Changes

Title IX applies to institutions receiving direct federal aid. In ''Grove City College v. Bell'', 465 U.S. 555 (1984), the Supreme Court ruled that Title IX did not apply to schools that did not receive federal aid, even though the school's students received individual federal financial assistance. If any one department receives [[federal funding|federal aid]], the entire institution is subject to Title IX. Title IX does not apply to private, single-gender institutions, but it applies to all state institutions, even if the school serves only one gender. It applies to educational institutions of all grade levels from kindergarten to universities.

Title IX applies to institutions receiving direct federal aid. In ''Grove City College v. Bell'', 465 U.S. 555 (1984), the Supreme Court ruled that Title IX did not apply to schools that did not receive federal aid, even though the school's students received individual federal financial assistance. If any one department receives [[federal funding|federal aid]], the entire institution is subject to Title IX. Title IX does not apply to private, single-gender institutions, but it applies to all state institutions, even if the school serves only one gender. It applies to educational institutions of all grade levels from kindergarten to universities.

Title IX does not apply to military academies,<ref>20 USC § 1681(a)(3).</ref> social fraternities and sororities,<ref>20 USC § 1681(a)(6).</ref> or Boy or Girl conferences (such as Boys State).<ref>20 USC § 1681(a)(7).</ref> . Title IX allows for gender-separated living facilities.<ref>20 USC § 1686.</ref> Title IX does not apply to religiously controlled institutions to the extent that the discrimination is based on the institution's religious practices.

Title IX does not apply to military academies,<ref>20 USC § 1681(a)(3).</ref> social fraternities and sororities,<ref>20 USC § 1681(a)(6).</ref> or Boy or Girl conferences (such as Boys State).<ref>20 USC § 1681(a)(7).</ref> Title IX allows for gender-separated living facilities.<ref>20 USC § 1686.</ref> Title IX does not apply to religiously controlled institutions to the extent that the discrimination is based on the institution's religious practices.

Regarding [[abortion]], Title IX was amended in 1988 to provide:

Regarding [[abortion]], Title IX was amended in 1988 to provide:

The Department of Health, Education and Welfare (HEW) and later the Department of Education have issued regulations to implement Title IX. The [[Democratic]] administrations of Presidents [[Jimmy Carter]] and [[Bill Clinton]] have interpreted these regulations to say that a [[gender]] [[proportionality test]] may be applied to schools that receive any federal money. This test causes these institutions to attempt to have the same proportion of boys and girls on sports teams as are enrolled in the school, regardless of interest in sports. Some seek to apply this proportionality test to [[math]] and [[science]] programs also.

The Department of Health, Education and Welfare (HEW) and later the Department of Education have issued regulations to implement Title IX. The [[Democratic]] administrations of Presidents [[Jimmy Carter]] and [[Bill Clinton]] have interpreted these regulations to say that a [[gender]] [[proportionality test]] may be applied to schools that receive any federal money. This test causes these institutions to attempt to have the same proportion of boys and girls on sports teams as are enrolled in the school, regardless of interest in sports. Some seek to apply this proportionality test to [[math]] and [[science]] programs also.

Over 400 men's sports teams have been eliminated by the quota-based application of Title IX, including over 170 wrestling teams.<ref>http://www.athleticscholarships.net/title-ix-college-athletics-6.htm</ref> .

Over 400 men's sports teams have been eliminated by the quota-based application of Title IX, including over 170 wrestling teams.<ref>http://www.athleticscholarships.net/title-ix-college-athletics-6.htm</ref>

== Harassment ==

== Harassment ==

Also, the accused male students have every incentive to allege that the woman had subjected him to sexual violence.  Cases that were quietly resolved by campus judicial systems before this expansion of Title IX now frequently result in extensive litigation.

Also, the accused male students have every incentive to allege that the woman had subjected him to sexual violence.  Cases that were quietly resolved by campus judicial systems before this expansion of Title IX now frequently result in extensive litigation.

