republican

*[1857-1930] 27th President - [[William Howard Taft]], Republican

*[1865-1923] 29th President -[[Warren Gamaliel Harding]], Republican

*[1865-1923] 29th President - [[Warren Gamaliel Harding]], Republican

Taft's son [[Robert A. Taft]], a leading conservative, sought the GOP nomination in 1940, 1948 and 1952, losing each time to liberal Republicans from [[New York City]].

Taft's son [[Robert A. Taft]], a leading conservative, sought the GOP nomination in 1940, 1948 and 1952, losing each time to liberal Republicans from [[New York City]].

Ohio is a [[swing state]] in presidential elections. No Republican has won the presidency without Ohio's electoral votes.

Ohio is a [[swing state]] in presidential elections. No Republican has won the presidency without Ohio's electoral votes.

==Chant==

==Chant==Ohioans usually engage in a call-and-reply type chant when celebrating their state. The leader yells "O,H" and the crowd replies with "I,O". and both presidential candidates have used this at rallies across the state in 2012.

Ohioans usually engage in a call-and-reply type chant when celebrating their state. The leader yells "O,H" and the crowd replies with "I,O". Both presidential candidates have used this at rallies across the state in 2012.

==Bibliography==

==Bibliography==

* Booth, Stephane Elise.  ''Buckeye Women: The History of Ohio's Daughters.'' (2001). 239 pp.   

* Booth, Stephane Elise.  ''Buckeye Women: The History of Ohio's Daughters.'' (2001). 239 pp.   

*  Borcyczka, Raymond and Cary, Lorin Lee.  ''No Strength without Union: An Illustrated History of Ohio Workers, 1803-1980.'' (1982). 328 pp.   

*  Borcyczka, Raymond and Cary, Lorin Lee.  ''No Strength without Union: An Illustrated History of Ohio Workers, 1803-1980.'' (1982). 328 pp.   

* Cayton, Andrew R. L. ''Ohio: The History of a People'' (2002), 473pp

* Cayton, Andrew R. L. ''Ohio: The History of a People'' (2002), 473 pp

* Grant, H. Roger and Clarence Wunderlin. ''Ohio On The Move: Transportation In Buckeye State'' (2000) [https://www.amazon.com/Ohio-Move-Transportation-Buckeye-Bicentennial/dp/0821412841/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1212898827&sr=8-1 excerpt]

* Grant, H. Roger and Clarence Wunderlin. ''Ohio On The Move: Transportation In Buckeye State'' (2000) [https://www.amazon.com/Ohio-Move-Transportation-Buckeye-Bicentennial/dp/0821412841/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1212898827&sr=8-1 excerpt]

* Knepper, George W. ''Ohio and Its People''. (3rd ed. 2003), textbook; ISBN 0-87338-791-0 [http://www.questia.com/read/112035631?title=Ohio%20and%20Its%20People online edition]

* Knepper, George W. ''Ohio and Its People''. (3rd ed. 2003), textbook; ISBN 0-87338-791-0 [http://www.questia.com/read/112035631?title=Ohio%20and%20Its%20People online edition]

* Parker, Gregory; Sisson, Richard; and Coil, William Russell, eds.  ''Ohio & the World: Essays toward a New History of Ohio.'' (2005). 199 pp.   

* Parker, Gregory; Sisson, Richard; and Coil, William Russell, eds.  ''Ohio & the World: Essays toward a New History of Ohio.'' (2005). 199 pp.   

* Sisson, Richard, ed. ''The American Midwest: An Interpretive Encyclopedia'' (2006), a [[conservative]]-leaning regional encyclopedia by scholars

* Sisson, Richard, ed. ''The American Midwest: An Interpretive Encyclopedia'' (2006), a [[conservative]]-leaning regional encyclopedia by scholars

*  Smith, Thomas H., ed.  ''An Ohio Reader. Vol. 1, 1750 to the Civil War. Vol 2. Reconstruction to the Present.'' (1975). 763 pp.  articles by historians

*  Smith, Thomas H., ed.  ''An Ohio Reader. Vol. 1, 1750 to the Civil War. Vol. 2. Reconstruction to the Present.'' (1975). 763 pp.  articles by historians

