Changes

The [[Burlingame Treaty]] of 1868 between the U.S. and China facilitated the immigration of tens of thousands of Chinese men; very few women came. But the completion of the transcontinental railways brought more white laborers to the West, and they strenuously complained of "Oriental" competition, involving "coolies" trapped into indentured labor (a form of semi-slavery),<ref>Coolies existed but they did not go to America. About 125,000 Chinese laborers went to Cuba between 1847 and 1874 to work under conditions approximating slavery. See Moon-ho Jung,  "Outlawing 'Coolies': Race, Nation, and Empire in the Age of Emancipation." ''American Quarterly'' 2005 57(3): 677-701.</ref> unskilled workers paid very low wages and a population impossible to assimilate into American society or political culture.  Other complaints centered on the tongs that controlled every aspect of Chinese life in America, and the opium dens.  

The [[Burlingame Treaty]] of 1868 between the U.S. and China facilitated the immigration of tens of thousands of Chinese men; very few women came. But the completion of the transcontinental railways brought more white laborers to the West, and they strenuously complained of "Oriental" competition, involving "coolies" trapped into indentured labor (a form of semi-slavery),<ref>Coolies existed but they did not go to America. About 125,000 Chinese laborers went to Cuba between 1847 and 1874 to work under conditions approximating slavery. See Moon-ho Jung,  "Outlawing 'Coolies': Race, Nation, and Empire in the Age of Emancipation." ''American Quarterly'' 2005 57(3): 677-701.</ref> unskilled workers paid very low wages and a population impossible to assimilate into American society or political culture.  Other complaints centered on the tongs that controlled every aspect of Chinese life in America, and the opium dens.  

In 1877, when 9% of California's state's population was Chinese, the violent agitation for exclusion was led by [[Denis Kearney]], Irish-born leader of the Workingmen's party. Violence throughout the west in the 1870s forced the Chinese into a small number of cities, where they formed exclusive districts called Chinatowns, that were virtually self-governing. Since very few women were involved, the immigrant population—which had arrived as young men in the 1860s—gradually aged and died out.

In 1877, when 9% of California's population was Chinese, the violent agitation for exclusion was led by [[Denis Kearney]], Irish-born leader of the Workingmen's party. Violence throughout the west in the 1870s forced the Chinese into a small number of cities, where they formed exclusive districts called Chinatowns, that were virtually self-governing. Since very few women were involved, the immigrant population which had arrived as young men in the 1860s gradually aged and died out.

==Exclusion, 1882==

==Exclusion, 1882==