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'''Ronald Wilson Reagan''' (February 6, 1911 – June 5, 2004, ~~age~~ 93) was the 40th [[President of the United States of America]] from 1981 to 1989, and the 33rd Governor of [[California]] (1967–1975), following a successful career in film and television. He was one of the greatest American ~~Presidents~~ and part of the conservative movement since the late 1970s. His victorious presidential debate with Jimmy Carter a week before the 1980 presidential election was the most-watched presidential debate ever until [[Donald Trump]]'s first debate with [[Hillary Clinton]] in 2016.

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'''Ronald Wilson Reagan''' (February 6, 1911 – June 5, 2004, aged 93) was the 40th [[President of the United States of America]] from 1981 to 1989, and the 33rd Governor of [[California]] (1967–1975), following a successful career in film and television. He was one of the greatest American presidents and was part of the conservative movement since the late 1970s. His victorious presidential debate with Jimmy Carter a week before the 1980 presidential election was the most-watched presidential debate ever until [[Donald Trump]]'s first debate with [[Hillary Clinton]] in 2016.

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Reagan was a [[movement conservative]] who succeeded in moving the nation to the right by reducing federal regulation and lowering taxes. He promoted individual liberty and the conviction that government was the problem and private enterprise the solution. He cut taxes and slowed the growth in federal spending. After a short sharp recession early in his first term, the economy was strong by 1984. Proclaiming "It's Morning Again in America," Reagan carried 49 of 50 states to win reelection. He moved the [[Supreme Court]] and the federal courts to the right with his appointments.

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Reagan was a [[movement conservative]] who succeeded in moving the nation to the right by reducing federal regulation and lowering taxes. He promoted individual liberty and the conviction that government was the problem and private enterprise the solution. He cut taxes and slowed the growth in federal spending. After a short, sharp recession early in his first term, the economy was strong by 1984. Proclaiming "It's Morning Again in America," Reagan carried 49 of 50 states to win reelection. He moved the [[Supreme Court]] and the federal courts to the right with his appointments.

Reagan's [[Supply-side economics|supply-side economic]] policies were based on the [[libertarian]] ideas of [[Milton Friedman]] and the [[Chicago School of Economics]]. "Reaganomics" was based on the idea that tax cuts would spur savings and investment. Reagan was strongly opposed to the concept of [[Big government]], advocating a reduction in the size and budget of the federal government. During his terms in office, he faced a divided Congress split between Republican and Democratic control for six of his eight years as president. Reagan was known for forging alliances with "[[Conservative Coalition|boll weevil]]" (conservative) Democrats to overcome the apparent majority led by Democratic Speaker [[Tip O'Neill]].

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In foreign affairs, Reagan rejected ''détente'' with the [[Soviet Union]], but not with [[China]]. His massive defense buildup forced the Soviets to confront their crumbling financial base. He rejected the legitimacy of Communism and, by the [[Reagan Doctrine]], systematically challenged and eventually destroyed Soviet strength in the Third World. After 1986, the new leadership of [[Mikhail Gorbachev]] tried desperately to rescue [[communism]] by cutting its losses; they came to terms with Reagan; the communist empire collapsed in 1989 a few months after Reagan left office, and communism was abolished (and Gorbachev repudiated) by Russia in 1991. Reagan is thus credited with achieving victory in the Cold War.<ref>Knopf (2004)</ref><ref>Multiple references:

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In foreign affairs, Reagan rejected ''détente'' with the [[Soviet Union]], but not with [[China]]. His massive defense buildup forced the Soviets to confront their crumbling financial base. He rejected the legitimacy of Communism and, by the [[Reagan Doctrine]], systematically challenged and eventually destroyed Soviet strength in the Third World. After 1986, the new leadership of [[Mikhail Gorbachev]] tried desperately to rescue [[communism]] by cutting its losses; they came to terms with Reagan; the communist empire collapsed in 1989 a few months after Reagan left office, and communism was abolished (and Gorbachev repudiated) by Russia in 1991. Reagan is thus credited with achieving victory in the Cold War.<ref>Knopf (2004)</ref><ref>Multiple references:

*Pinkerton, James P. (November 10, 2019). [https://www.breitbart.com/national-security/2019/11/10/pinkerton-thirty-years-after-fall-wall-lets-recall-ronald-reagan-man-who-called-it/ Pinkerton: Thirty Years After the Fall of the Wall, Let’s Recall Ronald Reagan, the Man Who Called It]. ''Breitbart News''. Retrieved November 12, 2019.

*Akan, Emel (November 20, 2019). [https://www.theepochtimes.com/lessons-from-reagans-epochal-battle-against-communism_3152456.html Reagan’s Epochal Battle Against Communism Offers Lessons]. ''The Epoch Times''. Retrieved November 20, 2019.

*Edards, Lee (December 26, 2019). [https://thehill.com/opinion/national-security/474669-how-ronald-reagan-won-the-cold-war How Ronald Reagan won the Cold War]. ''The Hill''. Retrieved December 26, 2019.</ref>

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Always distrustful of nuclear weapons, Reagan initiated [[missile defense]] (SDI), a space-based system to defend against nuclear missiles. The inability of the Soviet Union to match this new technological breakthrough forced it to agree to Reagan's terms for ending the [[Cold War]]. In leading the rollback of communism in [[Europe]], he battled powerful liberal forces that called instead for détente (peaceful relations) with communism. As the Soviet system faltered and Gorbachev accepted Reagan's terms, this ensured an unprecedented level of nuclear disarmament. His signature phrase in dealing with Communists was "trust, but verify."

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Always distrustful of nuclear weapons, Reagan initiated [[missile defense]] (SDI), a space-based system to defend against nuclear missiles. The inability of the Soviet Union to match this new technological breakthrough forced it to agree to Reagan's terms for ending the [[Cold War]]. In leading the rollback of communism in [[Europe]], he battled powerful liberal forces that called instead for détente (peaceful relations) with communism. As the Soviet system faltered and Gorbachev accepted Reagan's terms, this ensured an unprecedented level of nuclear disarmament. His signature phrase in dealing with Communists was "trust, but verify."

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In his most famous challenges to Communism, Reagan went to the Brandenburg Gate and gave the Soviets the American terms for ending the Cold War: "Mr. Gorbachev, tear down this wall!" The Soviets were forced to agree, and watched their empire collapse overnight in late 1989, a few months after Reagan was succeeded as president by his Vice President [[George H.W. Bush]]. At the closing of his presidency, Reagan compared America to that "[[Shining city upon a hill]]", a beacon of ~~Liberty~~ for all who still live in the darkness of totalitarian rule.<ref>[https://dailycaller.com/2011/02/04/reagan-shining-city-hill/ Reagan saw the shining city on the hill], [[Daily Caller]]</ref>

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In his most famous challenges to Communism, Reagan went to the Brandenburg Gate and gave the Soviets the American terms for ending the Cold War: "Mr. Gorbachev, tear down this wall!" The Soviets were forced to agree, and watched their empire collapse overnight in late 1989, a few months after Reagan was succeeded as president by his Vice President [[George H.W. Bush]]. At the closing of his presidency, Reagan compared America to that "[[Shining city upon a hill]]", a beacon of liberty for all who still live in the darkness of totalitarian rule.<ref>[https://dailycaller.com/2011/02/04/reagan-shining-city-hill/ Reagan saw the shining city on the hill], [[Daily Caller]]</ref>

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As a great communicator and leader of the Republican ~~party~~, he added a new base of "Reagan Democrats" (blue-collar workers who were social conservatives), religious [[evangelical]]s, and [[neoconservative]]s; his success became the model for Republicans into the 21st century.

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As a great communicator and leader of the Republican Party, he added a new base of "Reagan Democrats" (blue-collar workers who were social conservatives), religious [[evangelical]]s, and [[neoconservative]]s; his success became the model for Republicans into the 21st century.

By all accounts, including by many of his adversaries, Reagan was intelligent with an excellent sense of humor. He contributed many tremendous new [[insight]]s to the general public that were not previously available.<ref>Tear Down This Wall, Laffer Curve, etc. See [[conservative insights]]</ref>

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In a speech, immediately after assuming the presidency in 1981, he outlined his philosophy. After listing "intellectual leaders like [[Russell Kirk]], [[Friedrich Hayek]], [[Henry Hazlitt]], [[Milton Friedman]], [[James Burnham]], [[Ludwig von Mises]]" as the ones who "shaped so much of our thoughts," he discussed only one of these influences at length:

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*It's especially hard to believe that it was only a decade ago, on a cold April day on a small hill in upstate New York, that another of these great thinkers, [[Frank Meyer]], was buried. He'd made the awful journey that so many others had: He pulled himself from the clutches of "The [communist] God That Failed,'' and then in his writing fashioned a vigorous new synthesis of traditional and libertarian thought -- a synthesis that is today recognized by many as modern conservatism.

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* It's especially hard to believe that it was only a decade ago, on a cold April day on a small hill in upstate New York, that another of these great thinkers, [[Frank Meyer]], was buried. He'd made the awful journey that so many others had: He pulled himself from the clutches of "The [communist] God That Failed," and then in his writing fashioned a vigorous new synthesis of traditional and libertarian thought -- a synthesis that is today recognized by many as modern conservatism.

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*It was [[Frank Meyer]] who reminded us that the robust individualism of the American experience was part of the deeper current of Western learning and culture. He pointed out that a respect for law, an appreciation for tradition, and regard for the social consensus that gives stability to our public and private institutions, these civilized ideas must still motivate us even as we seek a new economic prosperity based on reducing government interference in the marketplace.

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* It was [[Frank Meyer]] who reminded us that the robust individualism of the American experience was part of the deeper current of Western learning and culture. He pointed out that a respect for law, an appreciation for tradition, and regard for the social consensus that gives stability to our public and private institutions, these civilized ideas must still motivate us even as we seek a new economic prosperity based on reducing government interference in the marketplace.

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*Our goals complement each other. We're not cutting the budget simply for the sake of sounder financial management. This is only a first step toward returning power to the States and communities, only a first step toward reordering the relationship between citizens and government. We can make the government again responsive to the people by cutting its size and scope and thereby ensuring that its legitimate functions are performed efficiently and justly.<ref>[http://acuf.org/issues/issue13/040606news.asp Ronald Reagan's Conservative Legacy, ACUF]</ref> Reagan rose to power speaking of [[Traditional values]] such as hard work, faith, family, God and patriotism (ideas that liberals call "racist"). Reagan strongly opposed progressive taxation, redistribution of wealth, the welfare state, and nationalization.

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* Our goals complement each other. We're not cutting the budget simply for the sake of sounder financial management. This is only a first step toward returning power to the States and communities, only a first step toward reordering the relationship between citizens and government. We can make the government again responsive to the people by cutting its size and scope and thereby ensuring that its legitimate functions are performed efficiently and justly.<ref>[http://acuf.org/issues/issue13/040606news.asp Ronald Reagan's Conservative Legacy, ACUF]</ref> Reagan rose to power speaking of [[Traditional values]] such as hard work, faith, family, God and patriotism (ideas that liberals call "racist"). Reagan strongly opposed progressive taxation, redistribution of wealth, the welfare state, and nationalization.

Political analyst Henry Olsen argues in ''The Working Class Republican'' that Reagan's political views were more closely aligned with [[Franklin D. Roosevelt]] than typically thought, and that Reagan was more of a traditional blue-collar, working-class conservative than a libertarian.<ref>Olsen, Henry (2017). ''The Working Class Republican''. New York: HarperCollins. ISBN 9780062475268.</ref><ref>Hayward, John (November 1, 2017). [https://www.breitbart.com/radio/2017/11/01/henry-olsen-reagan-trump-blue-collar-coalitions-mirror-images/ Henry Olsen: Reagan and Trump Blue-Collar Coalitions Are ‘Mirror Images of Each Other’]. ''Breitbart News''. Retrieved November 3, 2017.</ref>

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Reagan was born in [[Tampico, Illinois]], the second son of John (Jack) Edward and Nelle Wilson Reagan. The family finally settled in Dixon, Illinois, in 1920 after years of moving from town to town. Jack Reagan nicknamed his younger son “Dutch", claiming he looked like “a fat little Dutchman.”<ref>[http://www.reagan.utexas.edu/archives/reference/facts.html Ronald Reagan Facts]: Physical Description, Favorites, Dislikes, Firsts in Life, Nickname, and Religion</ref> Reagan's father was a working-class Irish Catholic, and an active Democrat. Unemployed during the [[Great Depression]], Jack Reagan held a minor position in the [[WPA]] during the [[New Deal]]. Reagan recalled numerous alcoholic episodes that cost his father many job opportunities. Nelle Reagan, a devout member of the [[Disciples of Christ]], greatly influenced her son, who remained a lifelong Protestant.

[[File:Reagan_graduation.jpg|right|160px|thumb|1932 photo taken after his graduation from Eureka College]]

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He attended [[Eureka College]], a small Disciples school where he developed a reputation as a "jack of all trades", excelling in campus politics, sports and theater. Reagan was a member of several athletic organizations including the football and track teams, the basketball cheerleading squad, and captain of the swimming team. He was also the yearbook editor and was elected student body president. Reagan was a political liberal at that point and led a student revolt against the college president. In his first year at Eureka, the president of the college tried to cut back the faculty. Reagan helped organize a student strike. He received his degree in economics and sociology in 1932.<ref>[http://www.asanet.org/students/famous.cfm Famous Sociology Majors]</ref>

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He attended [[Eureka College]], a small Disciples school where he developed a reputation as a "jack of all trades", excelling in campus politics, sports and theater. Reagan was a member of several athletic organizations including the football and track teams, the basketball cheerleading squad, and captain of the swimming team. He was also the yearbook editor and was elected student body president. Reagan was a political liberal at that point and led a student revolt against the college president. In his first year at Eureka, the president of the college tried to cut back the faculty. Reagan helped organize a student strike. He received his degree in economics and sociology in 1932.<ref>[http://www.asanet.org/students/famous.cfm Famous Sociology Majors]</ref>

To pay for college, Reagan worked many low-wage jobs such as cooking hamburgers and washing tables. He also worked as a lifeguard at Lowell Park on the Rock River in Dixon for seven summers, where he saved seventy-seven swimmers from drowning.<ref>[https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/americanexperience/features/timeline/reagan/ Timeline of Ronald Reagan’s Life], [[PBS]]</ref>

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After college Reagan became a radio sports announcer in Iowa. Although he was originally only hired to announce the [[University of Iowa]] football games, he became so popular in the Midwest he began covering Chicago Cubs baseball games at Wrigley Field. He also wrote sports columns in the Des Moines ‘’Dispatch’’.

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After college, Reagan became a radio sports announcer in Iowa. Although he was originally only hired to announce the [[University of Iowa]] football games, he became so popular in the Midwest, he began covering Chicago Cubs baseball games at Wrigley Field. He also wrote sports columns in the Des Moines ‘’Dispatch’’.

===Reagan as Disciple===

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Reagan took religious values into the presidency that he learned from his [[Disciples of Christ]] background at home and at Eureka College, a Disciples school. He was strongly influenced by Ben Hill Cleaver, the minister of the First Christian Church<ref>The formal name of the denomination is the Christian Church (Disciples of Christ).</ref> in Dixon, Illinois, during the 1920s, and by Reagan's mother, Nelle, an active member of the church. At many points, the positions taken by the Disciples Church of Reagan's youth coincided with the words, if not the beliefs, of the latter-day Reagan. These positions included faith in Providence, the association of America's mission with God's will, belief in progress, trust in the work ethic and admiration for those who achieved wealth, an uncomfortableness with literature and art that questioned the family or challenged notions of proper sexual behavior, the presumption that poverty is an individual problem best left to charity rather than the state, sensitivity to problems involving alcohol and drugs, and reticence to use government to protect civil rights for minorities. Reagan's experiences in the church and with the Cleavers provided early training in public speaking and offered a way of learning in which acting played a central part. Reagan's use of the jeremiad and his fusing of Judeo-Christianity<ref>[https://www.americanrhetoric.com/speeches/ronaldreaganreligiousliberty.htm Ronald Reagan]. National Affairs Campaign Address on Religious Liberty (Abridged) - delivered 22 August 1980, Dallas Reunion Arena, Dallas, Texas.</ref><ref>Tom Freiling (2003). ''Reagan's God and Country: A President's Moral Compass''. p. 19.</ref><ref>Reagan, R. (2005). Memorial Services in the Congress of the United States and Tributes in Eulogy of Ronald Reagan, Late President of the United States. United States: U.S. Government Printing Office, [https://books.google.com/books?id=L-Oup8TM63MC&pg=PA24 p. 24].</ref><ref name=ae1966/> and patriotism into a civil religion also have their roots in this early period. For her part, Nelle was a pillar of the church and the one who provided stability to the shaky Reagan family when the head was a drunkard and a poor provider. She helped spark her son's interest in acting and believed the stage could be a force for noble purposes.<ref>Stephen Vaughn, "The Moral Inheritance of a President: Reagan and the Dixon Disciples of Christ." ''Presidential Studies Quarterly'' 1995 25(1): 109-127. 0360-4918</ref>

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Reagan took religious values into the presidency that he learned from his [[Disciples of Christ]] background at home and at Eureka College, a Disciples school. He was strongly influenced by Ben Hill Cleaver, the minister of the First Christian Church<ref>The formal name of the denomination is the Christian Church (Disciples of Christ).</ref> in Dixon, Illinois, during the 1920s, and by Reagan's mother, Nelle, an active member of the church. At many points, the positions taken by the Disciples Church of Reagan's youth coincided with the words, if not the beliefs, of the latter-day Reagan. These positions included faith in Providence, the association of America's mission with God's will, belief in progress, trust in the work ethic and admiration for those who achieved wealth, an uncomfortableness with literature and art that questioned the family or challenged notions of proper sexual behavior, the presumption that poverty is an individual problem best left to charity rather than the state, sensitivity to problems involving alcohol and drugs, and reticence to use government to protect civil rights for minorities. Reagan's experiences in the church and with the Cleavers provided early training in public speaking and offered a way of learning in which acting played a central part. Reagan's use of the jeremiad and his fusing of Judeo-Christianity<ref>[https://www.americanrhetoric.com/speeches/ronaldreaganreligiousliberty.htm Ronald Reagan]. National Affairs Campaign Address on Religious Liberty (Abridged) - delivered 22 August 1980, Dallas Reunion Arena, Dallas, Texas.</ref><ref>Tom Freiling (2003). ''Reagan's God and Country: A President's Moral Compass''. p. 19.</ref><ref>Reagan, R. (2005). Memorial Services in the Congress of the United States and Tributes in Eulogy of Ronald Reagan, Late President of the United States. United States: U.S. Government Printing Office, [https://books.google.com/books?id=L-Oup8TM63MC&pg=PA24 p. 24].</ref><ref name=ae1966/> and patriotism into a civil religion also have their roots in this early period. For her part, Nelle was a pillar of the church and the one who provided stability to the shaky Reagan family when the head was a drunkard and a poor provider. She helped spark her son's interest in acting and believed the stage could be a force for noble purposes.<ref>Stephen Vaughn, "The Moral Inheritance of a President: Reagan and the Dixon Disciples of Christ." ''Presidential Studies Quarterly'' 1995 25(1): 109-127. 0360-4918</ref>

==Hollywood==

[[File:Reagan1953.jpg|thumb|left|250px|1953 film ''Law and Order'', starring Reagan and Dorothy Malone]]

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In 1937 Reagan traveled to [[Hollywood]] to cover the Chicago Cubs' spring training games and look at prospects in the film industry. Warner Bros. studio offered him a one-year contract with a starting salary of $200 a week. He made his first on-screen debut in the 1937 movie ''Love is On the Air'',<ref>[http://www.tcm.com/this-month/article/161292|0/Love-is-On-the-Air.html Love is on the Air]</ref> then became famous starring in numerous "B" movies, where he typically played a supporting character rather than the leading role. In 1941 Reagan gave a well-received performance in the [[Academy Award|Oscar]] nominated film ''Kings Row''. Other notable movies include ''Knute Rockne'', ''The Hasty Heart'', and the film ''Brother Rat'', which is where Reagan first met his future wife Jane Wyman.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=7rBLCZuEOswC&pg=PA189 President Reagan: The Role of a Lifetime]</ref> During the war Reagan was in the Air Force, where he was assigned to make training films.

