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[[Image:Holysee map 2007-worldfactbook.jpg|thumb|250px|right|The Vatican City, subject of 'The Roman Question' concluding in the Law of Guarantees.]]

[[Image:Holysee map 2007-worldfactbook.jpg|thumb|250px|right|The Vatican City, subject of 'The Roman Question' concluding in the Law of Guarantees.]]

The '''Law of Guarantees''' (Italian: '''Legge delle Guarentigie''') was the victorious [[Kingdom of Italy|Kingdom of Italy’s]] offered terms to the vanquished [[Papal States]] following the capture of [[Rome]], in 1870. The Papacy refused to accept these terms and declared the Pope’s status as a “Prisoner in the Vatican.” The events set in motion by the Law of Guarantees led to legal challenges culminating in 1873, when the [[Kingdom of Italy]] completely dismantled and annexed the final vestiges of the [[Papal States]]. 57 years, 8 months, and 29 days later, the signing of the [[Lateran Treaty]] formally concluded the matter as the official peace treaty corresponding to the terms originally presented in the Law of Guarantees.

The '''Law of Guarantees''' (Italian: '''Legge delle Guarentigie''') was the victorious [[Kingdom of Italy|Kingdom of Italy's]] offered terms to the vanquished [[Papal States]] following the capture of [[Rome]], in 1870. The Papacy refused to accept these terms and declared the Pope's status as a “Prisoner in the Vatican.” The events set in motion by the Law of Guarantees led to legal challenges culminating in 1873, when the [[Kingdom of Italy]] completely dismantled and annexed the final vestiges of the [[Papal States]]. 57 years, 8 months, and 29 days later, the signing of the [[Lateran Treaty]] formally concluded the matter as the official peace treaty corresponding to the terms originally presented in the Law of Guarantees.

The Law of Guarantees was the foundational statute enacted by the [[Kingdom of Italy]] on '''13 May 1871''' to define the civil and legal status of the Pope after the capture of Rome on 20 September 1870 and the dissolution of the Papal States. The law attempted to balance the sovereignty of the newly unified Italian nation with certain protections and privileges for the Papacy. Although the Italian government considered the law a final settlement of the “Roman Question,” the Papacy rejected it entirely, including the offered stipend. In short, the Law of Guarantees was a set of guarantees granted to the Pope.

The Law of Guarantees was the foundational statute enacted by the [[Kingdom of Italy]] on '''13 May 1871''' to define the civil and legal status of the Pope after the capture of Rome on 20 September 1870 and the dissolution of the Papal States. The law attempted to balance the sovereignty of the newly unified Italian nation with certain protections and privileges for the Papacy. Although the Italian government considered the law a final settlement of the “Roman Question,” the Papacy rejected it entirely, including the offered stipend. In short, the Law of Guarantees was a set of guarantees granted to the Pope.

==Historical Background - the Risorgimento==

==Historical Background - the Risorgimento==

From the [[Dark Ages]] until 1870, the Popes directly ruled the [[Papal States]] in central Italy. This made the Pope not only a spiritual leader but also a head of state, a temporal monarch. During the [[Risorgimento]] (Ressurection, the then movement for Italian unification), the [[Papal States]] were increasingly seen as an obstacle to national unity.

From the [[Dark Ages]] until 1870, the Popes directly ruled the [[Papal States]] in central Italy. This made the Pope not only a spiritual leader but also a head of state, a temporal monarch. During the [[Risorgimento]] (Resurrection, the then movement for Italian unification), the [[Papal States]] were increasingly seen as an obstacle to national unity.

In September 1870, Italian troops entered Rome through the breach at Porta Pia, ending papal temporal rule. Rome was annexed to the Kingdom of Italy and declared the national capital. The Italian government then sought to define the Pope's position within the new political order.

In September 1870, Italian troops entered Rome through the breach at Porta Pia, ending papal temporal rule. Rome was annexed to the Kingdom of Italy and declared the national capital. The Italian government then sought to define the Pope's position within the new political order.