===History to 1860===

===History to 1860===

* Blue, Frederick J. ''Salmon P. Chase: A Life in Politics'' (1987) [http://www.questia.com/read/22807164?title=Salmon%20P.%20Chase%3a%20A%20Life%20in%20Politics online edition]

* Blue, Frederick J. ''Salmon P. Chase: A Life in Politics'' (1987) [http://www.questia.com/read/22807164?title=Salmon%20P.%20Chase%3a%20A%20Life%20in%20Politics online edition]

* Giesen, Myra Jayne.  "Late Prehistoric Populations in the Ohio Area: Biological Affinities and Stress Indicators."  PhD dissertation, anthropology. Ohio State U. 1992. 271 pp.  DAI 1993 53(8): 2872-A. DA9238180  Fulltext: [[ProQuest Dissertations & Theses]]

* Giesen, Myra Jayne.  "Late Prehistoric Populations in the Ohio Area: Biological Affinities and Stress Indicators."  PhD dissertation, anthropology. Ohio State U. 1992. 271 pp.  DAI 1993 53(8): 2872-A. DA9238180  Fulltext: [[ProQuest Dissertations & Theses]]

* Hendrick, Booraem V.  ''The Road to Respectability: James A. Garfield and His World, 1844-1852'' (1988)

* Hendrick, Booraem V.  ''The Road to Respectability: James A. Garfield and His World, 1844-1852'' (1988)

* Hurt, R. Douglas. ''The Ohio Frontier: Crucible of the Old Northwest, 1720-1830''. (1996). ISBN 0-253-21212-X  418pp

* Hurt, R. Douglas. ''The Ohio Frontier: Crucible of the Old Northwest, 1720-1830''. (1996). ISBN 0-253-21212-X  418 pp.

* Jones, Robert Leslie.  ''History of Agriculture in Ohio to 1880.'' (1983). 416 pp.   

* Jones, Robert Leslie.  ''History of Agriculture in Ohio to 1880.'' (1983). 416 pp.   

* Leet, Don R.  ''Population Pressure and Human Fertility Response: Ohio, 1810-1860.'' (1978). 291 pp.   

* Leet, Don R.  ''Population Pressure and Human Fertility Response: Ohio, 1810-1860.'' (1978). 291 pp.   

* Maizlish, Stephen E. ''The Triumph of Sectionalism: The Transformation of Ohio Politics, 1844-1856'' (1983), 310pp

* Maizlish, Stephen E. ''The Triumph of Sectionalism: The Transformation of Ohio Politics, 1844-1856'' (1983), 310 pp.

* O'Donnell, James H. ''Ohio's First Peoples''. (2004). Indian tribes.

* O'Donnell, James H. ''Ohio's First Peoples''. (2004). Indian tribes.

*  Ratcliffe, Donald J.  ''The Politics of Long Division: The Birth of the Second Party System in Ohio, 1818-1828.'' (2000). 455 pp.   

*  Ratcliffe, Donald J.  ''The Politics of Long Division: The Birth of the Second Party System in Ohio, 1818-1828.'' (2000). 455 pp.   

* Hoogenboom, Ari.  ''Rutherford B. Hayes: Warrior and President.'' (1995). 626 pp.   

* Hoogenboom, Ari.  ''Rutherford B. Hayes: Warrior and President.'' (1995). 626 pp.   

* Jensen, Richard. ''The Winning of the Midwest: Social and Political Conflict, 1888-1896'' (1971)

* Jensen, Richard. ''The Winning of the Midwest: Social and Political Conflict, 1888-1896'' (1971)

*  Jordan, Philip D.''Ohio Comes of Age: 1873-1900 Volume 5'' (1968)

*  Jordan, Philip D. ''Ohio Comes of Age: 1873-1900 Volume 5'' (1968)

* Klement, Frank L.  ''The Limits of Dissent: Clement L. Vallandigham and the Civil War.'' (1998). 351 pp.   

* Klement, Frank L.  ''The Limits of Dissent: Clement L. Vallandigham and the Civil War.'' (1998). 351 pp.   