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In 1937 Reagan traveled to [[Hollywood]] to cover the Chicago Cubs' spring training games and look at prospects in the film industry. Warner Bros. studio offered him a one-year contract with a starting salary of $200 a week. He made his first on-screen debut in the 1937 movie ''Love is On the Air'',<ref>[http://www.tcm.com/this-month/article/161292|0/Love-is-On-the-Air.html Love is on the Air]</ref> then became famous starring in numerous "B" movies, where he typically played a supporting character rather than the leading role. In 1941 Reagan gave a well-received performance in the [[Academy Award|Oscar]] nominated film ''Kings Row''. Other notable movies include ''Knute Rockne'', ''The Hasty Heart'', and the film ''Brother Rat'', which is where Reagan first met his future wife Jane Wyman.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=7rBLCZuEOswC&pg=PA189 President Reagan: The Role of a Lifetime]</ref> During the war Reagan was in the Air Force, where he was assigned to make training films.

===Military Service===

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Intertwined with his career as an actor, Reagan also served in the military. He enlisted in the Army Enlisted Reserve on April 29, 1937, and transferred to the Army Air Forces (AAF) in 1942.<ref name=service>[https://reaganlibrary.archives.gov/archives/reference/military.html Military Service of Ronald Reagan]</ref> Poor eyesight kept him from being sent into overseas combat. He would instead produce training films for the AAF Public Relations and, subsequently, for the 1st Motion Picture Unit in Culver City, California.

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Intertwined with his career as an actor, Reagan also served in the military. He enlisted in the Army Enlisted Reserve on April 29, 1937, and transferred to the Army Air Forces (AAF) in 1942.<ref name=service>[https://reaganlibrary.archives.gov/archives/reference/military.html Military Service of Ronald Reagan]</ref> Poor eyesight kept him from being sent into overseas combat. He would instead produce training films for the AAF Public Relations and, subsequently, for the 1st Motion Picture Unit in Culver City, California.

By the end of the war, his units had produced some 400 training films for the Army Air Forces. He resumed his Hollywood career on release in 1946, and his Reserve Commission automatically terminated on April 1, 1953.

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Reagan married Nancy Davis on March 4, 1952, at The Little Brown Church, located in the San Fernando Valley, California. Nancy Davis's father was a strongly [[conservative]] neurosurgeon from the [[Midwest]], Dr. Loyal Davis, who had a big political influence on Reagan. By 1961, Reagan wrote a lengthy [[conservative]] article that was published by the [[Association of American Physicians and Surgeons]],<ref>https://jpands.org/vol27no4/reagan.pdf</ref> a conservative group of doctors founded in 1943.

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Reagan remained a registered Democrat in the 1950s, but actively ~~supporting~~ [[Richard Nixon]]'s campaign for president in 1960 and had been developing [[conservative]] viewpoints while working for [[General Electric]].<ref>https://slate.com/news-and-politics/2016/01/ronald-reagans-conservative-conversion-as-spokesman-for-general-electric-during-the-1950s.html</ref> In 1962, Reagan felt that the [[Democrat Party]] had left him and he publicly switched his political party to become a Republican. He fully rejected the tax-and-spend liberalism of the Democratic Party, and its appeasement of [[communism]]. As a part of Reagan's change in viewpoints, he came to be a fan of former president [[Calvin Coolidge]], and would later replace a painting of Truman with that of Coolidge in the White House Cabinet Room.<ref>[https://www.nytimes.com/1981/07/04/opinion/calvin-reagan.html Calvin Reagan], [[The New York Times]]</ref>

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Reagan remained a registered Democrat in the 1950s, but actively supported [[Richard Nixon]]'s campaign for president in 1960 and had been developing [[conservative]] viewpoints while working for [[General Electric]].<ref>https://slate.com/news-and-politics/2016/01/ronald-reagans-conservative-conversion-as-spokesman-for-general-electric-during-the-1950s.html</ref> In 1962, Reagan felt that the [[Democrat Party]] had left him and he publicly switched his political party to become a Republican. He fully rejected the tax-and-spend liberalism of the Democratic Party, and its appeasement of [[communism]]. As a part of Reagan's change in viewpoints, he came to be a fan of former president [[Calvin Coolidge]], and would later replace a painting of Truman with that of Coolidge in the White House Cabinet Room.<ref>[https://www.nytimes.com/1981/07/04/opinion/calvin-reagan.html Calvin Reagan], [[The New York Times]]</ref>

==1964==

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Reagan: You just expressed a question which is also as much on the minds of the people in the state as Berkeley. This too is a question asked all over the state. And as I've answered to those other people, I would tell you I think all of us have wavered back and forth on this issue because of our Judeo-Christian background our questioning as to our right to take human life. But I believe we have the right to take human life in defense of our own.</small></blockquote></ref>

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Reagan defeated Christopher, and incumbent [[liberal]] [[Democrat]] [[Pat Brown]] in the general election, taking fifty-three of California's fifty-eight counties. Reagan's strategists wanted to emphasize libertarian support for smaller government and less taxation, as the state verged on a revolt against high property taxes. As student and black unrest exploded in the headlines, Reagan's call for [[Law and order]] won the votes of former liberals. Reagan's victory marked the end of New Deal liberalism in California.<ref>Dallek, Matthew. "Liberalism Overthrown." ''American Heritage'' (1996) 47(6): 39+ Fulltext online at Ebsco</ref>

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Reagan defeated Christopher, and incumbent [[liberal]] [[Democrat]] [[Pat Brown]] in the general election, taking fifty-three of California's fifty-eight counties. Reagan's strategists wanted to emphasize libertarian support for smaller government and less taxation, as the state verged on a revolt against high property taxes. As student and black unrest exploded in the headlines, Reagan's call for [[Law and order]] won the votes of former liberals. Reagan's victory marked the end of New Deal liberalism in California.<ref>Dallek, Matthew. "Liberalism Overthrown." ''American Heritage'' (1996) 47(6): 39+ Fulltext online at Ebsco</ref>

Reagan inherited an enormous budget deficit from the Brown administration. In his first year as Governor, Reagan froze government spending and cut ten percent of the spending budget in each department of the government. At the end of his two terms, the $194 million deficit had been transformed into a $550 million surplus. The ''San Francisco Chronicle'' editorialized, "We exaggerate very little when we say that Reagan has saved the state from bankruptcy.<ref>[http://www.livingroomcandidate.org/commercials/1980 1980 Reagan VS. Carter VS. Anderson]</ref>

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When coming into office there was a growing number of anarchist protesters at the [[University of California, Berkeley]] over the United States' involvement in the [[Vietnam War]]. The protests would become violent. Reagan sent the state police and later the national guard to handle the riots. It allowed him to showcase his populist themes of morality, [[Law and order]], strong leadership, and defense of traditional values. Reagan was reelected in 1970, after firing the president of the state university and sending in armed ~~force~~ to confront student demonstrators. Reagan's handling of this crisis helped to make him into a national politician known for strength and courage.<ref>Gerard DeGroot, "Reagan's Rise." ''History Today'' (1995) 45(9): 31-36. Issn: 0018-2753 Fulltext online at Ebsco</ref>

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When coming into office there was a growing number of anarchist protesters at the [[University of California, Berkeley]] over the United States' involvement in the [[Vietnam War]]. The protests would become violent. Reagan sent the state police and later the national guard to handle the riots. It allowed him to showcase his populist themes of morality, [[Law and order]], strong leadership, and defense of traditional values. Reagan was reelected in 1970, after firing the president of the state university and sending in armed forces to confront student demonstrators. Reagan's handling of this crisis helped to make him into a national politician known for strength and courage.<ref>Gerard DeGroot, "Reagan's Rise." ''History Today'' (1995) 45(9): 31-36. Issn: 0018-2753 Fulltext online at Ebsco</ref>

Governor Reagan briefly tested the presidential waters in 1968 as part of a "Stop Nixon" movement, but drew back when he saw [[Richard Nixon]]'s strength.

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In 1974, the [[Symbionese Liberation Army]] abducted [[Patty Hearst]] and demanded a redistribution of food to the poor. Governor Reagan quipped: "It's just too bad we can't have an epidemic of botulism".<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=PAvTCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA288 Days of Rage: America's Radical Underground, the FBI, and the Forgotten Age of Revolutionary Violence]</ref>

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Three Lieutenant Governors served with Reagan: Robert Finch(67–69), Edwin Reinecke(69–74), John L. Harmer(74–75).

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Three Lieutenant Governors served with Reagan: Robert Finch (67–69), Edwin Reinecke (69–74), John L. Harmer (74–75).

===Events and achievements as governor===

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*Worked well with the Democrats to forge consensus on a variety of issues.

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*Despite pressure within his own party, Reagan publicly opposed the [[Proposition 6|Briggs Initiative]] which helped its defeat at the ballot in 1978.

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*Despite pressure within his own party, Reagan publicly opposed the [[Proposition 6|Briggs Initiative]] which helped its defeat on the ballot in 1978.

*Signed the nation's first no-fault divorce law

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At the 1975 [[Conservative Political Action Conference]], Reagan talked about the new Republican Party in a speech titled "''[[Let Them Go Their Way]]''", a party that was a striking contrast to the Democrat party. He called for bold colors that would be contrasted against pale pastels. This is one of Reagan's most quoted lines from any speech.<ref>[http://www.westernfreepress.com/2013/03/14/reagan-at-cpac-in-1975-let-them-go-their-way/ Reagan at CPAC in 1975: "Let Them Go Their Way"]</ref>

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At the time, voters ~~were of the belief~~ that because Republicans did very little in the way of conservative principles and values, ~~that~~ there was little to no difference between the two parties. Reagan's main point was that instead of organizing a new third party, why not organize a new first party?

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At the time, voters believed that, because Republicans did very little in the way of conservative principles and values, there was little to no difference between the two parties. Reagan's main point was that instead of organizing a new third party, why not organize a new first party?

==Presidential Campaigns==

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After [[Richard Nixon]]'s resignation in 1974, the weak [[Gerald Ford]] became president, and Reagan challenged him in the 1976 Republican Party primaries. The main issue was détente with the Soviets as promoted by Ford and Secretary of State [[Henry Kissinger]], though other issues such as the [[Panama Canal]] also threw Ford off guard.<ref name=canal>[https://books.google.com/books?id=qpfzsnHAzZAC&pg=PA315 Gerald Ford and the Challenges of the 1970s]</ref> Ford won the first 13 primaries, then Reagan came roaring back. He criticized the federal government and politicians for being too large, too powerful, and too involved in American society. Reagan named liberal eastern Senator Richard Schweiker as his running mate, disappointing many of his conservative supporters.<ref>[http://archives.chicagotribune.com/1976/07/28/page/5/article/reagan-gambles-all-in-schweiker-choice Reagan gambles all in Schweiker choice]</ref> The outcome of the contest was that Ford won 26 primary contests, and Reagan won 24. The final delegate count was 1121 to 1078, Ford. 1130 delegates were needed to clinch the nomination.<ref name=seventysix>[http://www.newsweek.com/delegate-battle-1976-reagan-almost-unseated-ford-449843 Delegate Battle of '76: When Reagan Almost Beat Ford], [[Newsweek]]</ref>

−

At the Republican convention, victory came down to the Mississippi delegation which swung the nomination to Ford. However, given how difficult it is to run against an incumbent president in a ~~Primary~~, Reagan's campaign was surprisingly strong. On the first ballot, Ford had 1,187 delegates, Reagan had 1,070.<ref name=seventysix /> Ford had succeeded in becoming the party's nominee.

+

At the Republican convention, victory came down to the Mississippi delegation which swung the nomination to Ford. However, given how difficult it is to run against an incumbent president in a primary, Reagan's campaign was surprisingly strong. On the first ballot, Ford had 1,187 delegates, Reagan had 1,070.<ref name=seventysix /> Ford had succeeded in becoming the party's nominee.

After Ford was defeated in the general election, Reagan retired to his ranch in California and continued to give speeches across the country. There was little doubt that Reagan was the dominant Republican for the next election, and he easily won the nomination in 1980.

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====Suburban Swimming Pool====

−

During the 1980 election, media outlets at the time used blue for ~~republican~~ states and red for democrat states.<ref>[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OMuWVsPQbwM US Election Night 1980 NBC live coverage 11-4-1980], Reagan blue-state landslide map in the background</ref><ref>[https://www.wnd.com/2012/05/how-red-states-turned-blue-and-vice-versa/ How red states turned blue and vice versa], [[WND]]</ref> [[David Brinkley]] famously said that it looked like a "suburban swimming pool."<ref>[https://www.conservativenewsandviews.com/2015/10/29/editorial/guest/dem-red-reagan-blue/ Dem red, Reagan blue]</ref> [[Time Magazine]] referred to it as "Lake Reagan."<ref>[https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1310&dat=20040208&id=bVNWAAAAIBAJ&sjid=qesDAAAAIBAJ&pg=6665,1584006&hl=en One state, Two state; red state blue state]</ref>

+

During the 1980 election, media outlets at the time used blue for Republican states and red for democrat states.<ref>[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OMuWVsPQbwM US Election Night 1980 NBC live coverage 11-4-1980], Reagan blue-state landslide map in the background</ref><ref>[https://www.wnd.com/2012/05/how-red-states-turned-blue-and-vice-versa/ How red states turned blue and vice versa], [[WND]]</ref> [[David Brinkley]] famously said that it looked like a "suburban swimming pool."<ref>[https://www.conservativenewsandviews.com/2015/10/29/editorial/guest/dem-red-reagan-blue/ Dem red, Reagan blue]</ref> [[Time Magazine]] referred to it as "Lake Reagan."<ref>[https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1310&dat=20040208&id=bVNWAAAAIBAJ&sjid=qesDAAAAIBAJ&pg=6665,1584006&hl=en One state, Two state; red state blue state]</ref>

==Presidency (1981–1989)==

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Early in his first term, he took a trip to Canada where he met with Prime Minister [[Pierre Trudeau]] and addressed the Canadian Parliament.<ref>[https://history.state.gov/departmenthistory/travels/president/reagan-ronald Travels of the President]</ref> While in Canada, Reagan requested to meet with [[Gordon Sinclair]], a Canadian journalist who had made international headlines for his commentary "[[The Americans]]".<ref>[https://www.upi.com/Archives/1981/08/03/Veteran-Toronto-broadcaster-Gordon-Sinclair-81-famous-in-the/7991365659200/ Veteran Toronto broadcaster Gordon Sinclair, 81, famous in the...]</ref><ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=UP61LHTcaFMC&pg=PA84 A Salute to Service: The Rebirth of Patriotism]</ref>

−

Democrats in the Senate ~~choose~~ as their Leader the [[Exalted Cyclops]] [[Robert Byrd]], Senator from [[West Virginia]]. Over the course of Reagan's presidency, the government was forced to ~~shutdown~~ a total of eight times, many times due to confrontations with [[House Speaker]] [[Tip O'Neill]].<ref>[https://www.nationalreview.com/article/360142/government-shutdowns-history-charles-c-w-cooke Government Shutdowns: A History]</ref><ref>[https://www.redstate.com/diary/willstauff/2014/02/18/tip-oneill-gop-majority-myth/ Replace Boehner with Tip O’Neill]</ref>

+

Democrats in the Senate chose as their Leader the [[Exalted Cyclops]] [[Robert Byrd]], Senator from [[West Virginia]]. Over the course of Reagan's presidency, the government was forced to shut down a total of eight times, many times due to confrontations with [[House Speaker]] [[Tip O'Neill]].<ref>[https://www.nationalreview.com/article/360142/government-shutdowns-history-charles-c-w-cooke Government Shutdowns: A History]</ref><ref>[https://www.redstate.com/diary/willstauff/2014/02/18/tip-oneill-gop-majority-myth/ Replace Boehner with Tip O’Neill]</ref>

===Administration===

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===Assassination Attempt===

−

Outside the Washington Hilton Hotel<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=tMrEP4Y6whwC&pg=PA64 The Reagan Era from the Iran Crisis to Kosovo]</ref> on March 30, 1981, Reagan was shot by [[John W. Hinckley]] near the heart after giving a routine speech.<ref>The assassin was [[John Hinckley]], a mentally disturbed man who didn't shoot Reagan for political reasons, but instead did to impress an actress he had never met.</ref> Surgeons at [[George Washington University]] Hospital saved his life and despite his age, he recovered quickly. Prior to the operation, Reagan looked up at the doctors and said "I hope you're all Republicans." Dr. Joseph Giordano, the head surgeon at GWU Hospital confirmed the story, and replied to the president "We are all Republicans today."<ref>[http://urbanlegends.about.com/od/historical/a/ronald_reagan.htm Ronald Reagan: Grace Under the Scalpel]</ref>

+

Outside the Washington Hilton Hotel<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=tMrEP4Y6whwC&pg=PA64 The Reagan Era from the Iran Crisis to Kosovo]</ref> on March 30, 1981, Reagan was shot by [[John W. Hinckley]] near the heart after giving a routine speech.<ref>The assassin was [[John Hinckley]], a mentally disturbed man who didn't shoot Reagan for political reasons, but instead did to impress an actress he had never met.</ref> Surgeons at [[George Washington University]] Hospital saved his life and despite his age, he recovered quickly. Prior to the operation, Reagan looked up at the doctors and said "I hope you're all Republicans." Dr. Joseph Giordano, the head surgeon at GWU Hospital, confirmed the story, and replied to the president "We are all Republicans today."<ref>[http://urbanlegends.about.com/od/historical/a/ronald_reagan.htm Ronald Reagan: Grace Under the Scalpel]</ref>

To his wife Nancy he said, "honey, I forgot to duck."<ref>[https://www.nytimes.com/1981/03/31/us/honey-i-forgot-to-duck-injured-reagan-tells-wife.html 'Honey, I Forgot To Duck,' Injured Reagan Tells Wife], ''The New York Times'', March 31, 1981.</ref>

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−

In 1984, Reagan was re-elected in a landslide, winning every state except Mondale's home state of Minnesota and the District of Columbia, creating a record 525 electoral votes (out of 538 possible), and received 58.8% of the popular vote.<ref>[https://www.archives.gov/federal-register/electoral-college/scores.html#1984 National Archives]</ref><ref>[http://uselectionatlas.org/RESULTS/national.php?f=0&year=1984 Leip, David: 1984 Presidential Election Results.]</ref> At the second inaugural, the Reverend Timothy Healy delivered the invocation, and the Reverend Peter Gomes delivered the benediction.<ref>[https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1988&dat=19850119&id=MGwiAAAAIBAJ&sjid=_6sFAAAAIBAJ&pg=1381,1418388&hl=en The Argus-Press - Jan 19, 1985]</ref> In his Second Inaugural Address after winning the election, Reagan asked two of his most well-remembered questions: "''If not us, who? And if not now, when?''"

+

In 1984, Reagan was re-elected in a landslide, winning every state except Mondale's home state of Minnesota and the District of Columbia, creating a record 525 electoral votes (out of 538 possible), and he received 58.8% of the popular vote.<ref>[https://www.archives.gov/federal-register/electoral-college/scores.html#1984 National Archives]</ref><ref>[http://uselectionatlas.org/RESULTS/national.php?f=0&year=1984 Leip, David: 1984 Presidential Election Results.]</ref> At the second inaugural, the Reverend Timothy Healy delivered the invocation, and the Reverend Peter Gomes delivered the benediction.<ref>[https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1988&dat=19850119&id=MGwiAAAAIBAJ&sjid=_6sFAAAAIBAJ&pg=1381,1418388&hl=en The Argus-Press - Jan 19, 1985]</ref> In his Second Inaugural Address after winning the election, Reagan asked two of his most well-remembered questions: "''If not us, who? And if not now, when?''"

−

During his second term, Reagan helped end the Cold War with the help of Margaret Thatcher and some assistance from Pope John Paul II and Mikhail Gorbachev by recognizing the weakness of the Soviet economy and ~~spent them~~ out of existence ~~by their~~ not ~~being~~ able to compete with defense spending.

+

During his second term, Reagan helped end the Cold War with the help of Margaret Thatcher and with some assistance from Pope John Paul II and Mikhail Gorbachev by recognizing the weakness of the Soviet economy and spending it out of existence because it was not able to compete with defense spending.