==In Prophecy==

==In Prophecy==

Multiple Protestant commentators, including the Evangelical Low‑[[Church of England|Church of England's]] writer [[Edward Bishop Elliot|Elliot]]<ref>[[Edward Bishop Elliott|Elliot, E.B.]], ''Horae Apocalypticae, added to post event printings of the 4th Edition'', Appendix on Recent Events (1871)<br />''“The Pope’s temporal dominion has been overthrown by the Italian nation.”''</ref><ref>[[Edward Bishop Elliott|Elliot, E.B.]], ''Horae Apocalypticae, added to post event printings of the 4th Edition'', later notes (1873)<br />''“The Pope’s temporal dominion has been overthrown by the Italian nation.”''</ref>, as well as early [[Seventh-day Adventist]] writers such as [[Uriah Smith]]<ref>[[Uriah Smith|Smith, Uriah]], ''Review and Herald'', January 10, 1871<br />''“The Pope’s temporal power has been taken away by the Italian government.”''</ref><ref>[[Uriah Smith|Smith, Uriah]], ''Review and Herald'', June 13, 1871<br />''“The Italian Parliament has passed what is called the ‘Law of Guarantees,’ defining the position of the Pope.”''</ref><ref>[[Uriah Smith|Smith, Uriah]], ''Review and Herald'', June 13, 1871<br />''“The Italian government has now completed the work of secularizing Rome.”''</ref><ref>[[Uriah Smith|Smith, Uriah]], ''Thoughts on Daniel and the Revelation'', Daniel 7 commentary (Little Horn), 1882 ed., p. 131; 1897 ed., p. 131; 1912 ed., p. 131.<br />''“In 1870 the last vestige of the Pope’s temporal power was taken away.”''</ref>, and [[J.N. Andrews]]<ref>[[J.N. Andrews|Andrews, J.N.]], ''Review and Herald'', July 4, 1871<br />''“The Italian government has passed the Law of Guarantees, defining the Pope’s position as a spiritual ruler.”''</ref><ref>[[J.N. Andrews|Andrews, J.N.]], ''Review and Herald'', March 4, 1873<br />''“The last remnants of papal civil authority have been swept away.”''</ref>, have all acknowledged the Italian events of 1870–1873 as historically significant milestones marking the end of the Papal States and the final removal of papal civil authority.

Multiple Protestant commentators, including the Evangelical Low‑[[Church of England|Church of England's]] writer [[Edward Bishop Elliot|Elliot]],<ref>[[Edward Bishop Elliott|Elliot, E.B.]], ''Horae Apocalypticae, added to post event printings of the 4th Edition'', Appendix on Recent Events (1871)<br />''“The Pope’s temporal dominion has been overthrown by the Italian nation.”''</ref><ref>[[Edward Bishop Elliott|Elliot, E.B.]], ''Horae Apocalypticae, added to post event printings of the 4th Edition'', later notes (1873)<br />''“The Pope’s temporal dominion has been overthrown by the Italian nation.”''</ref> as well as early [[Seventh-day Adventist]] writers such as [[Uriah Smith]],<ref>[[Uriah Smith|Smith, Uriah]], ''Review and Herald'', January 10, 1871<br />''“The Pope’s temporal power has been taken away by the Italian government.”''</ref><ref>[[Uriah Smith|Smith, Uriah]], ''Review and Herald'', June 13, 1871<br />''“The Italian Parliament has passed what is called the ‘Law of Guarantees,’ defining the position of the Pope.”''</ref><ref>[[Uriah Smith|Smith, Uriah]], ''Review and Herald'', June 13, 1871<br />''“The Italian government has now completed the work of secularizing Rome.”''</ref><ref>[[Uriah Smith|Smith, Uriah]], ''Thoughts on Daniel and the Revelation'', Daniel 7 commentary (Little Horn), 1882 ed., p. 131; 1897 ed., p. 131; 1912 ed., p. 131.<br />''“In 1870 the last vestige of the Pope’s temporal power was taken away.”''</ref> and [[J.N. Andrews]],<ref>[[J.N. Andrews|Andrews, J.N.]], ''Review and Herald'', July 4, 1871<br />''“The Italian government has passed the Law of Guarantees, defining the Pope’s position as a spiritual ruler.”''</ref><ref>[[J.N. Andrews|Andrews, J.N.]], ''Review and Herald'', March 4, 1873<br />''“The last remnants of papal civil authority have been swept away.”''</ref> have all acknowledged the Italian events of 1870–1873 as historically significant milestones marking the end of the Papal States and the final removal of papal civil authority.

These writers generally treated the events as important for church history or as evidence of the decline of temporal papal power, but did not assign them a specific prophetic fulfillment.  

These writers generally treated the events as important for church history or as evidence of the decline of temporal papal power, but did not assign them a specific prophetic fulfillment.  

[[Commentary: Daniel 11, Anthony's Historicist Study Aid|Anthony's Historicist Study Aid]] uniquely identifies these events—particularly the fall of Rome in 1870, the Law of Guarantees in 1871, and the abolition of ecclesiastical courts in 1873—as forming a unified sequence corresponding to the conclusion of the 1335‑year period of [[Commentary: Daniel 11, Anthony's Historicist Study Aid#Daniel 12:11|Daniel 12:11–12]].

[[Commentary: Daniel 11, Anthony's Historicist Study Aid|Anthony's Historicist Study Aid]] uniquely identifies these events—particularly the fall of Rome in 1870, the Law of Guarantees in 1871, and the abolition of ecclesiastical courts in 1873—as forming a unified sequence corresponding to the conclusion of the 1335‑year period of [[Commentary: Daniel 11, Anthony's Historicist Study Aid#Daniel 12:11|Daniel 12:11–12]].

==See Also==

==See also==

[[Papal States]]

[[Papal States]]

==References==

==References==