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clean up, typos fixed: April 1, 2025 → April 1, 2025, (2), Mainland China → mainland China (5), ’s → 's (3), 1887-1975 → 1887–1975

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China has become a major regional power in East Asia, and after averaging over 9% economic growth per year since 1978 when it introduced a market-based economic system known as [[socialism]] under capitalist management. Foreign businesses have flocked to invest in China, Americans and others rush to buy its cheap factory output, and Chinese exports have flooded the world. It has vast reserves of dollar holdings. China is modernizing its military, has joined numerous regional and international institutions, and plays an increasingly visible role in international politics. However, the paper statistics of China's growth hide the fact that it may have a weaker economy than it admits, as seen in the current property crisis, high youth unempoyment, many "ghost towns", among other factors (See: [[Chinese real estate crisis (2020–present)]] and [[Deflation in China (July 2023 to present)]] and [[Youth unemployment in China]] and [[Chinese stock markets]]).<ref>Fong, Dominique (June 15, 2018). [https://www.wsj.com/articles/chinas-ghost-towns-haunt-its-economy-1529076819 China’s Ghost Towns Haunt Its Economy]. ''The Wall Street Journal''. Retrieved June 15, 2018.</ref>

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The nation is under the control of the [[Chinese Communist Party]], which encompasses mainland China, albeit with many border disputes. Since taking power in 1949, an estimated 60 million to 80 million Chinese people have been killed by [[democide]]. This number exceeds the total number of deaths in two World Wars combined.<ref>''Commentary 7, On the Chinese Communist Party's History of Killing. ''Nine Commentaries on the Communist Party.''<br>http://www.ninecommentaries.com/english-7</ref> The communist Beijing regime claims [[Taiwan]] as a province, but Taiwan has never been part of the People's Republic of China and the survival of Taipei's democratic sovereignty is threatened. Currently, China is experiencing its worst Christian persecution in 40 years and among other things millions of Christian children have been forced to renounce their faith (See: [[Persecution of Christians in China]])<ref> [https://www.mnnonline.org/news/chinese-christian-persecution-worst-in-40-years/ Chinese Christian persecution worst in 40 years], Mission Network News, December 2023</ref>

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The nation is under the control of the [[Chinese Communist Party]], which encompasses mainland China, albeit with many border disputes. Since taking power in 1949, an estimated 60 million to 80 million Chinese people have been killed by [[democide]]. This number exceeds the total number of deaths in two World Wars combined.<ref>''Commentary 7, On the Chinese Communist Party's History of Killing. ''Nine Commentaries on the Communist Party.''<br>http://www.ninecommentaries.com/english-7</ref> The communist Beijing regime claims [[Taiwan]] as a province, but Taiwan has never been part of the People's Republic of China and the survival of Taipei's democratic sovereignty is threatened. Currently, China is experiencing its worst Christian persecution in 40 years and among other things millions of Christian children have been forced to renounce their faith (See: [[Persecution of Christians in China]])<ref>[https://www.mnnonline.org/news/chinese-christian-persecution-worst-in-40-years/ Chinese Christian persecution worst in 40 years], Mission Network News, December 2023</ref>

Unlike most other nations, the [[People's Liberation Army]] does not exist to defend the country or the people of China. Nor is it under the control of the state council, or government, of China. The PLA is the armed wing of the Chinese Communist Party and also the largest military establishment in the world. Its origins are in the Chinese Communist Party, and control of it has always remained within the party. The government or [[bureaucracy]] is called the State Council, and all [[civil service system|civil servants]] are required to be party members. The PLA exists to maintain and defend the Communist Party's control over the State Council and the people, and further the Party's interests. Not only is there no civilian control over the military, there is separation of the military from all government or State Council control.

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The Chinese Government is constructed around the Chinese Communist Party (CCP); its role is to implement party policies. The primary organs of state power are the National People's Congress (NPC), the President (the head of state), and the State Council. Members of the State Council include Premier Li Keqiang (the head of government), a variable number of vice premiers (now four), five state councilors (protocol equivalents of vice premiers but with narrower portfolios), and 22 ministers and four State Council commission directors.