===Challenger Disaster===

−

On January 28, 1986, the [[Space Shuttle Challenger]] disintegrated due to O-ring failure 73 seconds after lift-off. In response, Reagan gave a speech that is regarded as a high mark of his presidency.<ref name=challenger>[https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/morning-mix/wp/2016/01/28/how-ronald-reagan-explained-the-challenger-disaster-to-the-world-its-all-part-of-taking-a-chance/ Exactly the right words, exactly the right way: Reagan’s amazing Challenger disaster speech], [[The Washington Post]]</ref> [[Peggy Noonan]] ~~was chosen to write the speech~~ who, at the time, was relatively unknown.<ref name=challenger /> In the speech, the freedom of the United States was highlighted in contrast to the tyranny of socialism, and the astronauts were honored as they were on their final journey to "touch the face of God".<ref>[http://history.nasa.gov/reagan12886.html Explosion of the Space Shuttle Challenger, Address to the Nation, January 28, 1986], by President Ronald W. Reagan, [[NASA]]</ref>

+

On January 28, 1986, the [[Space Shuttle Challenger]] disintegrated due to O-ring failure, 73 seconds after lift-off. In response, Reagan gave a speech that is regarded as a high mark of his presidency.<ref name=challenger>[https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/morning-mix/wp/2016/01/28/how-ronald-reagan-explained-the-challenger-disaster-to-the-world-its-all-part-of-taking-a-chance/ Exactly the right words, exactly the right way: Reagan’s amazing Challenger disaster speech], [[The Washington Post]]</ref> [[Peggy Noonan]], who at the time was relatively unknown, was chosen to write the speech.<ref name=challenger /> In the speech, the freedom of the United States was highlighted in contrast to the tyranny of socialism, and the astronauts were honored as they were on their final journey to "touch the face of God".<ref>[http://history.nasa.gov/reagan12886.html Explosion of the Space Shuttle Challenger, Address to the Nation, January 28, 1986], by President Ronald W. Reagan, [[NASA]]</ref>

===Space Station Freedom===

−

In the 1984 State of the Union Address, Ronald Reagan outlined the development of a [[Space station]]. He said "We can reach for greatness again. We can follow our dreams to distant stars, living and working in space for peaceful, economic, and scientific gain."<ref>[https://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/?pid=40205 Address Before a Joint Session of the Congress on the State of the Union], January 25, 1984</ref> The space station, later named ''Freedom''<ref>[https://mix.msfc.nasa.gov/abstracts.php?p=1653 Space Station Freedom-Artist's Concept]</ref> faced challenges and ~~re-designs~~ due to budget cuts.<ref>[https://www.nytimes.com/1990/11/09/us/nasa-studying-ways-to-redesign-space-station-to-meet-budget-cut.html NASA Studying Ways to Redesign Space Station to Meet Budget Cut]</ref> It eventually evolved into the [[International Space Station]] program.<ref>[https://uhclarchives.omeka.net/exhibits/show/faget/industrial/freedom Space Station Freedom]</ref><ref>[http://www.iso.org/iso/home/news_index/news_archive/news.htm?refid=Ref1555 Cooperation in space - The International Space Station benefits from ISO standards]</ref>

+

In the 1984 State of the Union Address, Ronald Reagan outlined the development of a [[Space station]]. He said "We can reach for greatness again. We can follow our dreams to distant stars, living and working in space for peaceful, economic, and scientific gain."<ref>[https://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/?pid=40205 Address Before a Joint Session of the Congress on the State of the Union], January 25, 1984</ref> The space station, later named ''Freedom''<ref>[https://mix.msfc.nasa.gov/abstracts.php?p=1653 Space Station Freedom-Artist's Concept]</ref> faced challenges and redesigns due to budget cuts.<ref>[https://www.nytimes.com/1990/11/09/us/nasa-studying-ways-to-redesign-space-station-to-meet-budget-cut.html NASA Studying Ways to Redesign Space Station to Meet Budget Cut]</ref> It eventually evolved into the [[International Space Station]] program.<ref>[https://uhclarchives.omeka.net/exhibits/show/faget/industrial/freedom Space Station Freedom]</ref><ref>[http://www.iso.org/iso/home/news_index/news_archive/news.htm?refid=Ref1555 Cooperation in space - The International Space Station benefits from ISO standards]</ref>

==Domestic policy==

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===Economy===

[[Image:Reagan desk.jpg‎|left|thumb|275px|President Reagan working at his desk in the oval office, 05/06/82.]]

−

As President, Ronald Reagan enacted his theory of "[[Reaganomics]]." ~~His~~ four major policy objectives were the following:<ref>[http://www.econlib.org/library/Enc1/Reaganomics.html Reaganomics], by William A. Niskanen</ref>

+

As President, Ronald Reagan enacted his theory of "[[Reaganomics]]." his four major policy objectives were the following:<ref>[http://www.econlib.org/library/Enc1/Reaganomics.html Reaganomics], by William A. Niskanen</ref>

*Reduce the growth of government spending.

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On August 13, 1981, Reagan signed the Kemp-Roth [[Economic Recovery Tax Act of 1981]] bill into law, reducing the tax burden on American citizens.

−

[[File:Time-8-17-81.jpg|thumb|250px| ''Time'' Aug 17, 1981. [http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,949316,00.html read story]]]

+

[[File:Time-8-17-81.jpg|thumb|250px| ''Time'' Aug 17, 1981. [http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,949316,00.html read story]]

−

Fueled by an ~~over spending~~ [[Congress]] that steadfastly refused Reagan's budget proposals, the national debt increased 160% during his two terms in office. However, the economic growth that resulted from tax cuts made deficits as a percentage of [[GDP]] lower than what they had been during the previous decade of stagflation. The period of high [[inflation]] and [[unemployment]] when Reagan took office was over after eight years of his presidency. In 1986 Reagan signed the [[Tax Reform Act of 1986]], which obtained an overhaul of the income tax code, eliminated many deductions, and exempted millions of people with low incomes. The [[income tax]] ~~rates~~ of the top personal tax bracket dropped from 70% to 28% in 7 years. At the same time, Reagan sought to close tax loopholes so that the wealthy would not be able to get away with paying less tax than low to middle-income earners. By the end of his administration, the ~~Nation~~ was enjoying its longest recorded period of peacetime prosperity without [[recession]] or [[depression]].<ref>[https://www.whitehouse.gov/history/presidents/rr40.html Ronald Reagan]</ref>

+

Fueled by an overspending [[Congress]] that steadfastly refused Reagan's budget proposals, the national debt increased 160% during his two terms in office. However, the economic growth that resulted from tax cuts made deficits as a percentage of [[GDP]] lower than what they had been during the previous decade of stagflation. The period of high [[inflation]] and [[unemployment]] when Reagan took office was over after eight years of his presidency. In 1986 Reagan signed the [[Tax Reform Act of 1986]], which obtained an overhaul of the income tax code, eliminated many deductions, and exempted millions of people with low incomes. The [[income tax]] rate of the top personal tax bracket dropped from 70% to 28% in 7 years. At the same time, Reagan sought to close tax loopholes so that the wealthy would not be able to get away with paying less tax than low to middle-income earners. By the end of his administration, the nation was enjoying its longest recorded period of peacetime prosperity without [[recession]] or [[depression]].<ref>[https://www.whitehouse.gov/history/presidents/rr40.html Ronald Reagan]</ref>

====PATCO Strike====

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===Boll Weevils===

−

In 1981 President [[Ronald Reagan]] won over enough conservative southern Democrats—called '''Boll Weevils'''--<ref>[https://www.csmonitor.com/1981/1216/121615.html Boll weevils, gypsy moths, and the 97th Congress ], [[Christian Science Monitor]]</ref><ref>[https://www.nytimes.com/1983/03/26/us/congress-the-eclipse-of-the-boll-weevils.html CONGRESS; THE ECLIPSE OF THE BOLL WEEVILS], [[The New York Times]]</ref> to carry his major tax cuts through a House nominally controlled by the Democrats. Led by Congressman [[Phil Gramm]] of Texas,<ref>Gramm later became a Republican. On Gramm see David Frum, "Righter Than Newt," ''The Atlantic Monthly'' v. 275#3 (March 1995) pp 81+, online at [[Questia]]</ref> they helped Reagan enact many of his domestic policy proposals, to increase defense spending sharply, and to block ~~leftists~~ attacks on Reagan's anti-Communist policies in Central America. They also helped dismantle some of the remnants of [[Lyndon Johnson]]'s [[Great Society]].<ref>The "boll weevil" was a pest that ruined cotton plants across the South in the early 20th century, and forced the region to diversify out of cotton.</ref> Reagan did not campaign against them, so they kept their seats a few years longer.<ref>Lou Cannon, ''President Reagan: The Role of a Lifetime'' (2000) pp 89, 754</ref>

+

In 1981 President [[Ronald Reagan]] won over enough conservative southern Democrats—called '''Boll Weevils'''--<ref>[https://www.csmonitor.com/1981/1216/121615.html Boll weevils, gypsy moths, and the 97th Congress ], [[Christian Science Monitor]]</ref><ref>[https://www.nytimes.com/1983/03/26/us/congress-the-eclipse-of-the-boll-weevils.html CONGRESS; THE ECLIPSE OF THE BOLL WEEVILS], [[The New York Times]]</ref> to carry his major tax cuts through a House nominally controlled by the Democrats. Led by Congressman [[Phil Gramm]] of Texas,<ref>Gramm later became a Republican. On Gramm see David Frum, "Righter Than Newt," ''The Atlantic Monthly'' v. 275#3 (March 1995) pp 81+, online at [[Questia]]</ref> they helped Reagan enact many of his domestic policy proposals, to increase defense spending sharply, and to block leftist attacks on Reagan's anti-Communist policies in Central America. They also helped dismantle some of the remnants of [[Lyndon Johnson]]'s [[Great Society]].<ref>The "boll weevil" was a pest that ruined cotton plants across the South in the early 20th century, and forced the region to diversify out of cotton.</ref> Reagan did not campaign against them, so they kept their seats a few years longer.<ref>Lou Cannon, ''President Reagan: The Role of a Lifetime'' (2000) pp 89, 754</ref>

===Social Security Reform 1983===

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=====Robert Bork=====

−

In 1987, Reagan nominated conservative judge [[Robert Bork]] to replace retiring Supreme Court Justice [[Lewis Powell]]. In a highly contentious series of Senate ~~Hearings~~<ref>[https://www.cnn.com/2012/12/19/politics/robert-bork-dead/ Robert Bork, known for contentious Supreme Court nomination, dies at 85], [[CNN]]</ref> ~~senate~~ liberals attacked Bork as being too conservative. Senator [[Ted Kennedy]] criticized him, saying,

+

In 1987, Reagan nominated conservative judge [[Robert Bork]] to replace retiring Supreme Court Justice [[Lewis Powell]]. In a highly contentious series of Senate hearings<ref>[https://www.cnn.com/2012/12/19/politics/robert-bork-dead/ Robert Bork, known for contentious Supreme Court nomination, dies at 85], [[CNN]]</ref> Senate liberals attacked Bork as being too conservative. Senator [[Ted Kennedy]] criticized him, saying,

:''"Robert Bork's America is a land in which women would be forced into back-alley abortions, blacks would sit at segregated lunch counters, rogue police could break down citizens' doors in midnight raids, schoolchildren could not be taught about evolution, writers and artists could be censored at the whim of the Government, and the doors of the Federal courts would be shut on the fingers of millions of citizens for whom the judiciary is -- and is often the only -- protector of the individual rights that are the heart of our democracy."''<ref>[http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9B0DE5DF1E3EF936A35754C0A961948260 WASHINGTON; Kennedy And Bork], [[The New York Times]]</ref>

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===War on Drugs===

−

As President, Reagan declared a "[[War on Drugs]]", which would be policies put forward by the United States and other countries to reduce illegal drug trade. In 1986, President Reagan signed the very prominent Anti-Drug Abuse Act which granted $97 million to build new [[prison]]s, $200 million for drug [[education]] and $241 million for treatment. Overall, $1.7 billion to fight the drug crisis.<ref>[https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/drugs/cron/ Thirty Years of America's Drug War], A Chronology, [[PBS]]</ref> First Lady [[Nancy Reagan]] started a slogan, "[[Just Say No]]" to drug use. The term was used in television advertising, and today there are many "Just Say No" drug clinics. As a result of the policies, [[marijuana]] use dropped from 33% of high-school seniors in 1980 to 12% in 1991.<ref>[https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/drugs/interviews/kleber.html Interview with Dr. Herbert Kleber], [[PBS]]</ref>

+

As President, Reagan declared a "[[War on Drugs]]", which would be policies put forward by the United States and other countries to reduce illegal drug trade. In 1986, President Reagan signed the very prominent Anti-Drug Abuse Act which granted $97 million to build new [[prison]]s, $200 million for drug [[education]] and $241 million for treatment. Overall, $1.7 billion was allocated to fight the drug crisis.<ref>[https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/drugs/cron/ Thirty Years of America's Drug War], A Chronology, [[PBS]]</ref> First Lady [[Nancy Reagan]] started a slogan, "[[Just Say No]]" against drug use. The term was used in television advertising, and today there are many "Just Say No" drug clinics. As a result of the policies, [[marijuana]] use dropped from 33% of high-school seniors in 1980 to 12% in 1991.<ref>[https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/drugs/interviews/kleber.html Interview with Dr. Herbert Kleber], [[PBS]]</ref>

===Illegal immigration===

−

November 6, 1986, Reagan signed into law the [[Immigration Reform and Control Act of 1986]], also known as the Simpson-Mazzoli Act, named after ~~it's~~ two authors: Romano Mazzoli and [[Alan Simpson]].<ref>[http://humanevents.com/2007/06/04/simpsonmazzoli-twentyone-years-later/ Simpson-Mazzoli: Twenty-One Years Later], [[Human Events]]</ref>

+

November 6, 1986, Reagan signed into law the [[Immigration Reform and Control Act of 1986]], also known as the Simpson-Mazzoli Act, named after its two authors: Romano Mazzoli and [[Alan Simpson]].<ref>[http://humanevents.com/2007/06/04/simpsonmazzoli-twentyone-years-later/ Simpson-Mazzoli: Twenty-One Years Later], [[Human Events]]</ref>

−

In his diaries, Reagan wrote that he wanted to sign the bill because of how important it was to regain control of our borders.<ref>[http://www.ontheissues.org/Celeb/Ronald_Reagan_Immigration.htm Ronald Reagan on Immigration]</ref> But the bill had largely the opposite effect. By granting a pathway to citizenship (amnesty) to 2.7 million illegal aliens, the law encouraged unlawful entry by more than 10 million additional new illegal aliens. However, Reagan was not enthusiastic about it, and did not make an effort to enforce, the law's provision making it illegal for employers to hire illegal aliens.<ref>Kammer, Jerry (January 3, 2019). [https://www.cis.org/Kammer/How-Washington-Post-Expose-Trump-Missed-Story-How-Reagan-Wrecked-Immigration-Reform How the Washington Post Exposé of Trump Missed the Story of How Reagan Wrecked Immigration Reform]. ''Center for Immigration Studies''. Retrieved January 3, 2019.</ref>

+

In his diaries, Reagan wrote that he wanted to sign the bill because of how important it was to regain control of our borders.<ref>[http://www.ontheissues.org/Celeb/Ronald_Reagan_Immigration.htm Ronald Reagan on Immigration]</ref> But the bill had largely the opposite effect. By granting a pathway to citizenship (amnesty) to 2.7 million illegal aliens, the law encouraged unlawful entry by more than 10 million additional new illegal aliens. However, Reagan was not enthusiastic about it, and did not make an effort to enforce the law's provision making it illegal for employers to hire illegal aliens.<ref>Kammer, Jerry (January 3, 2019). [https://www.cis.org/Kammer/How-Washington-Post-Expose-Trump-Missed-Story-How-Reagan-Wrecked-Immigration-Reform How the Washington Post Exposé of Trump Missed the Story of How Reagan Wrecked Immigration Reform]. ''Center for Immigration Studies''. Retrieved January 3, 2019.</ref>

==Foreign policy==

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Reagan's 1983 [[Strategic Defense Initiative]] became popularly known as "[[Star Wars]]", the name given to it by critics because they thought it was pure fantasy like the popular [[George Lucas]] films. This plan was never fully instituted. Although billions of dollars were spent on development, no space-based missile defense was tested successfully during Reagan's terms in office. However, the main goal was attained in forcing the Soviets to realize they could no longer compete in the Cold War.

−

The threat the Soviet Union felt from the SDI initiative forced them to [[negotiate]] an end to the [[arms race]], according to many involved with diplomacy at the time, and can be seen by following Gorbachev's repeated public ~~insistences~~ that the SDI program be discontinued. [[Henry Kissinger]] wrote:

+

The threat the Soviet Union felt from the SDI initiative forced them to [[negotiate]] an end to the [[arms race]], according to many involved with diplomacy at the time, and can be seen by following Gorbachev's repeated public insistence that the SDI program be discontinued. [[Henry Kissinger]] wrote:

:''I know it's an axiomatic view of the Left around the world that missile defense is sinful, and that it's desirable to keep each nation as vulnerable as possible. But that's a debatable premise. The U.S. must defend itself against ''whoever'' has missiles that would threaten the United States. And you don't have to be able to name an enemy.''<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20050308023334/http://www.doublestandards.org/dreifus1.html An interview with Henry Kissinger], by Claudia Dreifus, August 29th, 2001</ref>

===Flight 007===

−

Reagan was president at the time of the shooting down of [[Korean Airlines Flight 007]]. He termed the shoot-down of an innocent straying passenger plane with 269 passengers and crew, including Congressman [[Larry McDonald]], as a "massacre". The ensuing rage over the tragedy both worldwide and in the U.S. provided support for the deployment of cruise and Pershing ll missiles in ~~West~~ Europe- just six minutes flying time from Moscow.

+

Reagan was president at the time of the shooting down of [[Korean Airlines Flight 007]]. He termed the shoot-down of an innocent straying passenger plane with 269 passengers and crew, including Congressman [[Larry McDonald]], a "massacre". The ensuing rage over the tragedy both worldwide and in the U.S. provided support for the deployment of cruise and Pershing II missiles in Western Europe - just six minutes flying time from Moscow.

===Soviet Union===

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Shortly after taking office in 1981 Reagan issued National Security Decision Directive 11–82, (NSDD 11–82), which explicitly made U.S. defense spending a form of economic warfare against the Soviets. The directive was known more unofficially as the Reagan Initiative, and was an incorporation of the principle of [[Peace through strength]].

+

Shortly after taking office in 1981, Reagan issued National Security Decision Directive 11–82 (NSDD 11–82), which explicitly made U.S. defense spending a form of economic warfare against the Soviets. The directive was known more unofficially as the Reagan Initiative, and was an incorporation of the principle of [[Peace through strength]].

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The United States ~~would~~ "exploit and demonstrate the enduring economic advantages of the West to develop a variety of [arms] systems that are difficult for the Soviets to counter, impose disproportionate costs, open up new areas of major military competition and obsolesce previous Soviet investment or employ sophisticated strategic options to achieve this end. Reagan's [[Strategic Defense Initiative]] (SDI), or "Star Wars" as the media referred to it, was a costly high-tech research and development program designed to make arms spending a "rising burden on the Soviet economy."<ref>Peter Schweizer, [http://www.reason.com/news/show/28929.html ''Reagan's War: The Epic Story of His Forty Year Struggle and Final Triumph Over Communism''], New York: Doubleday, 2002.</ref>

+

The United States' "exploit and demonstrate the enduring economic advantages of the West to develop a variety of [arms] systems that are difficult for the Soviets to counter, impose disproportionate costs, open up new areas of major military competition and obsolesce previous Soviet investment or employ sophisticated strategic options to achieve this end. Reagan's [[Strategic Defense Initiative]] (SDI), or " Star Wars" as the media referred to it, was a costly high-tech research and development program designed to make arms spending a "rising burden on the Soviet economy."<ref>Peter Schweizer, [http://www.reason.com/news/show/28929.html ''Reagan's War: The Epic Story of His Forty Year Struggle and Final Triumph Over Communism''], New York: Doubleday, 2002.</ref>

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The Reagan Initiative was also concerned with aiding nations in active conflict with the Soviet Union. One such group was the [[mujahideen]] of Afghanistan who were given anti-aircraft missiles to fight the Soviet invaders.

+

The Reagan Initiative was also concerned with aiding nations in active conflict with the Soviet Union. One such group was the [[mujahideen]] of Afghanistan, who were given anti-aircraft missiles to fight the Soviet invaders.