* Morton, Jack Devon.  "Ohio's Gallant Fight: Northern State Politics during the Reconstruction Era, 1865-1878."  PhD dissertation. U. of Virginia 2005. 274 pp.  DAI 2005 66(1): 313-A. DA3161251  Fulltext: [[ProQuest Dissertations & Theses]]

* Morton, Jack Devon.  "Ohio's Gallant Fight: Northern State Politics during the Reconstruction Era, 1865-1878."  PhD dissertation. U. of Virginia 2005. 274 pp.  DAI 2005 66(1): 313-A. DA3161251  Fulltext: [[ProQuest Dissertations & Theses]]

* Roseboom, Eugene. ''The Civil War Era, 1850-1873, vol. 4'' (1944), detailed general history

* Roseboom, Eugene. ''The Civil War Era, 1850-1873, vol. 4'' (1944), detailed general history

* Semsel, Craig Robert.  "Built to Move Millions: Transit Vehicle Manufacture in Ohio, 1880-1938."  PhD dissertation Case Western Reserve U. 2001. 720 pp.  DAI 2002 62(9): 3162-3163-A. DA3027315  Fulltext: [[ProQuest Dissertations & Theses]]

* Semsel, Craig Robert.  "Built to Move Millions: Transit Vehicle Manufacture in Ohio, 1880-1938."  PhD dissertation, Case Western Reserve U. 2001. 720 pp.  DAI 2002 62(9): 3162-3163-A. DA3027315  Fulltext: [[ProQuest Dissertations & Theses]]

* Weeks, Philip, ed.  ''Buckeye Presidents: Ohioans in the White House.'' (2003). 240 pp.   

* Weeks, Philip, ed.  ''Buckeye Presidents: Ohioans in the White House.'' (2003). 240 pp.   

* Wheeler, Kenneth W., ed.  ''For the Union: Ohio Leaders in the Civil War.'' (1968) 497 pp.   

* Wheeler, Kenneth W., ed.  ''For the Union: Ohio Leaders in the Civil War.'' (1968) 497 pp.   

===Localities and regions===

===Localities and regions===

* Curl, Donald W.  ''Murat Halstead and the Cincinnati Commercial.'' (1980). 186 pp  

* Curl, Donald W.  ''Murat Halstead and the Cincinnati Commercial.'' (1980). 186 pp  

* Hirsimaki, Eric.  ''Lima: The History. '' (1986). 351 pp.   

* Hirsimaki, Eric.  ''Lima: The History.'' (1986). 351 pp.   

* Moore, Jonathan Barrons.  "Local Economic Development in the Post-industrial Service Economy: Manufacturing Communities in the Ohio River Valley."  PhD dissertation Ohio State U. 2003. 255 pp.  DAI 2004 65(3): 1065-A. DA3124375  Fulltext: [[ProQuest Dissertations & Theses]]   

* Moore, Jonathan Barrons.  "Local Economic Development in the Post-industrial Service Economy: Manufacturing Communities in the Ohio River Valley."  PhD dissertation Ohio State U. 2003. 255 pp.  DAI 2004 65(3): 1065-A. DA3124375  Fulltext: [[ProQuest Dissertations & Theses]]   

* Painter, Sue Ann. ''Architecture in Cincinnati: An Illustrated History of Designing and Building an American City.'' (2006) 368pp; ISBN 978-0-8214-1701-0 [http://www.h-net.org/reviews/showrev.cgi?path=213131210777630 online review]

* Painter, Sue Ann. ''Architecture in Cincinnati: An Illustrated History of Designing and Building an American City.'' (2006) 368pp; ISBN 978-0-8214-1701-0 [http://www.h-net.org/reviews/showrev.cgi?path=213131210777630 online review]

* Ross, Steven J. ''Workers on the Edge: Work, Leisure, and Politics in Industrializing Cincinnati, 1788-1890'' (1985), new social history [http://www.questia.com/read/58918181?title=Workers%20on%20the%20Edge%3a%20Work%2c%20Leisure%2c%20and%20Politics%20in%20Industrializing%20Cincinnati%2c%201788-1890 online edition]

* Ross, Steven J. ''Workers on the Edge: Work, Leisure, and Politics in Industrializing Cincinnati, 1788-1890'' (1985), new social history [http://www.questia.com/read/58918181?title=Workers%20on%20the%20Edge%3a%20Work%2c%20Leisure%2c%20and%20Politics%20in%20Industrializing%20Cincinnati%2c%201788-1890 online edition]