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Under the state constitution, the NPC is the highest organ of political power in ~~Mainland~~ China. It meets annually for about 2 weeks every March to review and approve major new policy directions, laws, the budget, and major personnel changes. These initiatives are presented to the NPC for consideration by the State Council after previous endorsement by the Communist Party's Central Committee. Although the NPC generally approves State Council policy and personnel recommendations, various NPC committees hold active debate in closed sessions, and changes may be made to accommodate alternate views.

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Under the state constitution, the NPC is the highest organ of political power in mainland China. It meets annually for about 2 weeks every March to review and approve major new policy directions, laws, the budget, and major personnel changes. These initiatives are presented to the NPC for consideration by the State Council after previous endorsement by the Communist Party's Central Committee. Although the NPC generally approves State Council policy and personnel recommendations, various NPC committees hold active debate in closed sessions, and changes may be made to accommodate alternate views.

When the NPC is not in session, its permanent organ, the Standing Committee, exercises state power.

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=====Reaction to tariffs=====

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On April 1, 2025 Foreign Minister [[Wang Yi]] spoke in reaction to the [[Trump 2.0]] administration's tariff program:

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On April 1, 2025, Foreign Minister [[Wang Yi]] spoke in reaction to the [[Trump 2.0]] administration's tariff program:

{{Cquote|Instead of fixing its own problems, [[Washington, D.C.|Washington]] is trying in every way possible to shirk responsibility and shift the blame, resorting to tariffs, up to and including [[blackmail]] and ultimatums...The US itself is sick but is forcing others to get treatment,” Wang said, emphasizing that Trump's trade wars will “cause serious damage not only to the global market and trade order, but the US's reputation...‘[[America First]]’ cannot be achieved by American [[bullying]], especially to the detriment of the interests of other countries.<ref>https://sputnikglobe.com/20250401/wang-yi-china-will-not-accept-america-first-built-on-american-bullying-1121720123.html</ref>}}

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====Relations with Iran====

[[File:New Silk Road.PNG|right|300px|thumb|Iran is a key Eurasian transport hub and railway link to [[the West]].<ref>[[Michael Hudson]]: [https://www.nakedcapitalism.com/2025/06/michael-hudson-why-america-is-at-war-with-iran.html Why America Is at War with Iran], naked capitalism, June 21, 2025. www.nakedcapitalism.com</ref>]]

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On March 27, 2021 China and [[Iran]] signed a comprehensive [[strategic]] 25-year partnership agreement on [[economic]] and security cooperation.<ref>https://www.gatestoneinstitute.org/17229/china-iran-challenge</ref> Iran will receive $400 billion in Chinese investments over the next 25 years in key Iranian economic sectors, including [[energy]], [[telecommunications]], [[defense]], [[infrastructure]], [[banking]], petrochemicals, [[railway]]s and [[port]]s. There will be also an expansion of [[military]] assistance, training and [[intelligence-sharing]]. Nearly 100 projects are under consideration. In return, Iran will commit to providing regular and heavily discounted [[oil]], [[gas]] and possibly other natural resources to China.

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On March 27, 2021, China and [[Iran]] signed a comprehensive [[strategic]] 25-year partnership agreement on [[economic]] and security cooperation.<ref>https://www.gatestoneinstitute.org/17229/china-iran-challenge</ref> Iran will receive $400 billion in Chinese investments over the next 25 years in key Iranian economic sectors, including [[energy]], [[telecommunications]], [[defense]], [[infrastructure]], [[banking]], petrochemicals, [[railway]]s and [[port]]s. There will be also an expansion of [[military]] assistance, training and [[intelligence-sharing]]. Nearly 100 projects are under consideration. In return, Iran will commit to providing regular and heavily discounted [[oil]], [[gas]] and possibly other natural resources to China.

For China, Iran is a welcome counterbalance to [[US]] influence in the region, as the only large regional power that is not aligned with the US, in addition to having enormous oil and natural gas resources and providing a large market of more than 80 million citizens for Chinese goods.

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Under the CCP's model of ''[[Socialism with Chinese characteristics]]'', as in all socialist societies, there are no safeguards, guarantees, or protection of property rights. Hence, there is no [[private sector]] in China. While certain successful [[entrepreneur]]s are allowed to benefit and profit from their work or business, and even become extremely wealthy by Western standards, the state reserves the right to expropriate and take control of any person, business, or enterprise at any time. While foreign investment in recent decades has been attracted to China because of its large domestic market and cheap labor cost, foreigners are prohibited from owning more than 49% of any business and must have a 51% Chinese controlling partner who is subject to Chinese Communist law and expropriation of property rights.