−

A report by the CIA, of the critical domestic economic problems and social discontent faced by Soviet General Secretary Gorbachev, provided a look at the sources of his principal dilemma - the very reforms needed to deal with the problems would threaten the preservation of the [[nomenklatura]] and put at risk Gorbachev's ability to maintain the power to bring about [[Perestroika]].<ref>CIA Assessments of the Soviet Union: [https://www.cia.gov/csi/monograph/russia/enter.html Chapter 5, Enter Gorbachev ], Douglas J. MacEachin, CIA Publications, 1996.</ref>

+

A report by the CIA of the critical domestic economic problems and social discontent faced by Soviet General Secretary Gorbachev, provided a look at the sources of his principal dilemma - the very reforms needed to deal with the problems would threaten the preservation of the [[nomenklatura]] and put at risk Gorbachev's ability to maintain the power to bring about [[Perestroika]].<ref>CIA Assessments of the Soviet Union: [https://www.cia.gov/csi/monograph/russia/enter.html Chapter 5, Enter Gorbachev ], Douglas J. MacEachin, CIA Publications, 1996.</ref>

====Reykjavík Summit====

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Gorbachev requested a ~~Summit~~ with Reagan in Reykjavik in October 1986 to discuss the stresses competition from Reagan's defense posture was having on Soviet military spending and economy, and Gorbachev's ability to ~~carryout~~ his plans of restructuring Communist control. Gorbachev told the [[Politburo]] in preparation for the ~~Summit~~, "Our goal is to prevent the next round of arms race. If we do not do this ... will pulled into an arms race beyond our power, and we will lose this race, for we are presently at the limit of out capabilities."<ref>Notes of Politburo Meeting 4 October 1986, [https://www.cnn.com/SPECIALS/cold.war/episodes/22/documents/reykjavik/ Gorbachev's instructions for the group preparing for Reykjavik]</ref>

+

Gorbachev requested a summit with Reagan in Reykjavik in October 1986 to discuss the stresses that competition from Reagan's defense posture was having on Soviet military spending and the economy, and Gorbachev's ability to carry out his plans of restructuring Communist control. Gorbachev told the [[Politburo]] in preparation for the summit, "Our goal is to prevent the next round of arms race. If we do not do this ... will pulled into an arms race beyond our power, and we will lose this race, for we are presently at the limit of out capabilities."<ref>Notes of Politburo Meeting 4 October 1986, [https://www.cnn.com/SPECIALS/cold.war/episodes/22/documents/reykjavik/ Gorbachev's instructions for the group preparing for Reykjavik]</ref>

Initially, Reagan recognized that the Soviets were offering a bad deal at the [[Reykjavík Summit]], so he walked away from the table.<ref>[https://www.nationalreview.com/article/423381/reagans-lesson-obama-no-agreement-better-bad-agreement-thom-tillis Reagan's Lesson to Obama: 'No Agreement Is Better Than a Bad Agreement'], [[National Review]]</ref>

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===Dealing with the Soviets===

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Gorbachev, weakened by his nation's economic [[malaise]], frightened by SDI, and committed to reforming the Soviet system before it collapsed, realized he had to end the Cold War to save Communism. Reagan proved willing to deal, but had to face three sources of criticism inside the U.S. The political right represented by [[grassroots]] [[conservatives]], led by [[Phyllis Schlafly]], and also by the ''[[National Review]]'' and columnists such as [[George F. Will]] who feared this was all a Soviet trap. Second were the "realists", led by Nixon and Henry A. Kissinger, who thought Reagan was going too far. The third group comprised segments of the intelligence community and military; they did not believe that the Soviet Union was as weak as Reagan and ~~secretary~~ of ~~state,~~ George P. Shultz, believed. Reagan, reelected in a landslide and at the peak of his power, pushed ahead with a series of agreements that effectively weakened the Soviet Empire and made it clear America had the initiative.<ref>James Mann, ''The Rebellion of Ronald Reagan'' (2009)</ref>

+

Gorbachev, weakened by his nation's economic [[malaise]], frightened by SDI, and committed to reforming the Soviet system before it collapsed, realized he had to end the Cold War to save Communism. Reagan proved willing to deal, but had to face three sources of criticism inside the U.S. The political right represented by [[grassroots]] [[conservatives]], led by [[Phyllis Schlafly]], and also by the ''[[National Review]]'' and columnists such as [[George F. Will]] who feared this was all a Soviet trap. Second were the "realists", led by Nixon and Henry A. Kissinger, who thought Reagan was going too far. The third group comprised segments of the intelligence community and military; they did not believe that the Soviet Union was as weak as Reagan and Secretary of State George P. Shultz believed. Reagan, reelected in a landslide and at the peak of his power, pushed ahead with a series of agreements that effectively weakened the Soviet Empire and made it clear America had the initiative.<ref>James Mann, ''The Rebellion of Ronald Reagan'' (2009)</ref>

By the late 1980s, the Soviet Union began [[unilateral]] force cuts and troop withdrawals from [[Eastern Europe]], and by May 1989 an unprecedented series of disclosures by senior Soviet officials revealed actual reductions in defense spending for the 1986-1990 and 1991-1995 Five Year Plan periods.<ref>Christopher Wilkinson NATO Review, [http://www.nato.int/docu/review/1991/9102-4.htm Soviet Defense Spending], NATO's Economics Directorate No. 2 - April 1991, Vol. 39 p. 16-22</ref> Genrikh Grofimenko, a former adviser to [[Leonid Brezhnev]], said "Ninety-nine percent of the Russian people believe that [the US] won the Cold War because of your president's insistence on SDI".<ref>Peter Schweizer, ''Reagan’s War''.</ref> Gennady Gerasimov, the Soviet Foreign Ministry's top spokesman during the 1980s, said "Reagan's SDI was a very successful blackmail. The Soviet economy couldn't endure such competition."<ref>[https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB122478630951963297 Freedom's Team], [[Wall Street Journal]]</ref>

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In 1985, after Reagan won reelection to his second term, the focus turned from reviving the domestic economy to several foreign policy matters that had been lingering throughout the decade. One such matter involved Iran, a longtime ally of the Western Allies since 1941 that had experienced an [[Islamic Revolution]] in 1979 after President Carter announced [[Human Rights]] had superseded [[Containment]] as the primary focus of American foreign policy. Since 1980, Iran had been enmeshed in a brutal trench war with neighboring Iraq which was emerging as a potent military threat in the region to other allies. Members of the National Security Council staff, along with CIA Director [[William J. Casey]], persuaded Reagan much could be gained and several problems could be addressed simultaneously with an overture to Iran to restore relations.

+

In 1985, after Reagan won reelection to his second term, the focus turned from reviving the domestic economy to several foreign policy matters that had been lingering throughout the decade. One such matter involved Iran, a longtime ally of the Western Allies since 1941 that had experienced an [[Islamic Revolution]] in 1979 after President Carter announced [[Human Rights]] had superseded [[Containment]] as the primary focus of American foreign policy. Since 1980, Iran had been enmeshed in a brutal trench war with neighboring Iraq, which was emerging as a potent military threat in the region to other allies. Members of the National Security Council staff, along with CIA Director [[William J. Casey]], persuaded Reagan that much could be gained and several problems could be addressed simultaneously with an overture to Iran to restore relations.

The objective of the plan was fourfold:

#Take steps to restore good relations with the [[Islamic Republic of Iran]] which was becoming increasingly hostile to the West;

#Take measures to convince Iran that Israel could become a friend and ally;

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#~~Insurance~~ against Iraq becoming too strong which would become a threat to [[Kuwait]] or [[Saudi Arabia]];

+

#Provide insurance against Iraq becoming too strong, which would become a threat to [[Kuwait]] or [[Saudi Arabia]];

#Provide funding for other operations to continue the policy of containment in the Western Hemisphere, most notably [[Nicaragua]], and the violence the Soviet/Cuban/Nicaragua connection was creating in [[El Salvador]] and [[Honduras]].

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There were humanitarian aspects to the proposal as well; (1) the [[Iran-Iraq War]] had stalemated for nearly six years and Reagan was advised that he was in the unique position as president to help facilitate bringing a senseless war with much suffering to an end; (2) the suffering of the people of the Central American Republics at the hands of Soviet-inspired subversion which had in the decade of the '80s established a beachhead in North America; (3) Iran perhaps could be persuaded to use its good offices to influence hostage-takers in [[Lebanon]] who had held several Western prisoners, many of them Christian ~~Missionaries~~, for several years.

+

There were humanitarian aspects to the proposal as well; (1) the [[Iran-Iraq War]] had stalemated for nearly six years and Reagan was advised that he was in the unique position as president to help facilitate bringing a senseless war with much suffering to an end; (2) the suffering of the people of the Central American Republics at the hands of Soviet-inspired subversion, which had, in the decade of the '80s, established a beachhead in North America; (3) Iran perhaps could be persuaded to use its good offices to influence hostage-takers in [[Lebanon]] who had held several Western prisoners, many of them Christian missionaries, for several years.

Reports had filtered back to Reagan that children as young as nine years old had been used by Iran to clear minefields.<ref>[http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/war/iran-iraq.htm Iran-Iraq War (1980-1988), ''Iraqi Retreats, 1982-84''], Globalsecurity.org, retrieved 20 March 2007.</ref> In weighing Iraq's delicate Sunni/Shia balance and the growing threat of Iranian-sponsored terrorism, the NSC staff and Casey recognized the dangers of an Iraqi collapse as well as the urgent need to dissuade Iran from continuing its ruthless and inhumane tactics.<ref>[http://www.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/NSAEBB/NSAEBB82/iraq53.pdf NSDD 139, 5 April 1984].</ref>

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The [[Boland amendment]], a Vietnam era-style Congressional impingement on the legitimate foreign policy prerogatives of the Executive via the power of the purse, was used to deny Reagan's recommitment to the [[Truman Doctrine]] which had been adhered to by every President, Democratic and Republican alike since Truman, with the exception of [[President Carter]] whose [[human rights]] policy had brought one of the active belligerents, the [[Ayatollah Khomeini]], to power. In three of the active Soviet fronts, [[Afghanistan]], [[Nicaragua]], and [[El Salvador]], some Congressional Democratic leaders were openly sympathetic to Soviet foreign policy.<ref>[https://www.weeklystandard.com/Content/Public/Articles/000/000/004/591eifow.asp ''One Weekend in April, A Long Time Ago ... What John Kerry thought about the Sandinista in Nicaragua''], Hugh Hewitt, The Weekly Standard, 09/09/2004.</ref><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20060331222819/www.newsmax.com/archives/ic/2004/6/7/234527.shtml ''Kerry: 'I'm Proud I Stood Against Reagan''] Carl Limbacher and NewsMax.com Staff, 7 June 2004.</ref> So the decision was made to fund [[Containment]] of Soviet objectives on an active front in North America with sales of TOW missiles to Iran. Israel provided the TOWs because the [[Boland Amendment]] forbade direct US funding and it was a welcome opportunity for Israel to build bridges to a much-needed friend in the Middle East.

+

The [[Boland amendment]], a Vietnam-era-style Congressional impingement on the legitimate foreign policy prerogatives of the Executive via the power of the purse, was used to deny Reagan's recommitment to the [[Truman Doctrine]] which had been adhered to by every President, Democratic and Republican alike since Truman, with the exception of [[President Carter]] whose [[human rights]] policy had brought one of the active belligerents, the [[Ayatollah Khomeini]], to power. In three of the active Soviet fronts, [[Afghanistan]], [[Nicaragua]], and [[El Salvador]], some Congressional Democratic leaders were openly sympathetic to Soviet foreign policy.<ref>[https://www.weeklystandard.com/Content/Public/Articles/000/000/004/591eifow.asp ''One Weekend in April, A Long Time Ago ... What John Kerry thought about the Sandinista in Nicaragua''], Hugh Hewitt, The Weekly Standard, 09/09/2004.</ref><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20060331222819/www.newsmax.com/archives/ic/2004/6/7/234527.shtml ''Kerry: 'I'm Proud I Stood Against Reagan''] Carl Limbacher and NewsMax.com Staff, 7 June 2004.</ref> So the decision was made to fund [[Containment]] of Soviet objectives on an active front in North America with sales of TOW missiles to Iran. Israel provided the TOWs because the [[Boland Amendment]] forbade direct US funding and it was a welcome opportunity for Israel to build bridges to a much-needed friend in the Middle East.

The operation was known as the "[[Iran-Contra affair]]." After word got out about the operation in November 1986, investigations were made, leading to the convictions of several members of the Reagan administration. President Reagan himself testified before the Tower Commission that he had poor recollection of the details of the operation due in part to the heavy pain medications he had been on in that period.

===Nicaragua===

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In 1981 Robert McFarlane, then assistant to the Secretary of State proposed a coordinated covert political, economic, and military approach to the pro-Communist [[Sandinista]] government in Nicaragua and the insurgency in El Salvador, led by [[Daniel Ortega]]. His proposal was approved in January 1982, in "National Security Directive 17," which provided for a $20 million program against the Sandinista government and gave the [[Central Intelligence Agency]] (CIA) responsibility for organizing a five-hundred-man "interdiction" force.<ref>See [http://www.fas.org/irp/offdocs/nsdd/nsdd-017.htm Portions online]</ref> Democrats in Congress began voicing opposition in 1982; Reagan and Congress were in constant battle until 1987, when all five Central American heads of state signed a peace accord. The Sandinistas and Contras signed a cease-fire agreement in 1988, and in 1991 democratic elections overthrew the Sandinista regime.<ref>James M. Scott, "Interbranch Rivalry and the Reagan Doctrine in Nicaragua." ''Political Science Quarterly'' 1997 112(2): 237-260.</ref>

+

In 1981 Robert McFarlane, then assistant to the Secretary of State, proposed a coordinated covert political, economic, and military approach to the pro-Communist [[Sandinista]] government in Nicaragua and the insurgency in El Salvador, led by [[Daniel Ortega]]. His proposal was approved in January 1982, in "National Security Directive 17," which provided for a $20 million program against the Sandinista government and gave the [[Central Intelligence Agency]] (CIA) responsibility for organizing a five-hundred-man "interdiction" force.<ref>See [http://www.fas.org/irp/offdocs/nsdd/nsdd-017.htm Portions online]</ref> Democrats in Congress began voicing opposition in 1982; Reagan and Congress were in constant battle until 1987, when all five Central American heads of state signed a peace accord. The Sandinistas and Contras signed a cease-fire agreement in 1988, and in 1991 democratic elections overthrew the Sandinista regime.<ref>James M. Scott, "Interbranch Rivalry and the Reagan Doctrine in Nicaragua." ''Political Science Quarterly'' 1997 112(2): 237-260.</ref>

===Beirut===

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During the Lebanese Civil War, Reagan sent peacekeeping forces as a part of a multinational force to Beirut. On October 23, 1983, the barracks were bombed. As a result of the bombing, 241 Americans were killed.<ref>[https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1697&dat=19860827&id=ljQqAAAAIBAJ&sjid=ZUcEAAAAIBAJ&pg=6550,6530129&hl=en Reagan says worst mistake involved Marines in Beirut]</ref> The Embassy was also attacked, which resulted in the deaths of 63 people, 17 of ~~which~~ were Americans.<ref>[http://www.deseretnews.com/article/515039782/1983-Beirut-bomb-began-era-of-terror.html?pg=all 1983 Beirut bomb began era of terror]</ref><ref>[https://www.nytimes.com/learning/general/onthisday/big/1023.html Beirut Death Toll at 161 Americans; French Casualties Rise in Bombings; Reagan Insists Marines Will Remain], [[New York Times]]</ref><ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=BMnUBQJBbgIC&pg=PT157 Seven Events That Made America America: And Proved That the Founding Fathers Were Right All Along], by Larry Schweikart</ref>

+

During the Lebanese Civil War, Reagan sent peacekeeping forces as a part of a multinational force to Beirut. On October 23, 1983, the barracks were bombed. As a result of the bombing, 241 Americans were killed.<ref>[https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1697&dat=19860827&id=ljQqAAAAIBAJ&sjid=ZUcEAAAAIBAJ&pg=6550,6530129&hl=en Reagan says worst mistake involved Marines in Beirut]</ref> The Embassy was also attacked, which resulted in the deaths of 63 people, 17 of whom were Americans.<ref>[http://www.deseretnews.com/article/515039782/1983-Beirut-bomb-began-era-of-terror.html?pg=all 1983 Beirut bomb began era of terror]</ref><ref>[https://www.nytimes.com/learning/general/onthisday/big/1023.html Beirut Death Toll at 161 Americans; French Casualties Rise in Bombings; Reagan Insists Marines Will Remain], [[New York Times]]</ref><ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=BMnUBQJBbgIC&pg=PT157 Seven Events That Made America America: And Proved That the Founding Fathers Were Right All Along], by Larry Schweikart</ref>

===Grenada===

−

On March 13, 1979, the New Joint Endeavor for Welfare, Education, and Liberation Movement (New Jewel Movement—NJM), ousted Sir Eric Gairy in a coup and established a People's Revolutionary Government (PRG) headed by Maurice Bishop, who became Prime Minister of [[Grenada]]. His Marxist–Leninist government established close ties with Cuba, the Soviet Union, and other communist bloc countries.

+

On March 13, 1979, the New Joint Endeavor for Welfare, Education, and Liberation Movement (New Jewel Movement—NJM) ousted Sir Eric Gairy in a coup and established a People's Revolutionary Government (PRG) headed by Maurice Bishop, who became Prime Minister of [[Grenada]]. His Marxist–Leninist government established close ties with Cuba, the Soviet Union, and other communist bloc countries.

In October 1983, a power struggle within the government resulted in the arrest and execution of Bishop and several members of his cabinet and the killing of dozens of his supporters by elements of the People's Revolutionary Army (PRA).

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A U.S.-Caribbean force landed on Grenada on October 25, 1983, for Operation Urgent Fury, in response to an appeal from the Governor General and to a request for assistance from Barbados and other Eastern Caribbean states. U.S. citizens were evacuated, and order was restored.

−

An advisory council named by the Governor General administered the country until general elections were held in December 1984. The New National Party (NNP) led by Herbert Blaize won 14 out of 15 seats in free and fair elections and formed a democratic government. Grenada's constitution had been suspended in 1979 by the PRG, but it was restored after the 1984 elections.

+

An advisory council named by the Governor General administered the country until general elections were held in December 1984. The New National Party (NNP), led by Herbert Blaize, won 14 out of 15 seats in free and fair elections and formed a democratic government. Grenada's constitution had been suspended in 1979 by the PRG, but it was restored after the 1984 elections.

===Cold War victory===

−

[[Image:300px-ReaganBerlinWall.jpg‎|right|275px|thumb|"Mr.Gorbachev, tear down this wall!"]] Reagan is credited ~~for~~ ending the [[Cold War]] in victory for the United States. Historian Tony Judt in ''Postwar'' credits Soviet leader [[Mikhail Gorbachev]], while the political scientist Jan Kubik presents a viewpoint that credits [[Pope John Paul II]].<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20080221230216/http://praguepost.com/articles/2007/02/28/letters-to-the-editor.php Letters to the Editor]</ref> Other historians contend structural weaknesses within the Communist bloc meant Reagan's actions were inconsequential to the end of [[communism]]. This is the view adopted by [[Russia]]ns themselves, and many political historians, citing ''[[perestroika]]'' and ''[[glasnost]]'' as beginning an inevitable slow fading of central power, and a collapse by irreconcilable differences between the central Soviet [[Politburo]] and the constituent republics, especially the [[Ukraine]].<ref>David Remnick, "Lenin's Tomb</ref> In the end, the consensus seems to point to all of the above, that hastened the demise of the Soviet Union; ~~Internal~~ factors, religious pressure brought by the Pope, Gorbachev's "Perestroika" and the united front of Ronald Reagan and [[Margaret Thatcher]], leading [[NATO]] and [[the West]] to embed a [[SDI|missile defense system]] in [[Western Europe]], and the economic superiority of [[Capitalism]], which simply out-spent and out-performed that of the Communist one.

+

[[Image:300px-ReaganBerlinWall.jpg‎|right|275px|thumb|"Mr.Gorbachev, tear down this wall!"]] Reagan is credited with ending the [[Cold War]] in victory for the United States. Historian Tony Judt in ''Postwar'' credits Soviet leader [[Mikhail Gorbachev]], while the political scientist Jan Kubik presents a viewpoint that credits [[Pope John Paul II]].<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20080221230216/http://praguepost.com/articles/2007/02/28/letters-to-the-editor.php Letters to the Editor]</ref> Other historians contend structural weaknesses within the Communist bloc meant Reagan's actions were inconsequential to the end of [[communism]]. This is the view adopted by [[Russia]]ns themselves, and many political historians, citing ''[[perestroika]]'' and ''[[glasnost]]'' as beginning an inevitable slow fading of central power, and a collapse by irreconcilable differences between the central Soviet [[Politburo]] and the constituent republics, especially the [[Ukraine]].<ref>David Remnick, "Lenin's Tomb</ref> In the end, the consensus seems to point to all of the above, that hastened the demise of the Soviet Union; internal factors, religious pressure brought by the Pope, Gorbachev's "Perestroika" and the united front of Ronald Reagan and [[Margaret Thatcher]], leading [[NATO]] and [[the West]] to embed a [[SDI|missile defense system]] in [[Western Europe]], and the economic superiority of [[Capitalism]], which simply out-spent and out-performed that of the Communist one.