“Due process is the foundation of any system of justice that seeks a fair outcome,” Secretary of Education Betsy DeVos said. “The notion that a school must diminish due process rights to better serve the ‘victim’ only creates more victims.”<ref name=sun>{{cite news|url=http://cornellsun.com/2017/09/07/devos-slams-failed-title-ix-system-suggests-better-way/|title=DeVos Slams ‘Failed’ Title IX System, Suggests ‘Better Way Forward’|date=September 7, 2017|accessdate=September 7, 2017|work=Cornell Sun}}</ref></blockquote>“I don’t think Washington has helped much and their presumption that universities aren’t dealing with this problem is wrong,” said Hunter R. Rawlings III, past Cornell President and past President of the Association of American Universities. “The federal government is demanding we be on top of the issue, but where they presume we’re not doing a good job it’s not helpful.”<ref name=sun/>

“Due process is the foundation of any system of justice that seeks a fair outcome,” Secretary of Education Betsy DeVos said. “The notion that a school must diminish due process rights to better serve the ‘victim’ only creates more victims.”<ref name=sun>{{cite news|url=http://cornellsun.com/2017/09/07/devos-slams-failed-title-ix-system-suggests-better-way/|title=DeVos Slams 'Failed' Title IX System, Suggests 'Better Way Forward'|date=September 7, 2017|accessdate=September 7, 2017|work=Cornell Sun}}</ref></blockquote>“I don’t think Washington has helped much and their presumption that universities aren’t dealing with this problem is wrong,” said Hunter R. Rawlings III, past Cornell President and past President of the Association of American Universities. “The federal government is demanding we be on top of the issue, but where they presume we’re not doing a good job it’s not helpful.”<ref name=sun/>

Since the "Dear Colleague Letter" was never adopted as official regulation, it was reversed by the Trump Administration without any formal rulemaking process needed, a decision criticized by women's groups and liberals.

Since the "Dear Colleague Letter" was never adopted as official regulation, it was reversed by the Trump Administration without any formal rulemaking process needed, a decision criticized by women's groups and liberals.

Today women outnumber men, often by huge percentages, at most colleges.  Decades ago, however, when Title IX was enacted, there were a large number of single-sex institutions.  Title IX did not apply to private, single-sex institutions. 20 U.S.C. § 1681(a)(1). The law gave institutions that changed to coed status a seven-year window of non-compliance during the transition.

Today women outnumber men, often by huge percentages, at most colleges.  Decades ago, however, when Title IX was enacted, there were a large number of single-sex institutions.  Title IX did not apply to private, single-sex institutions. 20 U.S.C. § 1681(a)(1). The law gave institutions that changed to coed status a seven-year window of non-compliance during the transition.

Perhaps the most notable case involved admissions at the [[Virginia Military Institute]] (VMI), a state-owned college in  Lexington, Virginia. In 1990, the US Department of Justice sued VMI seeking to end its all-male admissions policy. In response, Virginia created a [[Virginia Women's Institute for Leadership]] (VWIL) at Mary Baldwin College in Staunton, Virginia.  Women seeking admission to VMI took the case to the United States Supreme Court, which ruled 7-1 that VMI must admit women based on the [[Fourteenth Amendment]] in ''United States v. Virginia''.<ref>http://caselaw.lp.findlaw.com/scripts/getcase.pl?navby=CASE&court=US&vol=518&page=515</ref>  VMI then considered converting into a private college, but the Department of Defense threatened to withdraw its ROTC program if the school converted to being private.  Finally, VMI's board voted 8-7 to admit women with the first class entering in 1997.

Perhaps the most notable case involved admissions at the [[Virginia Military Institute]] (VMI), a state-owned college in  Lexington, Virginia. In 1990, the US Department of Justice sued VMI seeking to end its all-male admissions policy. In response, Virginia created a [[Virginia Women's Institute for Leadership]] (VWIL) at Mary Baldwin College in Staunton, Virginia.  Women seeking admission to VMI took the case to the United States Supreme Court, which ruled 7-1 that VMI must admit women based on the [[Fourteenth Amendment]] in ''United States v. Virginia''.<ref>http://caselaw.lp.findlaw.com/scripts/getcase.pl?navby=CASE&court=US&vol=518&page=515</ref>  VMI then considered converting into a private college, but the Department of Defense threatened to withdraw its ROTC program if the school converted to being private.  Finally, VMI's board voted 8–7 to admit women with the first class entering in 1997.

Some coeducational institutions used different admissions standards for male and female applicants.  In 2009, the United States Civil Rights Commission launched an investigation into whether college admissions policies discriminated based on gender.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.usnews.com/news/articles/2009/11/18/us-civil-rights-commission-investigates-college-admission-bias|title=

Some coeducational institutions used different admissions standards for male and female applicants.  In 2009, the United States Civil Rights Commission launched an investigation into whether college admissions policies discriminated based on gender.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.usnews.com/news/articles/2009/11/18/us-civil-rights-commission-investigates-college-admission-bias|title=