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During the Post-Maoist Reform era after 1978, China introduced a system known as capitalist management of socialism, which it operates under today. China is not a true market economy, as the key resources, such as land, is not privately owned; the so-called collective ownership is still de facto government ownership. Moreover, in the Communist Regime's Constitution, ~~Mainland~~ China is still officially a Communist country.

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During the Post-Maoist Reform era after 1978, China introduced a system known as capitalist management of socialism, which it operates under today. China is not a true market economy, as the key resources, such as land, is not privately owned; the so-called collective ownership is still de facto government ownership. Moreover, in the Communist Regime's Constitution, mainland China is still officially a Communist country.

In 1985, based on [[IMF]] data,<ref>https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/SPROLLs/world-economic-outlook-databases</ref> China was the eleventh largest economy, with a GDP of $313 billion, below the United States, Soviet Union, Japan, Germany, United Kingdom, France, Italy, Canada, Spain, and the Netherlands. China quickly got to tenth in 1990, with its $398 billion. China managed to get to eight in just five years, with a GDP of $737 billion. However, during this time, the Russian economy was collapsing, which meant that China went to seventh. The Italian economy got overtaken by the Chinese economy of $1.215 trillion in 2000. However, China nearly tied France and England around the $2.5 trillion mark. When the [[2008 financial crisis]] hit America and Europe, China boomed even further, becoming the 3rd largest economy in 2010, nearly tying Japan, with a $6 trillion GDP.

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===Energy===

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[[File:1-13-26.PNG|right|300px|thumb|]]

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[[File:1-13-26.PNG|right|300px|thumb]]

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===Internet censorship===

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Between 2006 and 2010, [[Google]] had a censored version of its search engine in mainland China on google.cn. In 2010, Google ended its censored ~~Mainland~~ Chinese version, instead offering a link to the Hong Kong Chinese version, which did not censor search results, but is blocked in the Mainland. The Communist Party promotes Internet use for commerce, but heavily censors content it deems pornographic, anti-social or politically subversive and blocks many foreign news and social media sites, including Twitter, Facebook, and YouTube. The censorship is nicknamed the "Great Firewall of China," which is based on the Great Wall of China. However, the censorship can be easily bypassed by using a VPN.

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Between 2006 and 2010, [[Google]] had a censored version of its search engine in mainland China on google.cn. In 2010, Google ended its censored mainland Chinese version, instead offering a link to the Hong Kong Chinese version, which did not censor search results, but is blocked in the Mainland. The Communist Party promotes Internet use for commerce, but heavily censors content it deems pornographic, anti-social or politically subversive and blocks many foreign news and social media sites, including Twitter, Facebook, and YouTube. The censorship is nicknamed the "Great Firewall of China," which is based on the Great Wall of China. However, the censorship can be easily bypassed by using a VPN.

When it was observed on social media that the cartoon character [[Winnie the Pooh]] resembled Xi Jinping at the beginning of his reign, the [[communist]] regime censored the character.<ref>https://www.cbsnews.com/news/winnie-the-pooh-censored-china-president-xi-jinping-comparisons/</ref> Under Xi Jinping, words, names and labels such as Dalai Lama, Wei Jingsheng, Chinese Nobel Peace Prize laureate Liu Xiaobo who died of cancer in prison hospital, and anything critical of the CCP were no longer to be found on the tightly controlled Chinese internet. Terms like the [[Nobel Prize]], the Chinese Republic founded in 1911, and the word “mainland” were put on the index. The entire year 1989, the year of the Tiananmen Incident of 4 June 1989 (Tiananmen Massacre), disappeared from Baidu Baike (China's Wikipedia).<ref>The Chinese character for emerald green 翠(pronounced „cui“) was banned. The character for emerald green (翠) contains two so-called phonetic radicals, which, pronounced differently, also stand for the party leader’s surname 习 (surname: Xi) 近平 („first“ or call name: Jinping). But under the two phonetic radicals in the „head“ of the character „cui“ (翠), there is another character built in, which stands for „die“ and „perish“. Therefor using „cui“ (翠) for emerald green on the Chinese internet, according to the logic of the censors, would mean wishing something bad on the party leader.</ref>