One thing that cannot be quantified is Reagan's ability to give [[hope]], his never-ending optimism that good would indeed triumph over evil.<ref>[http://www.cbn.com/cbnnews/us/2015/March/That-Time-the-President-Spoke-Truth-about-Our-Enemies/?Print=true That Time the President Spoke Truth about Our Enemies], [[Christian Broadcasting Network]]</ref> Many see that as key to bringing extra [[confidence]] to those locked behind the "[[Iron Curtain]]" to press even harder for reforms.

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'''''He was the kindest, most gracious president I have met, and I have met them all since JFK. In his presence you felt he was interested in you and not himself. He was a good man.''''' <ref>[http://www.townhall.com/columnists/CalThomas/2004/06/07/ronald_reagans_wonderful_life Ronald Reagan's wonderful life], [[Townhall]]</ref>}}

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[[Brian Mulroney]], the [[Canada|Canadian]] Prime Minister, ~~Eulogized~~ Reagan at his state funeral:

+

[[Brian Mulroney]], the [[Canada|Canadian]] Prime Minister, eulogized Reagan at his state funeral:

{{cquote|'''Some in the West during the early 1980s believed communism and democracy were equally valid and viable. This was the school of "[[moral equivalence]]." In contrast, Ronald Reagan saw Soviet Communism as a menace to be confronted in the genuine belief that its squalid underpinning would fall swiftly to the gathering winds of [[freedom]]. Provided, as he said, that NATO and the industrialized democracies stood firm and united. They did. ''And we know now who was right.'''''<ref>[http://reagan2020.us/eulogies/mulroney.asp Brian Mulroney on Ronald Reagan]</ref>}}

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{{Cquote|'''Ronald Reagan told the truth to a world made weary by lies. He believed truth was the only platform on which a better future could be built. He shocked the world when he called the Soviet Union ‘evil,’ because it was, and an 'empire,' because it was that, too. He never stopped bringing his message to the people of the world, to Europe and China and in the end the Soviet Union. And when it was over, the Berlin Wall had been turned into a million concrete souvenirs, and Soviet communism had fallen. But of course, it didn’t fall. <u>It was pushed</u>. By Mr. Know-Nothing-Cowboy-Gunslinger-Dimwit. ''All presidents should be so stupid...'''''<ref>[https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB108656337732830162 Thanks from a Grateful Country], [[WSJ]]</ref>}}

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Reagan sparked undying animosity from [[Leftist]]s by not only saving capitalism by destroying the socialist [[Great Society]] programs, before he left office the two communist monoliths, Russia and China, converted to capitalism. America had fought two horrible, violent wars in Korea and Vietnam against the spread of leftist ideology and institutions, to a stalemate. Reagan saved the planet from communist slavery, and Democrats hated him for it.

+

Reagan sparked undying animosity from [[Leftist]]s by not only saving capitalism by destroying the socialist [[Great Society]] programs; before he left office, the two communist monoliths, Russia and China, converted to capitalism. America had fought two horrible, violent wars in Korea and Vietnam against the spread of leftist ideology and institutions, to a stalemate. Reagan saved the planet from communist slavery, and Democrats hated him for it.

===Libya===

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In the 1980s, [[Muammar al-Gaddafi]] became a sponsor of [[terrorism]]. President [[Ronald Reagan]] ordered a retaliatory bombing of his palace and key Libyan targets in April 1986 during Operation El Dorado Canyon. At the time, Gaddafi, [[Fidel Castro]], and [[Leonid Brezhnev]] were considered to be an "unholy trinity".<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=rVXuAAAAMAAJ&dq=%22unholy+trinity%22&focus=searchwithinvolume&q=%22unholy+trinity%22 Time Inc., 1982], [[Time Magazine]]</ref>

+

In the 1980s, [[Muammar al-Gaddafi]] became a sponsor of [[terrorism]]. President [[Ronald Reagan]] ordered a retaliatory bombing of his palace and key Libyan targets in April 1986 during Operation El Dorado Canyon. At the time, Gaddafi, [[Fidel Castro]], and [[Leonid Brezhnev]] were considered to be a "unholy trinity".<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=rVXuAAAAMAAJ&dq=%22unholy+trinity%22&focus=searchwithinvolume&q=%22unholy+trinity%22 Time Inc., 1982], [[Time Magazine]]</ref>

[[Image:Reagan and Thatcher.jpg‎|right|225px|thumb|Ronald Reagan and Margaret Thatcher at the [[White House]]]]

===Thatcher on Reagan===

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Upon his death, [[Margaret Thatcher]], in very ill health from a series of strokes, insisted upon traveling to [[America]] to bid farewell to her old friend, and taped a stirring tribute to him:

+

Upon his death, [[Margaret Thatcher]], in very ill health from a series of strokes, insisted upon traveling to [[America]] to bid farewell to her old friend and taped a stirring tribute to him:

{{cquote|'''As Prime Minister, I worked closely with Ronald Reagan for eight of the most important years of all our lives. We talked regularly both before and after his presidency. And I have had time and cause to reflect on what made him a great president. Ronald Reagan knew his own mind. He had firm principles - and, I believe, right ones. He expounded them clearly, he acted upon them decisively. ''When the world threw problems at the White House, he was not baffled, or disorientated, or overwhelmed. He knew almost instinctively what to do.'''''

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==Post-presidency==

[[Image:5.jpg|left|thumb|250px|President Bush presents the Medal of Freedom Award to Former President Ronald Reagan in the East Room of the White House, 01/13/93]]

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Reagan retired to California. He would occasionally involve himself in politics, including a speech in Britain addressing the [[Tiananmen Square massacre]], and an address at the 1992 Republican National Convention.<ref>[https://www.nytimes.com/1989/06/14/world/reagan-gets-a-red-carpet-from-british.html Reagan Gets A Red Carpet From British], [[The New York Times]], June 14, 1989, "''You cannot massacre an idea, you cannot run tanks over hope. You cannot riddle a people's yearning with bullets. Those heroic Chinese students who gave their lives have released the spirit of democracy and it cannot be called back. That spirit is loose upon the world this spring''."</ref><ref>[http://www.nbcuniversalarchives.com/nbcuni/clip/5112542724_007.do President Reagan Speaks Out on Tiananmen Square Massacre], [[NBC]]</ref>

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Reagan retired to California. He would occasionally involve himself in politics, including a speech in Britain addressing the [[Tiananmen Square massacre]] and an address at the 1992 Republican National Convention.<ref>[https://www.nytimes.com/1989/06/14/world/reagan-gets-a-red-carpet-from-british.html Reagan Gets A Red Carpet From British], [[The New York Times]], June 14, 1989, "''You cannot massacre an idea, you cannot run tanks over hope. You cannot riddle a people's yearning with bullets. Those heroic Chinese students who gave their lives have released the spirit of democracy and it cannot be called back. That spirit is loose upon the world this spring''."</ref><ref>[http://www.nbcuniversalarchives.com/nbcuni/clip/5112542724_007.do President Reagan Speaks Out on Tiananmen Square Massacre], [[NBC]]</ref>

At a speech in front of the National Association of Broadcasters on April 13, 1992, Reagan was assaulted by a radical anti-nuclear protester masquerading as a press agent.<ref>[https://www.nytimes.com/1992/04/16/us/protester-at-reagan-speech-had-press-credentials.html Protester at Reagan Speech Had Press Credentials], [[The New York Times]]</ref> The protester, identified as Rick Paul Springer, was the founder of a group called ''The 100th Monkey''.<ref>[http://articles.latimes.com/1993-07-16/news/mn-13621_1_las-vegas Man Who Disrupted Reagan Speech Flees 4-Month Jail Term]</ref> At the event, Reagan was awarded a 2-foot statue for his contributions to broadcasting, made out of crystal weighing nearly 30 pounds.<ref>[https://www.nytimes.com/1992/04/14/us/reagan-unhurt-after-man-smashes-30-pound-statue.html Reagan Unhurt After Man Smashes 30-Pound Statue], [[The New York Times]]</ref> When Springer smashed the statue, some shards did hit Reagan, but he was not hurt.

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After the Secret Service rushed the man off stage, Reagan asked the crowd "Was that a democrat by chance?",<ref>[http://www.deseretnews.com/article/221028/NUCLEAR-PROTESTER-RUSHES-REAGAN-SMASHES-STATUE.html?pg=all NUCLEAR PROTESTER RUSHES REAGAN, SMASHES STATUE]</ref> ~~to which~~ the crowd burst into laughter.<ref>[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NaLMmcY3vs0 President Reagan Attacked at NAB Convention Las Vegas April 1992 480p], [[CBS News]] video from 1992</ref> A spokesman for the [[Secret Service]] said that he was not sure how Springer got so close to Reagan to begin with.<ref>[http://articles.latimes.com/1992-04-19/news/vw-684_1_secret-service-protection How Do You Really Protect a President?], [[Los Angeles Times]]</ref>

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After the Secret Service rushed the man off stage, Reagan asked the crowd "Was that a democrat by chance?",<ref>[http://www.deseretnews.com/article/221028/NUCLEAR-PROTESTER-RUSHES-REAGAN-SMASHES-STATUE.html?pg=all NUCLEAR PROTESTER RUSHES REAGAN, SMASHES STATUE]</ref> and the crowd burst into laughter.<ref>[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NaLMmcY3vs0 President Reagan Attacked at NAB Convention Las Vegas April 1992 480p], [[CBS News]] video from 1992</ref> A spokesman for the [[Secret Service]] said that he was not sure how Springer got so close to Reagan to begin with.<ref>[http://articles.latimes.com/1992-04-19/news/vw-684_1_secret-service-protection How Do You Really Protect a President?], [[Los Angeles Times]]</ref>

On January 13, 1993, President [[George H.W. Bush]] awarded Reagan the Presidential [[Medal of Freedom]]. Reagan was becoming increasingly forgetful. His last public appearance was on April 27, 1994, at the funeral for President [[Richard Nixon]].<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=ewc1V-KnRMYC&pg=PA182 Ronald Reagan: A Biography]</ref> In November 1994, he announced that he had been diagnosed in August with [[Alzheimer's disease]], a degenerative nerve disorder that annihilates the victim's mental capacity.

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There is growing consensus among scholars, both conservative and liberal, that he was the most influential president since [[Franklin D. Roosevelt]]. Reagan left a major imprint on American politics, diplomacy, culture, and economics.<ref>"As of this writing, among academic historians, the Reagan revisionists—who view the 1980s as an era of mixed blessings at worst, and of great forward strides in some renditions—hold the field," reports Doug Rossinow, "Talking Points Memo," in American Quarterly 59.4 (2007) p. 1279. For more historiographical support see: Troy (2009); Hayward (2009); Wilentz (2008); also Charles L. Ponce de Leon, "The New Historiography of the 1980s" in ''Reviews in American History,'' Volume 36, Number 2, June 2008, pp. 303-314; Whitney Strub, "Further into the Right: The Ever-Expanding Historiography of the U.S. New Right," ''Journal of Social History,'' Volume 42, Number 1, Fall 2008, pp. 183-194; Kim Phillips-Fein, "Ronald Reagan: Fate, Freedom, and Making of History," ''Enterprise & Society'', Volume 8, Number 4, December 2007, pp. 986-988.</ref>

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On March 26, 1982, Reagan's boyhood home in Dixon, Illinois<ref>[https://www.nps.gov/nr/travel/presidents/ronald_reagan_boyhood_home.html Ronald Reagan Boyhood Home]</ref> was added to the National Register of Historic Places.<ref>[http://www.discoverdixon.org/dixon-community/70-reagan-s-roots.html Reagan's Roots]</ref> In 2002, Congress authorized<ref>[https://www.congress.gov/bill/107th-congress/house-bill/400/text/pl To authorize the Secretary of the Interior to establish the Ronald Reagan Boyhood Home National Historic Site, and for other purposes]</ref> the purchase of the property and placed under the jurisdiction of the National Park Service.<ref>[http://articles.chicagotribune.com/2002-02-07/news/0202070346_1_boyhood-home-reagan-home-historic-site Reagan home is a historic site], [[Chicago Tribune]]</ref>

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On March 26, 1982, Reagan's boyhood home in Dixon, Illinois<ref>[https://www.nps.gov/nr/travel/presidents/ronald_reagan_boyhood_home.html Ronald Reagan Boyhood Home]</ref> was added to the National Register of Historic Places.<ref>[http://www.discoverdixon.org/dixon-community/70-reagan-s-roots.html Reagan's Roots]</ref> In 2002, Congress authorized<ref>[https://www.congress.gov/bill/107th-congress/house-bill/400/text/pl To authorize the Secretary of the Interior to establish the Ronald Reagan Boyhood Home National Historic Site, and for other purposes]</ref> the purchase of the property and placed it under the jurisdiction of the National Park Service.<ref>[http://articles.chicagotribune.com/2002-02-07/news/0202070346_1_boyhood-home-reagan-home-historic-site Reagan home is a historic site], [[Chicago Tribune]]</ref>

Reagan has come to be known by some conservatives as '''Ronaldus Magnus'''.<ref>[http://moonbattery.com/?p=66847 Vintage Christmas Address From Ronaldus Magnus], [[Moonbattery]]</ref><ref>[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AIAVrsmO_1Q Rush Limbaugh- Tribute To Ronald Reagan Part 1], Segment from the [[Rush Limbaugh]] TV show, February 6, 1996</ref>

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[[Edwin Feulner]], one of the founders of the [[Heritage Foundation]], described Reagan's legacy this way: "At a time when patriotism was mocked, he exposed the bankruptcy of modern liberalism and proved that true liberty is still a fighting faith."<ref>[https://www.heritage.org/research/commentary/2004/06/the-legacy-of-ronald-reagan The Legacy of Ronald Reagan], [[Heritage Foundation]]</ref>

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Conservatives such as [[Grover Norquist]] and his Reagan Legacy Project have sought to name at least one major structure in each U.S. ~~country~~ after Reagan, resulting in a large number of structures after him.<ref>Moody, Chris; Capachi, Casey (September 15, 2017). [https://www.cnn.com/2015/09/16/politics/ronald-reagan-naming-debate-2016/index.html Why Ronald Reagan's name is everywhere]. ''CNN''. Retrieved September 15, 2017.</ref>

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Conservatives such as [[Grover Norquist]] and his Reagan Legacy Project have sought to name at least one major structure in each U.S. county after Reagan, resulting in a large number of structures after him.<ref>Moody, Chris; Capachi, Casey (September 15, 2017). [https://www.cnn.com/2015/09/16/politics/ronald-reagan-naming-debate-2016/index.html Why Ronald Reagan's name is everywhere]. ''CNN''. Retrieved September 15, 2017.</ref>

Liberal Democrats have had a certain level of respect for Reagan because of his influential status in American history, though they also frequently weaponize him and his quotes when criticizing conservatives.<ref>Larsen, Emily (July 19, 2019). [https://www.washingtonexaminer.com/news/unlike-other-democrats-pete-buttigieg-has-no-use-for-ronald-reagans-legacy Unlike other Democrats, Pete Buttigieg has no use for Ronald Reagan’s legacy]. ''Washington Examiner''. Retrieved July 20, 2019.</ref>

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==Family==

[[File:Reagan Family.jpg|left|160px|thumb|Ronald and Nancy Reagan with Patti Davis, Ron, Maureen, and Michael Reagan, 1976.]]

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On January 26, 1940, Reagan married actress Jane Wyman at The Wee Kirk o' the Heather chapel in Glendale, California.<ref>[http://articles.latimes.com/1989-08-13/local/me-908_1_forest-lawn 'Till Death Do Us Part : A Wedding at a Cemetery Might Seem Macabre, but Forest Lawn's 2 Chapels Are Booked 6 Months Ahead], [[Los Angeles Times]]</ref>

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On January 26, 1940, Reagan married actress Jane Wyman at The Wee Kirk o' the Heather chapel in Glendale, California.<ref>[http://articles.latimes.com/1989-08-13/local/me-908_1_forest-lawn 'Till Death Do Us Part : A Wedding at a Cemetery Might Seem Macabre, but Forest Lawn's 2 Chapels Are Booked 6 Months Ahead], [[Los Angeles Times]]</ref>

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Wyman was an Oscar-winning actress for her role in the 1948 movie ''Johnny Belinda''. They had three children together: Maureen Elizabeth Reagan (1941–2001), who passed away from malignant [[melanoma]] within months of diagnosis, at age 60; [[Michael Reagan|Michael Edward Reagan]] (b. 1945-),<ref>Michael Reagan is the adopted son of Wyman and Reagan. See conservapedia.com: "[[Michael Reagan]]"</ref> and Christine Reagan (June 26 & 27, 1947). She was born prematurely and survived only one day. The baby's death traumatized Wyman. In 1948, Wyman (who married a total of four times) divorced Reagan ~~in 1948~~. Ironically, Wyman was a Republican at the time while Reagan was a Democrat.

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Wyman was an Oscar-winning actress for her role in the 1948 movie ''Johnny Belinda''. They had three children together: Maureen Elizabeth Reagan (1941–2001), who passed away from malignant [[melanoma]] within months of diagnosis, at age 60; [[Michael Reagan|Michael Edward Reagan]] (b. 1945-),<ref>Michael Reagan is the adopted son of Wyman and Reagan. See conservapedia.com: "[[Michael Reagan]]"</ref> and Christine Reagan (June 26 & 27, 1947). She was born prematurely and survived only one day. The baby's death traumatized Wyman. In 1948, Wyman (who married a total of four times) divorced Reagan. Ironically, Wyman was a Republican at the time while Reagan was a Democrat.

A year later, he met actress [[Nancy Davis]] (b. 1921). In 1952 they married at the Little Brown Church in Studio City, California.<ref>[https://www.breitbart.com/big-government/2016/03/07/reagans-church-is-big-in-japan/ Reagan's Church in L.A. is 'Big in Japan']</ref> They remained married until his death in 2004. Together they had two children, Patricia "Patti" Ann Davis (b. 1952) and [[Ron P. Reagan|Ronald Prescott Reagan]] (b. 1958).

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The opposite of many of today's politicians, Reagan had an excellent sense of humor.<ref>https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BTIfGFJqLko</ref> When he had almost been assassinated, he removed his oxygen mask and cracked a joke "I hope you're all Republicans".<ref>https://www.nationalreview.com/corner/i-hope-you-are-all-republicans-john-j-miller/</ref> Reagan also poked fun at his age multiple times, such as when he answered a question in a presidential debate against Walter Mondale about his age. His response to that question included the words "I am not going to exploit for political purposes my opponent's youth and inexperience".<ref>https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fJhCjMfRndk</ref> The one-liner was so humorous and clever that even Mondale genuinely laughed at it. In addition, Reagan had also once humorously remarked that the "nine most terrifying words in the English language are 'I'm from the government and I'm here to help'"<ref>https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xhYJS80MgYA</ref>

==Sunset==

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Opening up to the ~~Anerican~~ people about his Alzheimer's diagnosis, from his last words in a Nov 5, 1994 letter:<ref>[https://www.reaganlibrary.gov/reagans/ronald-reagan/reagans-letter-announcing-his-alzheimers-diagnosis Reagan's Letter Announcing his Alzheimer's Diagnosis], Reagan Library.</ref>

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Opening up to the American people about his Alzheimer's diagnosis, from his last words in a Nov 5, 1994 letter:<ref>[https://www.reaganlibrary.gov/reagans/ronald-reagan/reagans-letter-announcing-his-alzheimers-diagnosis Reagan's Letter Announcing his Alzheimer's Diagnosis], Reagan Library.</ref>

<blockquote>I now begin the journey that will lead me into the sunset of my life. I know that for America there will always be a bright dawn ahead.

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==Miscellaneous Facts==

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*Reagan was the first president to break the so-called "Curse of Tippecanoe," i.e., the first president elected in a twenty-year cycle who did not die in office (although an attempt was made on his life in 1981).

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* Reagan was the first president to break the so-called "Curse of Tippecanoe," i.e., the first president elected in a twenty-year cycle who did not die in office (although an attempt was made on his life in 1981).

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*At 69, Reagan was the oldest man elected to the presidency for a first term.

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* At 69, Reagan was the oldest man elected to the presidency for a first term.