* Van Tassel, David D..  and John J. Grabowski, eds. ''The Encyclopedia of Cleveland History'' (1987), also online

* Van Tassel, David D., and John J. Grabowski, eds. ''The Encyclopedia of Cleveland History'' (1987), also online

* Van Tassel, David D..  and John J. Grabowski, eds.  ''Cleveland: A Tradition of Reform'' (1986)

* Van Tassel, David D., and John J. Grabowski, eds.  ''Cleveland: A Tradition of Reform'' (1986)

* Ware, Jane.  ''Building Ohio: A Traveler's Guide to Ohio's Urban Architecture.'' (2001). 330 pp.   

* Ware, Jane.  ''Building Ohio: A Traveler's Guide to Ohio's Urban Architecture.'' (2001). 330 pp.   

* Wheeler, Kenneth H. "Local Autonomy and Civil War Draft Resistance: Holmes County, Ohio" ''Civil War History'', Vol. 45, 1999

* Wheeler, Kenneth H. "Local Autonomy and Civil War Draft Resistance: Holmes County, Ohio" ''Civil War History'', Vol. 45, 1999

* WPA. ''Cincinnati: A Guide to the Queen City and Its Neighbors'' (1943), 574pp; famous guide book, with history [http://www.questia.com/read/72509386?title=Cincinnati%3a%20A%20Guide%20to%20the%20Queen%20City%20and%20Its%20Neighbors online edition]

* WPA. ''Cincinnati: A Guide to the Queen City and Its Neighbors'' (1943), 574pp; famous guide book, with history [http://www.questia.com/read/72509386?title=Cincinnati%3a%20A%20Guide%20to%20the%20Queen%20City%20and%20Its%20Neighbors online edition]

===Primary historical sources===

===Primary historical sources===

* Bentley, Anna Briggs. ''American Grit: A Woman's Letters from the Ohio Frontier.'' ed. by Emily Foster, (2002). 344 pp.  [http://www.h-net.org/reviews/showrev.cgi?path=168301062659261 online review]

* Bentley, Anna Briggs. ''American Grit: A Woman's Letters from the Ohio Frontier.'' ed. by Emily Foster (2002). 344 pp.  [http://www.h-net.org/reviews/showrev.cgi?path=168301062659261 online review]

*  Dee, Christine, ed.  ''Ohio's War: The Civil War in Documents.'' (2007). 244 pp.  [http://www.h-net.org/reviews/showrev.cgi?path=80721191089204 online review]

*  Dee, Christine, ed.  ''Ohio's War: The Civil War in Documents.'' (2007). 244 pp.  [http://www.h-net.org/reviews/showrev.cgi?path=80721191089204 online review]

* Foster, Emily, ed.  ''The Ohio Frontier: An Anthology of Early Writings.'' (1996). 229 pp.   

* Foster, Emily, ed.  ''The Ohio Frontier: An Anthology of Early Writings.'' (1996). 229 pp.   

* Gebby, Margaret.  ''Farm Wife: A Self-Portrait, 1886-1896.'' ed. by Virginia E. McCormick. (1990). 243 pp.  

* Gebby, Margaret.  ''Farm Wife: A Self-Portrait, 1886-1896.'' ed. by Virginia E. McCormick (1990). 243 pp.  

* Johnson, Tom L.  ''My Story'' (1993), reform mayor of Cleveland

* Johnson, Tom L.  ''My Story'' (1993), reform mayor of Cleveland

* Saxbe, William B. and Franklin, Peter D.  ''I've Seen the Elephant: An Autobiography.'' (2000). 267 pp. Saxbe was a politician and US Senator 1946-74

* Saxbe, William B. and Franklin, Peter D.  ''I've Seen the Elephant: An Autobiography.'' (2000). 267 pp. Saxbe was a politician and US Senator, 1946-74

* Shriver, Phillip R., Jr. and Clarence E. Wunderlin. eds. ''Documentary Heritage Of Ohio'' (2001)

* Shriver, Phillip R., Jr. and Clarence E. Wunderlin, eds. ''Documentary Heritage Of Ohio'' (2001)

==See also==

==See also==