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===Foreign asset disposition===

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Socialist asset disposition in the developed world has played a large part in China's fortune. Because people in most of the developed world can put things there is nothing wrong with in the public right of way for the government to collect and bury in a hole, people of liberal mindset (even if they identify as conservative) give into [[sin~~|sinful~~]] [[lust]] and excessively buy low quality goods produced in China and taxpayer dollars pay for goods they are no longer interested in to disappear out of sight and out of mind. Socialized asset disposition also makes it profitable for companies to purchase low quality products from China that have high return rates; the ability to simply throw defective junk into a dumpster to bury in a hole continues to make the biggest threat to America richer.

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Socialist asset disposition in the developed world has played a large part in China's fortune. Because people in most of the developed world can put things there is nothing wrong with in the public right of way for the government to collect and bury in a hole, people of liberal mindset (even if they identify as conservative) give into [[sin]]ful [[lust]] and excessively buy low quality goods produced in China and taxpayer dollars pay for goods they are no longer interested in to disappear out of sight and out of mind. Socialized asset disposition also makes it profitable for companies to purchase low quality products from China that have high return rates; the ability to simply throw defective junk into a dumpster to bury in a hole continues to make the biggest threat to America richer.

=== Material related to whether China escapes the so-called middle-income trap ===

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In the 19th and early 20th centuries, the country was beset by large-scale civil wars, major famines, military defeats by Britain and Japan, regional control by powerful warlords, and foreign intervention such as the [[Boxer Rebellion]] of 1900. In 1911 a revolution deposed the [[Qing dynasty]] and the [[Republic of China]] was proclaimed.

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Under the leadership of the [[KMT]] (Kuomintang), headed by [[Chiang Kai-shek]] (~~1887-1975~~), the central government finally suppressed the local warlords who effectively controlled many provinces. The KMT tried to destroy the Communists under [[Mao Zedong]], but they escaped in the "Long March" of 1934–35. Japan seized Manchuria in 1931, and in 1937 invaded all of China, seizing the coast, the major cities, and setting up a puppet government that controlled most of the population. China was allied with the U.S. and Britain against Japan, and at war's end joined the United Nations as a permanent member of the 5-nation Security Council, with a veto.

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Under the leadership of the [[KMT]] (Kuomintang), headed by [[Chiang Kai-shek]] (1887–1975), the central government finally suppressed the local warlords who effectively controlled many provinces. The KMT tried to destroy the Communists under [[Mao Zedong]], but they escaped in the "Long March" of 1934–35. Japan seized Manchuria in 1931, and in 1937 invaded all of China, seizing the coast, the major cities, and setting up a puppet government that controlled most of the population. China was allied with the U.S. and Britain against Japan, and at war's end joined the United Nations as a permanent member of the 5-nation Security Council, with a veto.

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====Cold War era====

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Throughout most of the [[Cold War]] era, the United States and its allies adopted a Two-China policy, referring to ~~Mainland~~ China as [[Red China]], and the allied Taiwanese government as [[Free China]]. The government of Taiwan held the permanent seat assigned to China on the [[United Nations Security Council]] from the founding of the [[United Nations Charter]] in 1945, until the [[Peoples Republic of China]]'s (PRC) accession to the post in 1971. Since 1971, the [[PRC]] has insisted upon a One-China policy in all its diplomatic relations. The common reference to ~~Mainland~~ China as "China" proper in American academia and media, in accordance with PRC propaganda and its foreign policy stance, is a relatively late development of more recent decades.

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Throughout most of the [[Cold War]] era, the United States and its allies adopted a Two-China policy, referring to mainland China as [[Red China]], and the allied Taiwanese government as [[Free China]]. The government of Taiwan held the permanent seat assigned to China on the [[United Nations Security Council]] from the founding of the [[United Nations Charter]] in 1945, until the [[Peoples Republic of China]]'s (PRC) accession to the post in 1971. Since 1971, the [[PRC]] has insisted upon a One-China policy in all its diplomatic relations. The common reference to mainland China as "China" proper in American academia and media, in accordance with PRC propaganda and its foreign policy stance, is a relatively late development of more recent decades.

====Great Leap Forward====

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