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*Reagan loved [[jelly bean]]s.<ref>[https://reaganlibrary.archives.gov/archives/reference/jellybellies.html JELLY BELLY JELLY BEANS AND RONALD REAGAN]</ref> The blueberry flavor was made in his honor. [[Jelly Belly]] even created a Ronald Reagan [[portraits|portrait]] out of jelly beans.<ref>[https://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-2146733/Art-thats-good-eat-Incredible-jelly-bean-portraits-use-10-000-sweets.html Art that’s good enough to eat: Incredible jelly bean portraits that each use more than 10,000 sweets]</ref>

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* Reagan loved [[jelly bean]]s.<ref>[https://reaganlibrary.archives.gov/archives/reference/jellybellies.html JELLY BELLY JELLY BEANS AND RONALD REAGAN]</ref> The blueberry flavor was made in his honor. [[Jelly Belly]] even created a Ronald Reagan [[portraits|portrait]] out of jelly beans.<ref>[https://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-2146733/Art-thats-good-eat-Incredible-jelly-bean-portraits-use-10-000-sweets.html Art that’s good enough to eat: Incredible jelly bean portraits that each use more than 10,000 sweets]</ref>

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*After his death, some of his closest supporters wished to put him on the $10 bill.<ref>[https://money.cnn.com/2004/06/08/news/economy/reagan_hamilton/index.htm Reagan the new face of the $10 bill?], [[CNN]]</ref>

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* After his death, some of his closest supporters wished to put him on the $10 bill.<ref>[https://money.cnn.com/2004/06/08/news/economy/reagan_hamilton/index.htm Reagan the new face of the $10 bill?], [[CNN]]</ref>

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*Reagan played college football player [[George Gipp]] in the film ''Knute Rockne: All American'' (1940), and was affectionately known as "The Gipper" ever since.<ref>[https://www.nationalreview.com/article/208420/taxing-experience A Taxing Experience], [[National Review]]</ref>

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* Reagan played college football player [[George Gipp]] in the film ''Knute Rockne: All American'' (1940), and was affectionately known as "The Gipper" ever since.<ref>[https://www.nationalreview.com/article/208420/taxing-experience A Taxing Experience], [[National Review]]</ref>

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*Reagan signed Proclamation 5018 declaring 1983 the [[Year of the Bible]].

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* Reagan signed Proclamation 5018 declaring 1983 the [[Year of the Bible]].

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*The booth where Ronald proposed to Nancy from the restaurant ''Chasen's'' is on display at the Reagan Library.<ref>[http://articles.latimes.com/2003/oct/14/local/me-reagan14 Reagan Library to Roll Out Renovated Galleries, Exhibits]</ref>

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* The booth where Ronald proposed to Nancy from the restaurant ''Chasen's'' is on display at the Reagan Library.<ref>[http://articles.latimes.com/2003/oct/14/local/me-reagan14 Reagan Library to Roll Out Renovated Galleries, Exhibits]</ref>

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*Reagan kept a small plaque on his desk with the words "There is no limit to what a man can do or where he can go if he does not mind who gets the credit".<ref>[https://www.reaganfoundation.org/ronald-reagan/the-presidency/reagan-the-man/ Reagan the Man], Reagan Foundation</ref>

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* Reagan kept a small plaque on his desk with the words "There is no limit to what a man can do or where he can go if he does not mind who gets the credit".<ref>[https://www.reaganfoundation.org/ronald-reagan/the-presidency/reagan-the-man/ Reagan the Man], Reagan Foundation</ref>

== Quotes ==

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==Further reading==

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~~see~~ Bibliography for much more detailed guide.

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See Bibliography for much more detailed guide.

* Berman, Larry, ed. ''Looking Back on the Reagan Presidency'' (1990), essays by academics

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* Busch, Andrew E.; "Ronald Reagan and the Defeat of the Soviet Empire" in ''Presidential Studies Quarterly''. Vol: 27~~. Issue:~~ 3. 1997. pp 451+. [http://www.questia.com/googleScholar.qst;jsessionid=HhHYNGdT18XmGxylZNJQhdSjrtry2j8zYD2pLstvcnSLFqC9JzvF!-313427117?docId=5000522864 online edition] by conservative

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* Busch, Andrew E.; "Ronald Reagan and the Defeat of the Soviet Empire" in ''Presidential Studies Quarterly''. Vol. 27, issue 3 (1997), pp. 451+. [http://www.questia.com/googleScholar.qst;jsessionid=HhHYNGdT18XmGxylZNJQhdSjrtry2j8zYD2pLstvcnSLFqC9JzvF!-313427117?docId=5000522864 online edition] by conservative

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* Cannon, Lou. ''President Reagan: The Role of a Lifetime '' Public Affairs. (2nd ed 2000) 948 pp. ~~best~~ full-length biography [http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=88989671 online edition]

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* Cannon, Lou. ''President Reagan: The Role of a Lifetime'' Public Affairs. (2nd ed. 2000) 948 pp. Best full-length biography [http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=88989671 online edition]

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* Cannon, Lou. ''Governor Reagan: His Rise to Power'' ~~detailed~~ biography

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* Cannon, Lou. ''Governor Reagan: His Rise to Power''. Detailed biography

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* Flamm, Michael and John Ehrman. ''Debating the Reagan Presidency'' (2009), key issues explained; includes primary sources

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* Flamm, Michael and John Ehrman. ''Debating the Reagan Presidency'' (2009), key issues explained; includes primary sources

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* Berman William C. ''America's Right Turn: From Nixon to Bush.'' (1994).

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* Berman, William C. ''America's Right Turn: From Nixon to Bush.'' (1994).

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* Brownlee, W. Elliot and Hugh Davis Graham, eds. ''The Reagan Presidency: [[Pragmatic]] Conservatism and Its Legacies'' (2003)

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* Brownlee, W. Elliot and Hugh Davis Graham, eds. ''The Reagan Presidency: [[Pragmatic]] Conservatism and Its Legacies'' (2003)

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* Campagna; Anthony S. ''The Economy in the Reagan Years: The Economic Consequences of the Reagan Administrations'' Greenwood Press. 1994 [http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=28144725 online edition], by conservative

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* Campagna, Anthony S. ''The Economy in the Reagan Years: The Economic Consequences of the Reagan Administrations'' Greenwood Press. 1994 [http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=28144725 online edition], by conservative

* Cannon, Lou. ''Ronald Reagan: The Presidential Portfolio''. (2001) [http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=101553874 online edition]

* Ehrman, John. ''The Eighties: America in the Age of Reagan.'' (2005), by conservative historian

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* Griscom Tom. "Core Ideas of the Reagan Presidency." In Thompson, ed., ''Leadership,'' 23–48.

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* Griscom, Tom. "Core Ideas of the Reagan Presidency." in Thompson, ed., ''Leadership,'' 23–48.

* Hayward, Steven F. ''The Age of Reagan, 1964-1980: The Fall of the Old Liberal Order'' (2001)

* Hayward, Steven F. ''The Age of Reagan: The Conservative Counterrevolution: 1980-1989'' (2009) [https://www.amazon.com/Age-Reagan-Conservative-Counterrevolution-1980-1989/dp/1400053579/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1258861343&sr=1-1 excerpt and text search]

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* Hulten Charles R. and Isabel V. Sawhill, eds. ''The Legacy of Reaganomics: Prospects for Long-Term Growth.'' (1994).

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* Hulten, Charles R. and Isabel V. Sawhill, eds. ''The Legacy of Reaganomics: Prospects for Long-Term Growth.'' (1994).

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* Jones, Charles O. ed. ''The Reagan Legacy: Promise and Performance'' (1988) essays by political scientists

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* Jones, Charles O., ed. ''The Reagan Legacy: Promise and Performance'' (1988), essays by political scientists

* [http://www.ccc.nps.navy.mil/si/2004/aug/knopfAUG04.asp Jeffrey W. Knopf, "Did Reagan Win the Cold War?"] ''Strategic Insights'', Volume III, Issue 8 (August 2004)

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* Kyvig, David. ed. ''Reagan and the World'' (1990), scholarly essays on foreign policy

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* Kyvig, David, ed. ''Reagan and the World'' (1990), scholarly essays on foreign policy

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* Langston, Thomas S. "Reassessing the Reagan Presidency," ''Presidential Studies Quarterly,'' Vol. 34, 2004 [http://www.questia.com/read/5006516145?title=Reassessing%20the%20Reagan%20Presidency online edition]

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* Langston, Thomas S. "Reassessing the Reagan Presidency," ''Presidential Studies Quarterly,'' Vol. 34, 2004 [http://www.questia.com/read/5006516145?title=Reassessing%20the%20Reagan%20Presidency online edition]

* Levy, Peter B. ''Encyclopedia of the Reagan-Bush Years'' (1996), short articles [http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=77341841 online edition]

* Matlock, Jack. ''Reagan and Gorbachev: How the Cold War Ended.'' (2004) by the conservative US ambassador to Moscow

* Pach, Chester. "The Reagan Doctrine: Principle, [[Pragmatism]], and Policy." ''Presidential Studies Quarterly''(1): 75–88. Fulltext in SwetsWise and Ingenta; Reagan declared in 1985 that the U.S. should not "break faith" with [[anti-Communist]] resistance groups. However, his policies varied as differences in local conditions and US security interests produced divergent policies toward "freedom fighters" in Afghanistan, Nicaragua, Mozambique, Angola, and Cambodia.

* Patterson, James T. ''Restless Giant: The United States from Watergate to Bush vs. Gore.'' (2005), standard scholarly synthesis of the era

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* Pemberton, William E. ''Exit with Honor: The Life and Presidency of Ronald Reagan'' (1998) short, favorable biography by historian [http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=49534236 online edition]

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* Pemberton, William E. ''Exit with Honor: The Life and Presidency of Ronald Reagan'' (1998), short, favorable biography by historian [http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=49534236 online edition]

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* Reagan Ronald. ''An American Life.'' (1990). ~~his~~ second autobiography

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* Reagan, Ronald. ''An American Life.'' (1990). His second autobiography

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* Reeves, Richard. ''President Reagan: The Triumph of Imagination'' (2005) detailed analysis by historian

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* Reeves, Richard. ''President Reagan: The Triumph of Imagination'' (2005), detailed analysis by historian

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* Sullivan, George.''Mr. President'' (1997). ~~for~~ middle schools

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* Sullivan, George. ''Mr. President'' (1997). For middle schools

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* Schmertz, Eric J. et al. eds. ''Ronald Reagan's America'' 2 ~~Volumes~~ (1997) articles by scholars and officeholders [http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=15343830 vol 1 online][http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=28729700 vol 2 online]

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* Schmertz, Eric J., et al., eds. ''Ronald Reagan's America'' 2 volumes (1997), articles by scholars and officeholders [http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=15343830 vol 1 online][http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=28729700 vol 2 online]

* Schweizer, Peter. ''Reagan's War: The Epic Story of His Forty Year Struggle and Final Triumph Over Communism'' (2002), by conservative

* Thomas, Tony. ''The Films of Ronald Reagan'' (1980)

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* Troy, Gill. ''Morning in America: How Ronald Reagan Invented the 1980s'' (2004). Study of Reagan's image.

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* Troy, Gill. ''Morning in America: How Ronald Reagan Invented the 1980s'' (2004). Study of Reagan's image.

* Troy, Gill. ''The Reagan Revolution: A Very Short Introduction'' (2009) [https://www.amazon.com/Reagan-Revolution-Short-Introduction-Introductions/dp/0195317106/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1258861138&sr=1-1 excerpt and text search]

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* Wilentz, Sean. ''The Age of Reagan: A History, 1974-2008'' (2008), major narrative history by liberal historian who says Reagan transformed America

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* Wilentz, Sean. ''The Age of Reagan: A History, 1974-2008'' (2008), major narrative history by liberal historian who says Reagan transformed America

==Detailed Bibliography==

===Biographies===

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* Benze, ~~Jr.~~ James G. ''Nancy Reagan: On the White House Stage'' (2005), [https://www.amazon.com/Nancy-Reagan-White-Modern-Ladies/dp/070061401X/ref=sr_1_1/103-4827826-5463040?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1194317375&sr=1-1 excerpt and text search]

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* Benze, James G., Jr. ''Nancy Reagan: On the White House Stage'' (2005), [https://www.amazon.com/Nancy-Reagan-White-Modern-Ladies/dp/070061401X/ref=sr_1_1/103-4827826-5463040?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1194317375&sr=1-1 excerpt and text search]

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* Benze James G. "Nancy Reagan: China Doll or Dragon Lady?" ''Presidential Studies Quarterly'' 20 (~~fall~~ 1990): ~~777-90~~

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* Benze, James G. "Nancy Reagan: China Doll or Dragon Lady?" ''Presidential Studies Quarterly'' 20 (Fall 1990): 777–90

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* Cannon, Lou. ''President Reagan: The Role of a Lifetime '' Public Affairs. (2nd ed 2000) 948 pp. full-length biography [http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=88989671 online edition]

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* Cannon, Lou. ''President Reagan: The Role of a Lifetime'' Public Affairs. (2nd ed. 2000) 948 pp. full-length biography [http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=88989671 online edition]

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* Diggins, John. ''Ronald Reagan‎'' (2008), 528 pages, by leading conservative historian.

+

* Diggins, John. ''Ronald Reagan‎'' (2008), 528 pages, by leading conservative historian.

* D'Souza, Dinesh. ''Ronald Reagan: How an Ordinary Man Became an Extraordinary Leader'' (1999), popular. [https://www.amazon.com/Ronald-Reagan-Ordinary-Became-Extraordinary/dp/0684848236/ref=sr_1_1/103-4827826-5463040?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1194317303&sr=1-1 excerpt and text search]

* Evans, Thomas W. ''The Education of Ronald Reagan: The General Electric Years'' (2006) [https://www.amazon.com/Education-Ronald-Reagan-Conversion-Conservatism/dp/0231138601/ref=sr_1_5/103-4827826-5463040?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1194317183&sr=1-5 excerpt and text search]

−

* Morris, ''~~Edmund.~~ Dutch: A Memoir of Ronald Reagan'' (1999), includes fictional material [https://www.amazon.com/Dutch-Memoir-Ronald-Edmund-Morris/dp/0375756450/ref=sr_1_1/103-4827826-5463040?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1194317223&sr=1-1 excerpt and text search]

+

* Morris, Edmund. ''Dutch: A Memoir of Ronald Reagan'' (1999), includes fictional material [https://www.amazon.com/Dutch-Memoir-Ronald-Edmund-Morris/dp/0375756450/ref=sr_1_1/103-4827826-5463040?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1194317223&sr=1-1 excerpt and text search]

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* Pemberton, William E. ''Exit with Honor: The Life and Presidency of Ronald Reagan'' (1998) short biography by historian [http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=49534236 online edition]

+

* Pemberton, William E. ''Exit with Honor: The Life and Presidency of Ronald Reagan'' (1998), short biography by historian [http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=49534236 online edition]

−

* Reeves, Richard. ''President Reagan: The Triumph of Imagination'' (2005) detailed analysis by historian

+

* Reeves, Richard. ''President Reagan: The Triumph of Imagination'' (2005), detailed analysis by historian

−

* Sullivan, George.''Mr. President'' (1997). ~~for~~ middle schools

+

* Sullivan, George. ''Mr. President'' (1997). For middle schools

−

* Sutcliffe, Jane. ''Ronald Reagan‎'' (2008) 48 pages; for elementary school; [https://books.google.com/books?id=_H_u21ebGcsC&printsec=frontcover&dq=intitle:reagan&lr=&as_drrb_is=b&as_minm_is=1&as_miny_is=2007&as_maxm_is=12&as_maxy_is=2009&num=30&as_brr=0&as_pt=ALLTYPES excerpt and text search]

+

* Sutcliffe, Jane. ''Ronald Reagan‎'' (2008) 48 pages; for elementary school; [https://books.google.com/books?id=_H_u21ebGcsC&printsec=frontcover&dq=intitle:reagan&lr=&as_drrb_is=b&as_minm_is=1&as_miny_is=2007&as_maxm_is=12&as_maxy_is=2009&num=30&as_brr=0&as_pt=ALLTYPES excerpt and text search]

===Reagan before 1981===

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* Brennan Mary C. ''Turning Right in the Sixties: The Conservative Capture of the GOP.'' University of North Carolina Press, 1995

+

* Brennan, Mary C. ''Turning Right in the Sixties: The Conservative Capture of the GOP.'' University of North Carolina Press, 1995

−

* Burbank, Garin. "Governor Reagan and California Welfare Reform: the Grand Compromise of 1971." ''California History'' 1991 70(3): 278–289. ~~Issn~~: 0162–2897

+

* Burbank, Garin. "Governor Reagan and California Welfare Reform: the Grand Compromise of 1971." ''California History'' 1991, 70(3): 278–289. ISSN: 0162–2897

* Burbank, Garin. "Governor Reagan's Only Defeat: The Proposition 1 Campaign in 1973." ''California History'' 72 (winter 1993–94): 360–73.

* Burbank, Garin. "Speaker Moretti, Governor Reagan, and the Search for Tax Reform in California, 1970-1972" ''The Pacific Historical Review'' Vol. 61, No. 2 (May, 1992), pp. 193–214 [http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0030-8684%28199205%2961%3A2%3C193%3ASMGRAT%3E2.0.CO%3B2-E online in JSTOR]

−

* Cannon, Lou. ''Governor Reagan: His Rise to Power'' Public Affairs. ~~detailed~~ biography [https://www.amazon.com/Governor-Reagan-His-Rise-Power/dp/1586480308/ref=sr_1_1/103-4827826-5463040?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1194317275&sr=1-1 excerpt and text search]

+

* Cannon, Lou. ''Governor Reagan: His Rise to Power'' Public Affairs. Detailed biography [https://www.amazon.com/Governor-Reagan-His-Rise-Power/dp/1586480308/ref=sr_1_1/103-4827826-5463040?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1194317275&sr=1-1 excerpt and text search]

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* Dallek, Matthew. ''The Right Moment: Ronald Reagan's First Victory and the Decisive Turning Point in American Politics.'' (2004). Study of 1966 election as governor.

+

* Dallek, Matthew. ''The Right Moment: Ronald Reagan's First Victory and the Decisive Turning Point in American Politics.'' (2004). Study of the 1966 election as governor.

−

* DeGroot, Gerard J. "'A Goddamned Electable Person': the 1966 California Gubernatorial Campaign of Ronald Reagan." ''History'' 1997 82(267): 429–448. ~~Issn~~: 0018-2648 ~~Fulltext~~: in Swetswise, Ingenta and Ebsco

+

* DeGroot, Gerard J. "'A Goddamned Electable Person': the 1966 California Gubernatorial Campaign of Ronald Reagan." ''History'' 1997 82(267): 429–448. ISSN: 0018-2648. Full text: in Swetswise, Ingenta and Ebsco

−

* DeGroot, Gerard J. "Ronald Reagan and Student Unrest in California, 1966-1970." ''Pacific Historical Review'' 1996 65(1): 107–129. ~~Issn~~: 0030-8684 ~~Fulltext~~: in ~~Jstor~~

+

* DeGroot, Gerard J. "Ronald Reagan and Student Unrest in California, 1966-1970." ''Pacific Historical Review'' 1996 65(1): 107–129. ISSN: 0030-8684. Full text: in JSTOR

−

* Drew, Elizabeth. ''Portrait of an Election: The 1980 Presidential Campaign.'' (1981).

+

* Drew, Elizabeth. ''Portrait of an Election: The 1980 Presidential Campaign.'' (1981).

−

* Ferguson, Thomas and Joel Rogers, eds. ''The Hidden Election: Politics and Economics in the 1980 Presidential Campaign,'' 1981.

+

* Ferguson, Thomas and Joel Rogers, eds. ''The Hidden Election: Politics and Economics in the 1980 Presidential Campaign'' (1981).

−

* Germond, Jack W. and Jules Witcover. ''Blue Smoke & Mirrors: How Reagan Won & Why Carter Lost the Election of 1980''. (1981). Detailed journalism.

+

* Germond, Jack W., and Jules Witcover. ''Blue Smoke & Mirrors: How Reagan Won & Why Carter Lost the Election of 1980''. (1981). Detailed journalism.

* Hayward, Steven F. ''The Age of Reagan, 1964-1980: The Fall of the Old Liberal Order'' (2001)

* Hayward, Steven F. ''The Age of Reagan: The Conservative Counterrevolution: 1980-1989'' (2009) [https://www.amazon.com/Age-Reagan-Conservative-Counterrevolution-1980-1989/dp/1400053579/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1258861343&sr=1-1 excerpt and text search]

−

* Hamilton Gary G., and Nicole Woolsey Biggart. ''Governor Reagan, Governor Brown: A Sociology of ~~executive~~ Power.'' (1984).

+

* Hamilton, Gary G., and Nicole Woolsey Biggart. ''Governor Reagan, Governor Brown: A Sociology of Executive Power.'' (1984).

−

* Moore, Glen. "Ronald W. Reagan's Campaign for the Republican Party's 1968 Presidential Nomination." ''Proceedings and Papers of the Georgia Association of Historians'' (1992) 12[i.e., 13]: 57–70. ~~Issn~~: 0275–3863

+

* Moore, Glen. "Ronald W. Reagan's Campaign for the Republican Party's 1968 Presidential Nomination." ''Proceedings and Papers of the Georgia Association of Historians'' (1992) 12 [i.e., 13]: 57–70. ISSN: 0275–3863

===Politics and Domestic issues ===

* Aldrich, John H., and David W. Rohde. ''Change and Continuity in the 1984 Elections.'' (1987)

−

* Amaker Norman C. ''Civil Rights and the Reagan Administration.'' Urban Institute Press, 1988

+

* Amaker, Norman C. ''Civil Rights and the Reagan Administration.'' Urban Institute Press, 1988

−

* Berman, Larry, ed. ''Looking Back on the Reagan Presidency'' (1990), essays by academics

+

* Berman, Larry, ed. ''Looking Back on the Reagan Presidency'' (1990), essays by academics

−

* Berman William C. ''America's Right Turn: From Nixon to Bush.'' Johns Hopkins University Press, 1994.

+

* Berman, William C. ''America's Right Turn: From Nixon to Bush.'' Johns Hopkins University Press, 1994.

−

* Birnbaum Jeffrey H., and Alan S. Murray. ''Showdown at Gucci Gulch: Lawmakers, Lobbyists, and the Unlikely Triumph of Tax Reform.'' 1987.

+

* Birnbaum, Jeffrey H., and Alan S. Murray. ''Showdown at Gucci Gulch: Lawmakers, Lobbyists, and the Unlikely Triumph of Tax Reform.'' (1987).

−

* Boskin Michael J. ''Reagan and the Economy: The Successes, Failures, and Unfinished Agenda.'' ICS Press, 1987.

+

* Boskin, Michael J. ''Reagan and the Economy: The Successes, Failures, and Unfinished Agenda.'' ICS Press, 1987.

−

* Brownlee, W. Elliot and Hugh Davis Graham, eds. ''The Reagan Presidency: Pragmatic Conservatism and Its Legacies'' (2003)

+

* Brownlee, W. Elliot and Hugh Davis Graham, eds. ''The Reagan Presidency: Pragmatic Conservatism and Its Legacies'' (2003)

−

* Busch, Andrew E. ''Reagan's Victory: The Presidential Election of 1980 and the Rise of the Right,'' (2005) [http://www.claremont.org/publications/crb/id.1103/article_detail.asp online review by Michael Barone]

+

* Busch, Andrew E. ''Reagan's Victory: The Presidential Election of 1980 and the Rise of the Right'' (2005) [http://www.claremont.org/publications/crb/id.1103/article_detail.asp online review by Michael Barone]

−

* Campagna; Anthony S. ''The Economy in the Reagan Years: The Economic Consequences of the Reagan Administrations'' Greenwood Press. 1994 [http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=28144725 online edition]

+

* Campagna, Anthony S. ''The Economy in the Reagan Years: The Economic Consequences of the Reagan Administrations'' Greenwood Press. 1994 [http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=28144725 online edition]

* Cannon, Lou. ''Ronald Reagan: The Presidential Portfolio''. Public Affairs. (2001) [http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=101553874 online edition]

−

* Cook, Daniel M. and Polsky, Andrew J. "Political Time Reconsidered: Unbuilding and Rebuilding the State under the Reagan Administration." ''American Politics Research''(4): 577–605. ISSN 1532-673X ~~Fulltext~~ in SwetsWise. Argues Reagan slowed enforcement of pollution laws and transformed the national education agenda.

+

* Cook, Daniel M. and Polsky, Andrew J. "Political Time Reconsidered: Unbuilding and Rebuilding the State under the Reagan Administration." ''American Politics Research'' (4): 577–605. ISSN 1532-673X Full text in SwetsWise. Argues Reagan slowed enforcement of pollution laws and transformed the national education agenda.

−

* Derthick Martha, and Paul J. Quirk. ''The Politics of Deregulation.'' Brookings Institution, 1985

+

* Derthick, Martha, and Paul J. Quirk. ''The Politics of Deregulation.'' Brookings Institution, 1985

−

* Detlefsen, Robert R. ''Civil Rights under Reagan'' Institute for Contemporary Studies, 1991 [http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=85749844 online edition]

+

* Detlefsen, Robert R. ''Civil Rights under Reagan.'' Institute for Contemporary Studies, 1991 [http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=85749844 online edition]

−

* Eads George C., and Michael Fix, eds. ''The Reagan Regulatory Strategy: An Assessment.'' Urban Institute Press, 1984

+

* Eads, George C., and Michael Fix, eds. ''The Reagan Regulatory Strategy: An Assessment.'' Urban Institute Press, 1984

* Ehrman, John. ''The Eighties: America in the Age of Reagan.'' (2005)

−

* Evans ~~Rowland,~~ and Robert Novak. ''The Reagan Revolution.'' 1991.

+

* Rowland Evans and Robert Novak. ''The Reagan Revolution.'' 1991.

−

* Ferguson Thomas, and Joel Rogers, ''Right Turn: The Decline of the Democrats and the Future of American Politics'' 1986.

+

* Ferguson, Thomas, and Joel Rogers. ''Right Turn: The Decline of the Democrats and the Future of American Politics'' 1986.

−

* Germond Jack W., and Jules Witcover. ''Wake Us When It's Over: Presidential Politics of 1984.'' 1985.

+

* Germond, Jack W., and Jules Witcover. ''Wake Us When It's Over: Presidential Politics of 1984.'' 1985.

−

* Marshall R. Goodman; ''Managing Regulatory Reform: The Reagan Strategy and Its Impact'' Praeger Publishers, 1987 [http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=43165555 online edition]

+

* Marshall R. Goodman. ''Managing Regulatory Reform: The Reagan Strategy and Its Impact.'' Praeger Publishers, 1987 [http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=43165555 online edition]

−

* Greider William. ''The Education of David Stockman and Other Americans.'' 1982. Stockman was Reagan's budget chief

+

* Greider, William. ''The Education of David Stockman and Other Americans.'' 1982. Stockman was Reagan's budget chief.

−

* Griscom Tom. "Core Ideas of the Reagan Presidency." In Thompson, ed., ''Leadership,'' 23–48.

+

* Griscom, Tom. "Core Ideas of the Reagan Presidency." In Thompson, ed., ''Leadership,'' 23–48.

−

* Hulten Charles R. and Isabel V. Sawhill, eds. ''The Legacy of Reaganomics: Prospects for Long-Term Growth.'' C.: Urban Institute Press, 1994.

+

* Hulten, Charles R. and Isabel V. Sawhill, eds. ''The Legacy of Reaganomics: Prospects for Long-Term Growth.'' C.: Urban Institute Press, 1994.

* Johnson, Haynes. ''Sleepwalking through History: America in the Reagan Years'' (1991) [http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=104836392 online edition]

−

* Jones, Charles O. ed. ''The Reagan Legacy: Promise and Performance'' (1988) essays by political scientists

+

* Jones, Charles O., ed. ''The Reagan Legacy: Promise and Performance'' (1988), essays by political scientists

* Karier, Thomas. ''Great Experiments in American Economic Policy: From Kennedy to Reagan'' (1997) [http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=15083874 online edition]

−

* Laham, Nicholas. ''The Reagan Presidency and the Politics of Race: In Pursuit of Colorblind Justice and Limited Government'' 1998. [http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=14220230 online edition]

+

* Laham, Nicholas. ''The Reagan Presidency and the Politics of Race: In Pursuit of Colorblind Justice and Limited Government'' 1998. [http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=14220230 online edition]

* Levy, Peter B. ''Encyclopedia of the Reagan-Bush Years'' (1996), short articles [http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=77341841 online edition]

−

* Minarik Joseph J. ''Making America's Budget Policy. From the 1980s to the 1990s.'' M. E. Sharpe, 1990.

+

* Minarik, Joseph J. ''Making America's Budget Policy. From the 1980s to the 1990s.'' M. E. Sharpe, 1990.

−

* Palmer, John L., and Isabel V. Sawhill. ''The Reagan Record,'' 1984. economics and sociology

+

* Palmer, John L., and Isabel V. Sawhill. ''The Reagan Record,'' 1984. economics and sociology.

* Patterson, James T. ''Restless Giant: The United States from Watergate to Bush vs. Gore.'' (2005), standard scholarly synthesis.

−

* Rayack; Elton. ''Not So Free to Choose: The Political Economy of Milton Friedman and Ronald Reagan'' (1987) hostile critique [http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=24670801 online edition]

+

* Rayack, Elton. ''Not So Free to Choose: The Political Economy of Milton Friedman and Ronald Reagan'' (1987), hostile critique [http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=24670801 online edition]

−

* Sahu, Anandi P. and Ronald L. Tracy; ''The Economic Legacy of the Reagan Years: Euphoria or Chaos?'' Praeger Publishers, 1991 [http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=59361760 online edition]

+

* Sahu, Anandi P. and Ronald L. Tracy. ''The Economic Legacy of the Reagan Years: Euphoria or Chaos?'' Praeger Publishers, 1991 [http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=59361760 online edition]

−

* Salamon Lester M., and Michael S. Lund. eds. ''The Reagan Presidency and the Governing of America'' 1985. articles by political scientists

+

* Salamon, Lester M., and Michael S. Lund, eds. ''The Reagan Presidency and the Governing of America'' 1985. articles by political scientists

−

* Schmertz, Eric J. et al. eds. ''Ronald Reagan's America'' 2 Volumes (1997) articles by scholars and officeholders [http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=15343830 vol 1 online][http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=28729700 vol 2 online]

+

* Schmertz, Eric J., et al., eds. ''Ronald Reagan's America'' 2 Volumes (1997) articles by scholars and officeholders [http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=15343830 vol 1 online][http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=28729700 vol 2 online]

−

* Shirley, Craig. ''Reagan's Revolution: The Untold Story of the Campaign That Started It All'' (2005) on 1976 campaign; [https://www.amazon.com/Reagans-Revolution-Untold-Campaign-Started/dp/0785260498/ref=pd_cp_b_1?pf_rd_p=413864201&pf_rd_s=center-41&pf_rd_t=201&pf_rd_i=0700614087&pf_rd_m=ATVPDKIKX0DER&pf_rd_r=0SWJK392VVCTPEDPDKJE excerpt and text search]

+

* Shirley, Craig. ''Reagan's Revolution: The Untold Story of the Campaign That Started It All'' (2005) on the 1976 campaign; [https://www.amazon.com/Reagans-Revolution-Untold-Campaign-Started/dp/0785260498/ref=pd_cp_b_1?pf_rd_p=413864201&pf_rd_s=center-41&pf_rd_t=201&pf_rd_i=0700614087&pf_rd_m=ATVPDKIKX0DER&pf_rd_r=0SWJK392VVCTPEDPDKJE excerpt and text search]

−

* Weatherford, M. Stephen and ~~Mcdonnell~~, Lorraine M. "Ronald Reagan as Legislative Advocate: Passing the Reagan Revolution's Budgets in 1981 and 1982." ''Congress & the Presidency'' (2005) 32:1 pp 1–29. ~~Fulltext~~ in Ebsco; Argues RR ignored the details but played a guiding role in setting major policies and adjudicating significant trade-offs, and in securing Congressional approval.

+

* Weatherford, M. Stephen, and McDonnell, Lorraine M. "Ronald Reagan as Legislative Advocate: Passing the Reagan Revolution's Budgets in 1981 and 1982." ''Congress & the Presidency'' (2005) 32:1 pp 1–29. Full text in Ebsco; Argues RR ignored the details but played a guiding role in setting major policies and adjudicating significant trade-offs, and in securing Congressional approval.

===Foreign affairs===

−

* Arnson, Cynthia J. ''Crossroads: Congress, the Reagan Administration, and Central America'' Pantheon, 1989.

+

* Arnson, Cynthia J. ''Crossroads: Congress, the Reagan Administration, and Central America.'' Pantheon, 1989.

−

* Baucom Donald R. ''The Origins of SDI, 1944-1983.'' University Press of Kansas, 1992.

+

* Baucom, Donald R. ''The Origins of SDI, 1944-1983.'' University Press of Kansas, 1992.

−

* Bell Coral. ''The Reagan Paradox: American Foreign Policy in the 1980s.'' Rutgers University Press, 1989.

+

* Bell, Coral. ''The Reagan Paradox: American Foreign Policy in the 1980s.'' Rutgers University Press, 1989.

−

* Beschloss Michael R., and Strobe Talbott. ''At the Highest Levels: The Inside Story of the End of the Cold War.'' 1993

+

* Beschloss, Michael R., and Strobe Talbott. ''At the Highest Levels: The Inside Story of the End of the Cold War.'' 1993.

−

* Busch, Andrew E.; "Ronald Reagan and the Defeat of the Soviet Empire" in ''Presidential Studies Quarterly''. Vol: 27. Issue: 3. 1997. pp 451+.

+

* Busch, Andrew E., "Ronald Reagan and the Defeat of the Soviet Empire" in ''Presidential Studies Quarterly''. Vol. 27. Issue: 3. 1997. pp. 451+.

−

* Dobson, Alan P. "The Reagan Administration, Economic Warfare, and Starting to Close down the Cold War." ''Diplomatic History''(3): 531–556. ~~Fulltext~~ in SwetsWise, Ingenta and Ebsco. Argues Reagan's public rhetoric against the USSR was harsh and uncompromising, giving rise to the idea that his administration sought to employ a US defense buildup and NATO economic sanctions to bring about the collapse of the USSR. Yet many statements by Reagan and Shultz suggest they desired negotiation with the Soviets from a position of American strength, not the eventual demise of the USSR.

+

* Dobson, Alan P. "The Reagan Administration, Economic Warfare, and Starting to Close down the Cold War." ''Diplomatic History'' (3): 531–556. Full text in SwetsWise, Ingenta and Ebsco. Argues Reagan's public rhetoric against the USSR was harsh and uncompromising, giving rise to the idea that his administration sought to employ a US defense buildup and NATO economic sanctions to bring about the collapse of the USSR. Yet many statements by Reagan and Shultz suggest they desired negotiation with the Soviets from a position of American strength, not the eventual demise of the USSR.

−

* Draper, Theodore. '' A Very Thin Line: The Iran-Contra Affair'' (1991)

+

* Draper, Theodore. ''A Very Thin Line: The Iran-Contra Affair'' (1991)

−

* Fitzgerald, Frances. ''Way Out There in the Blue: Reagan, Star Wars and the End of the Cold War''. ~~political~~ history of S.D.I. (2000). ISBN.

+

* Fitzgerald, Frances. ''Way Out There in the Blue: Reagan, Star Wars and the End of the Cold War''. Political history of S.D.I. (2000). ISBN.

−

* Ford, Christopher A. and Rosenberg, David A. "The Naval Intelligence Underpinnings of Reagan's Maritime Strategy." ''Journal of Strategic Studies''(2): 379–409. ~~Fulltext~~ in Ingenta and Ebsco; Reagan's maritime strategy sought to apply US naval might against Soviet vulnerabilities on its maritime flanks. It was supported by a major buildup of US naval forces and aggressive exercising in seas proximate to the USSR; it explicitly targeted Moscow's strategic missile submarines with the aim of pressuring the Kremlin during crises or the early phases of global war. The maritime strategy represents one of the rare instances in history when intelligence helped lead a nation to completely revise its concept of military operations.

+

* Ford, Christopher A., and Rosenberg, David A. "The Naval Intelligence Underpinnings of Reagan's Maritime Strategy." ''Journal of Strategic Studies'' (2): 379–409. Full text in Ingenta and Ebsco; Reagan's maritime strategy sought to apply US naval might against Soviet vulnerabilities on its maritime flanks. It was supported by a major buildup of US naval forces and aggressive exercising in seas proximate to the USSR; it explicitly targeted Moscow's strategic missile submarines with the aim of pressuring the Kremlin during crises or the early phases of global war. The maritime strategy represents one of the rare instances in history when intelligence helped lead a nation to completely revise its concept of military operations.

* Garthoff, Raymond L. ''The Great Transition: American-Soviet Relations and the End of the Cold War'' (1994), detailed narrative by a hostile critic [http://www.questia.com/read/29069917?title=The%20Great%20Transition%3a%20American-Soviet%20Relations%20and%20the%20End%20of%20the%20Cold%20War online edition]

−

* Haftendorn, Helga and Jakob Schissler, eds. ''The Reagan Administration: A Reconstruction of American Strength?'' Berlin: Walter de Guyer, 1988. by European scholars

+

* Haftendorn, Helga, and Jakob Schissler, eds. ''The Reagan Administration: A Reconstruction of American Strength?'' Berlin: Walter de Guyer, 1988. By European scholars

−

* Hall, David Locke. ''The Reagan Wars: A Constitutional Perspective on War Powers and the Presidency'' Westview Press, 1991 [http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=87551275 online edition]

+

* Hall, David Locke. ''The Reagan Wars: A Constitutional Perspective on War Powers and the Presidency.'' Westview Press, 1991 [http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=87551275 online edition]

−

* [http://www.ccc.nps.navy.mil/si/2004/aug/knopfAUG04.asp Jeffrey W. Knopf, "Did Reagan Win the Cold War?"] ''Strategic Insights'', Volume III, Issue 8 (August 2004)

+

* [http://www.ccc.nps.navy.mil/si/2004/aug/knopfAUG04.asp Jeffrey W. Knopf, "Did Reagan Win the Cold War?"] ''Strategic Insights'', Volume III, Issue 8 (August 2004).

−

* Kyvig, David. ed. ''Reagan and the World'' (1990), scholarly essays on foreign policy

+

* Kyvig, David, ed. ''Reagan and the World'' (1990), scholarly essays on foreign policy

−

* Lagon, Mark P. ''The Reagan Doctrine: Sources of American Conduct in the Cold War's Last Chapter'' (1994) [http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=9161896 online edition]

+

* Lagon, Mark P. ''The Reagan Doctrine: Sources of American Conduct in the Cold War's Last Chapter'' (1994) [http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=9161896 online edition]

* LeoGrande, William M. ''Our Own Backyard: The United States in Central America, 1977-1992'' (1998)

* Matlock, Jack. ''Reagan and Gorbachev: How the Cold War Ended.'' (2004) by the US ambassador to Moscow [https://www.amazon.com/Reagan-Gorbachev-How-Cold-Ended/dp/0679463232/ref=sr_1_2/103-4827826-5463040?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1194316986&sr=8-2 excerpt and text search]

−

* Pach, Chester. "The Reagan Doctrine: Principle, Pragmatism, and Policy." ''Presidential Studies Quarterly'' 2006 36(1): 75–88. ~~Issn~~: 0360-4918 [http://www.questia.com/read/5015817882?title=The%20Reagan%20Doctrine%3a%20Principle%2c%20Pragmatism%2c%20and%20Policy online edition]

+

* Pach, Chester. "The Reagan Doctrine: Principle, Pragmatism, and Policy." ''Presidential Studies Quarterly'' 2006, 36(1): 75–88. ISSN: 0360-4918 [http://www.questia.com/read/5015817882?title=The%20Reagan%20Doctrine%3a%20Principle%2c%20Pragmatism%2c%20and%20Policy online edition]

−

* Salla, Michael E. and Ralph Summy, eds. ''Why the Cold War Ended: A Range of Interpretations'' (1995). [http://www.questia.com/read/22889072 online edition]

+

* Salla, Michael E., and Ralph Summy, eds. ''Why the Cold War Ended: A Range of Interpretations'' (1995). [http://www.questia.com/read/22889072 online edition]

−

* Schmertz, Eric J. et al. eds. ''Ronald Reagan and the World'' (1997) ~~articles~~ by scholars and officeholders

+

* Schmertz, Eric J., et al., eds. ''Ronald Reagan and the World'' (1997). Articles by scholars and officeholders

−

* Shultz, George P. ''Turmoil and Triumph My Years As Secretary of State'' (1993)

+

* Shultz, George P. ''Turmoil and Triumph: My Years as Secretary of State'' (1993)

* Schweizer, Peter. ''Reagan's War: The Epic Story of His Forty Year Struggle and Final Triumph Over Communism'' (2002)

* Suri, Jeremi. "Explaining the End of the Cold War: A New Historical Consensus?" ''Journal of Cold War Studies'' - Volume 4, Number 4, Fall 2002, pp. 60–92 in [[Project Muse]]

−

* Thomas W. Walker; ''Reagan Versus the Sandinistas: The Undeclared War on Nicaragua'' (1987) [http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=65710540 online edition]

+

* Thomas W. Walker. ''Reagan Versus the Sandinistas: The Undeclared War on Nicaragua'' (1987) [http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=65710540 online edition]

−

* Wallison, Peter J. ''Ronald Reagan: The Power of Conviction and the Success of His Presidency.'' (2003). 282 pp.

+

* Wallison, Peter J. ''Ronald Reagan: The Power of Conviction and the Success of His Presidency.'' (2003). 282 pp.

−

* Wapshott, Nicholas. '' Ronald Reagan and Margaret Thatcher: a political ~~marriage‎~~'' (2007) 336 pages [https://books.google.com/books?id=5HOuTL508F0C&printsec=frontcover&dq=intitle:reagan&lr=&as_drrb_is=b&as_minm_is=1&as_miny_is=2007&as_maxm_is=12&as_maxy_is=2009&num=30&as_brr=0&as_pt=ALLTYPES excerpt and text search]

+

* Wapshott, Nicholas. ''Ronald Reagan and Margaret Thatcher: a political marriage'' (2007) 336 pages [https://books.google.com/books?id=5HOuTL508F0C&printsec=frontcover&dq=intitle:reagan&lr=&as_drrb_is=b&as_minm_is=1&as_miny_is=2007&as_maxm_is=12&as_maxy_is=2009&num=30&as_brr=0&as_pt=ALLTYPES excerpt and text search]

−

* Wills, David C. ''The First War on Terrorism: Counter-Terrorism Policy during the Reagan Administration.'' 2004.

+

* Wills, David C. ''The First War on Terrorism: Counter-Terrorism Policy during the Reagan Administration.'' 2004.

===Rhetoric, media and values===

−

* Aden, R. C. "Entrapment and Escape: Inventional Metaphors in Ronald Reagan's Economic Rhetoric." ''Southern Communication Journal'' 54 (1989): 384–401

+

* Aden, R. C. "Entrapment and Escape: Inventional Metaphors in Ronald Reagan's Economic Rhetoric." ''Southern Communication Journal'' 54 (1989): 384–401.

* Dallek, Robert. ''Ronald Reagan: The Politics of Symbolism.'' (1999)

* Denton Jr., Robert E. ''Primetime Presidency of Ronald Reagan: The Era of the Television Presidency'' (1988) [http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=23088126 online edition]

−

* Diggins, John Patrick. ''Ronald Reagan: Fate, Freedom, and the Making of History'' (2007) Reagan as follower of Emerson, by leading historian of ideas

+

* Diggins, John Patrick. ''Ronald Reagan: Fate, Freedom, and the Making of History'' (2007). Reagan as follower of Emerson, by leading historian of ideas

−

* Jane ~~Feuer;~~ Seeing through the Eighties: Television and Reaganism'' Duke University Press, 1995 [http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=98148093 online edition]

+

* Feuer, Jane. ''Seeing through the Eighties: Television and Reaganism.'' Duke University Press, 1995 [http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=98148093 online edition]

−

* FitzWater, Marlin . ''Call the Briefing! Bush and Reagan, Sam and Helen, a Decade with Presidents and the Press''. 1995. Memoir by Reagan's press spokesman.

+

* FitzWater, Marlin. ''Call the Briefing! Bush and Reagan, Sam and Helen, a Decade with Presidents and the Press''. 1995. Memoir by Reagan's press spokesman.

* Goodnight, G. Thomas. "Ronald Reagan's Re-formulation of the Rhetoric of War: Analysis of the 'Zero Option,' 'Evil Empire,' and 'Star Wars' Addresses." ''Quarterly Journal of Speech'' 72 (1986): 390–414.

* Greffenius, Steven. ''The Last Jeffersonian: Ronald Reagan's Dreams of America''. June, July, & August Books. 2002.

−

* Hertsgaard, Mark. ''On Bended Knee: The Press and the Reagan Presidency'' 1988. ~~criticizes~~ the press

+

* Hertsgaard, Mark. ''On Bended Knee: The Press and the Reagan Presidency.'' 1988. Criticizes the press

* Hoeveler, J. David. ''Watch on the Right: Conservative Intellectuals in the Reagan Era.'' University of Wisconsin Press, 1991.

* Houck, Davis, and Amos Kiewe, eds. ''Actor, Ideologue, Politician: The Public Speeches of Ronald Reagan'' (Greenwood Press, 1993) [http://www.questia.com/SM.qst?act=adv&contributors=Davis W. Houck&dcontributors=Davis+W.+Houck online edition]

−

* Jones, John M. "'Until Next Week': The Saturday Radio Addresses of Ronald Reagan" ''Presidential Studies Quarterly.'' Volume: 32. Issue: 1. 2002. pp 84+.

+

* Jones, John M. "'Until Next Week': The Saturday Radio Addresses of Ronald Reagan" ''Presidential Studies Quarterly.'' Volume: 32. Issue: 1. 2002. pp. 84+.

−

* Kengor, Paul. ''God and Ronald Reagan: A Spiritual Life'' Regan Books, 2004. ISBN.

+

* Kengor, Paul. ''God and Ronald Reagan: A Spiritual Life.'' Regan Books, 2004. ISBN.

* Kiewe, Amos, and Davis W. Houck. ''A Shining City on a Hill: Ronald Reagan's Economic Rhetoric, 1951-1989.'' 1991.

−

* Lewis, William F. "Telling America's Story: Narrative Form and the Reagan Presidency", ''Quarterly Journal of Speech'': 280–302

+

* Lewis, William F. "Telling America's Story: Narrative Form and the Reagan Presidency", ''Quarterly Journal of Speech'': 280–302.

−

* Longley, Kyle, Jeremy D. Mayer, Michael Schaller, and John W. Sloan. ''Deconstructing Reagan: Conservative Mythology and America’s Fortieth President,'' (M.E. Sharpe, 2007. xviii, 150 pp. ~~isbn~~ 978-0-7656-1591-6.)

+

* Longley, Kyle, Jeremy D. Mayer, Michael Schaller, and John W. Sloan. ''Deconstructing Reagan: Conservative Mythology and America’s Fortieth President,'' (M.E. Sharpe, 2007. xviii, 150 pp. ISBN 978-0-7656-1591-6.)

−

* Meyer, John C. "Ronald Reagan and Humor: A Politician's Velvet Weapon", ''Communication Studies'' 41 (1990): 76–88.

+

* Meyer, John C. "Ronald Reagan and Humor: A Politician's Velvet Weapon", ''Communication Studies'' 41 (1990): 76–88.

* Moore, Mark P. "Reagan's Quest for Freedom in the 1987 State of the Union Address." ''Western Journal of Communication'' 53 (1989): 52–65.

−

* Muir, William Ker. ''The Bully Pulpit: The Presidential Leadership of Ronald Reagan'' (1992)~~, examines~~ his speeches

+

* Muir, William Ker. ''The Bully Pulpit: The Presidential Leadership of Ronald Reagan'' (1992). Examines his speeches

−

* Noonan, Peggy. ''When Character Was King: A Story of Ronald Reagan'' (2001) ~~memoir~~ by a Reagan speechwriter

+

* Noonan, Peggy. ''When Character Was King: A Story of Ronald Reagan'' (2001). Memoir by a Reagan speechwriter

−

* ~~Ormanm~~ John. ''Comparing Presidential Behavior: Carter, Reagan, and the Macho Presidential Style'' Greenwood Press, 1987 [http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=15388519 online edition]

+

* Orman, John. ''Comparing Presidential Behavior: Carter, Reagan, and the Macho Presidential Style'' Greenwood Press, 1987 [http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=15388519 online edition]

* Ritter, Kurt W. ''Ronald Reagan: The Great Communicator.'' Greenwood, 1992. [http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=29047567 online edition]

−

* Shogan, Colleen J. "Coolidge and Reagan: The Rhetorical Influence of Silent Cal on the Great Communicator", ''Rhetoric & Public Affairs'' 9.2 online at Project Muse; argues that Coolidge and Reagan shared a common ideological message, which served as the basis for modern conservatism. Even without engaging in explicitly partisan rhetoric, Reagan's principled speech served an important party-building function.

+

* Shogan, Colleen J. "Coolidge and Reagan: The Rhetorical Influence of Silent Cal on the Great Communicator", ''Rhetoric & Public Affairs'' 9.2 online at Project Muse; argues that Coolidge and Reagan shared a common ideological message, which served as the basis for modern conservatism. Even without engaging in explicitly partisan rhetoric, Reagan's principled speech served an important party-building function.

−

* Stuckey, Mary. ''Getting Into the Game: The Pre-Presidential Rhetoric of Ronald Reagan.'' Praeger, 1989

+

* Stuckey, Mary. ''Getting Into the Game: The Pre-Presidential Rhetoric of Ronald Reagan.'' Praeger, 1989.

* Stuckey, Mary. ''Playing the Game: The Presidential Rhetoric of Ronald Reagan.'' Praeger, 1990. [http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=24414026 online edition]

−

* Thomas, Tony. ''The Films of Ronald Reagan'' (1980)

+

* Thomas, Tony. ''The Films of Ronald Reagan'' (1980).

−

* Troy, Gill. ''Morning in America: How Ronald Reagan Invented the 1980s'' (2004). Study of Reagan's image.

+

* Troy, Gill. ''Morning in America: How Ronald Reagan Invented the 1980s'' (2004). Study of Reagan's image.

−

* Michael Weiler and W. Barnett Pearce; ''Reagan and Public Discourse in America'' University of Alabama Press, 1992 [http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=59353372 online edition]

+

* Michael Weiler and W. Barnett Pearce, ''Reagan and Public Discourse in America.'' University of Alabama Press, 1992 [http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=59353372 online edition]

−

* Wills, Garry. ''Reagan's America: Innocents at Home''. (1987)

+

* Wills, Garry. ''Reagan's America: Innocents at Home'' (1987)

===Primary sources===

−

* [http://fraser.stlouisfed.org/publications/ERP/ Council of Economic Advisors, ''Economic Report of the President'' (annual 1947- )], complete series online; important analysis of current trends and policies, plus ~~statistcial~~ tables

+

* [http://fraser.stlouisfed.org/publications/ERP/ Council of Economic Advisors, ''Economic Report of the President'' (annual 1947- )], complete series online; important analysis of current trends and policies, plus statistical tables.

−

* Reagan Ronald, and Richard G. Hubler. ''Where's the Rest of Me?'' (1965). ~~first~~ autobiography

+

* Reagan, Ronald, and Richard G. Hubler. ''Where's the Rest of Me?'' (1965). First autobiography.

−

* Reagan Ronald. ''An American Life.'' (1990). ~~second~~ autobiography [https://www.amazon.com/American-Life-Ronald-Reagan/dp/0743400259/ref=sr_1_1/103-4827826-5463040?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1194317128&sr=1-1 excerpt and text search]

+

* Reagan, Ronald. ''An American Life.'' (1990). Second autobiography [https://www.amazon.com/American-Life-Ronald-Reagan/dp/0743400259/ref=sr_1_1/103-4827826-5463040?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1194317128&sr=1-1 excerpt and text search]

−

* Reagan Ronald. ''The Creative Society: Some Comments on Problems Facing America.'' 1968.

+

* Reagan, Ronald. ''The Creative Society: Some Comments on Problems Facing America.'' 1968.

−

* Reagan Ronald. ''Abortion and the Conscience of the Nation.'' 1984.

+

* Reagan, Ronald. ''Abortion and the Conscience of the Nation.'' 1984.

−

* Reagan Ronald. ''Public Papers of the Presidents of the United States: Ronald Reagan. 1981-1989.'' 8 vols. Washington, D.C.: GPO, 1982–91.

+

* Reagan, Ronald. ''Public Papers of the Presidents of the United States: Ronald Reagan. 1981-1989.'' 8 vols. Washington, D.C.: GPO, 1982–91.

* Reagan, Ronald. ''[[Reagan, In His Own Hand]]: The Writings of Ronald Reagan That Reveal His Revolutionary Vision for America'' (2001) [https://www.amazon.com/gp/reader/0743219384/ref=sib_dp_pt/103-4827826-5463040#reader-link excerpt and text search]

−

* Reagan, Ronald. ''The Reagan Diaries: Extended Selections‎'' ed. by Douglas Brinkley (2007)

+

* Reagan, Ronald. ''The Reagan Diaries: Extended Selections‎'' ed. by Douglas Brinkley (2007).

−

* Skinner, Kiron K. et al., eds. ''Reagan's Path to Victory: The Shaping of Ronald Reagan's Vision: Selected Writings'' (2004), 450 radio talks from late 1970s

+

* Skinner, Kiron K. et al., eds. ''Reagan's Path to Victory: The Shaping of Ronald Reagan's Vision: Selected Writings'' (2004), 450 radio talks from late 1970s.

====Primary sources by Reagan associates====

−

* Anderson, Martin. ''Revolution: The Reagan Legacy'' (1990)

+

* Anderson, Martin. ''Revolution: The Reagan Legacy'' (1990).

−

* Haig, Alexander. ''Inner Circles: How America Changed the World'' (1994). Haig was Secretary of State 1981–82

+

* Haig, Alexander. ''Inner Circles: How America Changed the World'' (1994). Haig was Secretary of State 1981–82.

−

* Deaver, Michael, and Mickey Herskowitz. ''Behind the Scenes''. 1987. Memoir by a top aide.

+

* Deaver, Michael, and Mickey Herskowitz. ''Behind the Scenes.'' 1987. Memoir by a top aide.

−

* Meese Edwin. ''With Reagan: The Inside Story.'' Regnery Gateway, 1992.

+

* Meese, Edwin. ''With Reagan: The Inside Story.'' Regnery Gateway, 1992.

−

* Niskanen William A. ''Reaganomics: An Insider's Account of the Policies and the People.'' Oxford University Press, 1988.

+

* Niskanen, William A. ''Reaganomics: An Insider's Account of the Policies and the People.'' Oxford University Press, 1988.

−

* Reagan, Nancy. ''My Turn: The Memoirs of Nancy Reagan'' (1989)

+

* Reagan, Nancy. ''My Turn: The Memoirs of Nancy Reagan'' (1989).

−

* Reagan Maureen. ''First Father, First Daughter: A Memoir.'' 1989.

+

* Reagan, Maureen. ''First Father, First Daughter: A Memoir.'' 1989.

−

* Reagan Michael and Joe Hyams. ''On the Outside Looking In.'' 1988.

+

* Reagan, Michael and Joe Hyams. ''On the Outside Looking In.'' 1988.

−

* Regan Donald T. ''For the Record. From Wall Street to Washington.'' 1988; Treasury Secretary and Chief of Staff

+

* Regan, Donald T. ''For the Record. From Wall Street to Washington.'' 1988; Treasury Secretary and Chief of Staff.

−

* Shultz, George P. ''Turmoil and Triumph My Years As Secretary of State'' (1993) ~~Schulz~~ was Secretary of State 1982–89

+

* Shultz, George P. ''Turmoil and Triumph My Years As Secretary of State'' (1993). Shultz was Secretary of State 1982–89.

−

* Stahl, Lesley. "Reporting Live" (1999) ~~memoir~~ by TV news reporter

+

* Stahl, Lesley. "Reporting Live" (1999). Memoir by TV news reporter.

−

* Stockman David A. ''The Triumph of Politics: How the Reagan Revolution Failed.'' 1986. Stockman was Budget Director in 1981–82

+

* Stockman, David A. ''The Triumph of Politics: How the Reagan Revolution Failed.'' 1986. Stockman was Budget Director in 1981–82.

−

* Thompson Kenneth W., ed. ''Foreign Policy in the Reagan Presidency: Nine Intimate Perspectives.'' University Press of America, 1993.

+

* Thompson, Kenneth W., ed. ''Foreign Policy in the Reagan Presidency: Nine Intimate Perspectives.'' University Press of America, 1993.

−

* Thompson Kenneth W., ed. ''Leadership in the Reagan Presidency: Seven Intimate Perspectives.'' 1992.

+

* Thompson, Kenneth W., ed. ''Leadership in the Reagan Presidency: Seven Intimate Perspectives.'' 1992.

−

* Thompson Kenneth W., ed. ''Leadership in the Reagan Presidency, Part II: Eleven Intimate Perspectives.'' University Press of America, 1993.

+

* Thompson, Kenneth W., ed. ''Leadership in the Reagan Presidency, Part II: Eleven Intimate Perspectives.'' University Press of America, 1993.

−

* Weinberger, Caspar. ''In the Arena: A Memoir of the 20th Century'' (1991), by the Defense Secretary

+

* Weinberger, Caspar. ''In the Arena: A Memoir of the 20th Century'' (1991), by the Defense Secretary.

===Government documents===

−

* Council of Economic Advisors. ''Economic Report of the President,'' (annual, 1981–1988), detailed analysis of economic issues

+

* Council of Economic Advisors. ''Economic Report of the President,'' (annual, 1981–1988), detailed analysis of economic issues.

−

* U.S. Census Bureau, ''Statistical Abstract of the United States'' annual compilation of over 1000 tables of data.

+

* U.S. Census Bureau, ''Statistical Abstract of the United States,'' annual compilation of over 1000 tables of data.

===Other===

Line 862: Line 863:

==External links==

−

*[https://www.hoover.org/research/how-great-was-ronald-reagan How Great Was Ronald Reagan?], [[Hoover Institution]]

+

*[https://www.hoover.org/research/how-great-was-ronald-reagan How Great Was Ronald Reagan?], [[Hoover Institution]].

−

*[https://reaganlibrary.archives.gov/archives/photographs/history.html Historical Photographs], from the Ronald Reagan Presidential Library and Museum

+

*[https://reaganlibrary.archives.gov/archives/photographs/history.html Historical Photographs], from the Ronald Reagan Presidential Library and Museum.

−

*[https://reaganlibrary.gov/major-speeches-index Ronald Reagan's Major Speeches, 1964-89]

+

*[https://reaganlibrary.gov/major-speeches-index Ronald Reagan's Major Speeches, 1964-89].

−

*[http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,1101040614-646317,00.html Time Magazine Article on ''The All-American President'']

+

*[http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,1101040614-646317,00.html Time Magazine Article on ''The All-American President''].

−

*[https://www.whitehouse.gov/history/presidents/rr40.html White House Official Page]

+

*[https://www.whitehouse.gov/history/presidents/rr40.html White House Official Page].

−

*[http://www.simonsays.com/content/book.cfm?tab=1&pid=537924&agid=2 The Passing of a Conservative] - by Alfred Regnery

+

*[http://www.simonsays.com/content/book.cfm?tab=1&pid=537924&agid=2 The Passing of a Conservative] - by Alfred Regnery.

−

*[http://www.reagan.utexas.edu/ Reagan's Presidential Library]

+

*[http://www.reagan.utexas.edu/ Reagan's Presidential Library].

−

*[http://imdb.com/name/nm0001654/ Actor Bio At IMDB]

+

*[http://imdb.com/name/nm0001654/ Actor Bio At IMDB].

−

*[http://www.ronaldreaganmemorial.com/ Official Memorial]

+

*[http://www.ronaldreaganmemorial.com/ Official Memorial].

−

*[http://www.quotationspage.com/quotes/Ronald_Reagan Quotations by Ronald Reagan]

+

*[http://www.quotationspage.com/quotes/Ronald_Reagan Quotations by Ronald Reagan].

*[http://reagan2020.us/ Reagan 2020] Reagan 2020 is the Internet's most comprehensive resource on Ronald Reagan.

−

*[http://www.acuf.org/principles/p_philos.asp "Our Philosophy of Government"] Speech by President Ronald Reagan, March 2, 1981

+

*[http://www.acuf.org/principles/p_philos.asp "Our Philosophy of Government"] Speech by President Ronald Reagan, March 2, 1981.

*[https://www.nationalreview.com/article/211049/abortion-and-conscience-nation-nro-primary-document Abortion and the Conscience of the Nation] While president, Ronald Reagan penned this article for The Human Life Review, unsolicited.

−

* [https://librivox.org/author/11305 Works by Ronald Reagan - text and free audio] - [[LibriVox]]

+

* [https://librivox.org/author/11305 Works by Ronald Reagan - text and free audio] - [[LibriVox]].

−

*[http://davekopel.org/Misc/OpEds/Ronald-Reagan-extremist-collaborator.html Ronald Reagan, Extremist Collaborator], by Dave Kopel

+

*[http://davekopel.org/Misc/OpEds/Ronald-Reagan-extremist-collaborator.html Ronald Reagan, Extremist Collaborator], by Dave Kopel.

−

*Hawkins, Awr (April 25, 2017). [https://www.breitbart.com/big-government/2017/04/25/ronald-reagan-seek-inflict-harm-not-fazed-gun-control-laws/ Ronald Reagan: ‘Those Who Seek to Inflict Harm Are Not Fazed by Gun Control Laws’]. ''Breitbart News''.

+

* Hawkins, Awr (April 25, 2017). [https://www.breitbart.com/big-government/2017/04/25/ronald-reagan-seek-inflict-harm-not-fazed-gun-control-laws/ Ronald Reagan: ‘Those Who Seek to Inflict Harm Are Not Fazed by Gun Control Laws’]. ''Breitbart News''.

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