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[[File:Angelica Kauffmann Self Portrait 1780 - 1785.jpg|300px|thumb|Angelica Kauffmann, Self Portrait, 1780 - 1785.  One of only two female Founder Members of the Royal Academy of Art in London, England.]]

[[File:Angelica Kauffmann Self Portrait 1780 - 1785.jpg|300px|thumb|Angelica Kauffmann, Self Portrait, 1780 - 1785.  One of only two female Founder Members of the Royal Academy of Art in London, England.]]

Women are the female of the human species. Most women have two X-chromosomes.<ref>Gamble, T., &amp; Zarkower, D. (2012). Sex determination. ''Current Biology'', ''22''(8), R257–R262. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2012.02.054 </ref> They also have different reproductive organs from men and normally can give birth. While on average women’s brains are smaller on average than men, this is not an indication of a lower intelligence.<ref> [https://www.nm.org/healthbeat/healthy-tips/battle-of-the-brain-men-vs-women-infographic “Battle of the Brain: Men Vs. Women”] Northwestern Medicine</ref> Other morphological differences from men include a thicker layer of subcutaneous [[fat]], a wider pelvis to facilitate carrying and birthing a [[baby]], and have less fine vellus and coarse hair than men.<ref>[https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/319881 Medical News Today]</ref>

'''Women''' are the female of the human species. Most women have two X-chromosomes.<ref>Gamble, T., &amp; Zarkower, D. (2012). Sex determination. ''Current Biology'', ''22''(8), R257–R262. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2012.02.054</ref> They also have different reproductive organs from men and normally can give birth. While on average women's brains are smaller on average than men, this is not an indication of a lower intelligence.<ref>[https://www.nm.org/healthbeat/healthy-tips/battle-of-the-brain-men-vs-women-infographic “Battle of the Brain: Men Vs. Women”] Northwestern Medicine</ref> Other morphological differences from men include a thicker layer of subcutaneous [[fat]], a wider pelvis to facilitate carrying and birthing a [[baby]], and have less fine vellus and coarse hair than men.<ref>[https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/319881 Medical News Today]</ref>

Men have typically two times more upper body strength than women, and around 50% more leg strength.<ref>College women have 50 to 60 percent of the arm and shoulder strength and 70 percent of the leg strength of their male counterparts. [http://www.humankinetics.com/products/showexcerpt.cfm?excerpt_id=4171 Human Kinetics]</ref> Women have slightly longer average lifespans than men, which results in women overtaking men in population by middle age despite a 1.05:1 boy to girl ratio at birth in many countries, though the ratio differs in some parts of the world.<ref>[https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2013/09/24/the-odds-that-you-will-give-birth-to-a-boy-or-girl-depend-on-where-in-the-world-you-live/ Pew Research],</ref>

Men have typically two times more upper body strength than women, and around 50% more leg strength.<ref>College women have 50 to 60 percent of the arm and shoulder strength and 70 percent of the leg strength of their male counterparts. [http://www.humankinetics.com/products/showexcerpt.cfm?excerpt_id=4171 Human Kinetics]</ref> Women have slightly longer average lifespans than men, which results in women overtaking men in population by middle age despite a 1.05:1 boy to girl ratio at birth in many countries, though the ratio differs in some parts of the world.<ref>[https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2013/09/24/the-odds-that-you-will-give-birth-to-a-boy-or-girl-depend-on-where-in-the-world-you-live/ Pew Research],</ref>

Men are also more violent than women, according to conservative psychologist [[Jordan Peterson]].<ref> https://www.jordanbpeterson.com/media/on-the-new-york-times-and-enforced-monogamy/</ref> Men also have higher levels of [[testosterone]] than women, which is associated with masculinity, while [[estrogen]] is  one of the primary female [[hormone]]s.

Men are also more violent than women, according to conservative psychologist [[Jordan Peterson]].<ref>https://www.jordanbpeterson.com/media/on-the-new-york-times-and-enforced-monogamy/</ref> Men also have higher levels of [[testosterone]] than women, which is associated with masculinity, while [[estrogen]] is  one of the primary female [[hormone]]s.

== Women in history ==

== Women in history ==

*[[St Hildegard of Bingen]], medieval composer, philosopher, mystic,etc.

*[[St Hildegard of Bingen]], medieval composer, philosopher, mystic,etc.

*[[Artemisia Gentileschi]] (1593 - 1654 or later). The most celebrated female painter of the 17th century.  

*[[Artemisia Gentileschi]] (1593 - 1654 or later). The most celebrated female painter of the 17th century.  

*[[Anne Bradstreet]] (1612-1672). One of America's first poets.

*[[Anne Bradstreet]] (1612–1672). One of America's first poets.

*[[Clara Schuman]], composer

*[[Clara Schuman]], composer

*[[Louisa May Alcott]] (1832-1888). Writer and activist.

*[[Louisa May Alcott]] (1832–1888). Writer and activist.

*[[Isadora Duncan]], the most famous dancer of her time.

*[[Isadora Duncan]], the most famous dancer of her time.

*[[Pearl S. Buck]] (1892-1973). Won the 1938 [[Nobel Prize]] in Literature.  

*[[Pearl S. Buck]] (1892–1973). Won the 1938 [[Nobel Prize]] in Literature.  

*[[Marian Anderson]] (1897-1993). Famous singer.

*[[Marian Anderson]] (1897–1993). Famous singer.

*[[Georgia O'Keefe]], major 20th century painter

*[[Georgia O'Keefe]], major 20th century painter

*[[Jane Austen]], a famous early novelist

*[[Jane Austen]], a famous early novelist

*[[Harriet Tubman]], an escaped slave and abolitionist who played an important role in the [[Underground Railroad]].

*[[Harriet Tubman]], an escaped slave and abolitionist who played an important role in the [[Underground Railroad]].

*[[Queen]] [[Elizabeth I]] of [[England]]

*[[Queen]] [[Elizabeth I]] of [[England]]

*[[Susan B. Anthony]], was an abolitionist, anti-abortionist, and campaigned for a woman’s right to vote.

*[[Susan B. Anthony]], was an abolitionist, anti-abortionist, and campaigned for a woman's right to vote.

*[[Mary Wollstonecraft]] (1759–97) She wrote  ''A Vindication of the Rights of Women''.  

*[[Mary Wollstonecraft]] (1759–97) She wrote  ''A Vindication of the Rights of Women''.  

*[[Queen Victoria]]. Queen of England for much of the 19th century

*[[Queen Victoria]]. Queen of England for much of the 19th century

*Empress Tsarina [[Catherine the Great]] of [[Russia]]

*Empress Tsarina [[Catherine the Great]] of [[Russia]]

*[[Prime Minister of the United Kingdom]] [[Margaret Thatcher]]

*[[Prime Minister of the United Kingdom]] [[Margaret Thatcher]]

*[[Eleanor Roosevelt]] (1884-1962). Activist who worked for racial equality and was U.S. Representative to the U.N.

*[[Eleanor Roosevelt]] (1884–1962). Activist who worked for racial equality and was U.S. Representative to the U.N.

*[[Prime Minister of Israel]] [[Golda Meir]]

*[[Prime Minister of Israel]] [[Golda Meir]]

*[[Prime Minister of India]] [[Indira Gandhi]]

*[[Prime Minister of India]] [[Indira Gandhi]]

*[[Prime Minister of Pakistan]] [[Benazir Bhutto]], the first woman to lead an [[Islam|Islamic republic]]

*[[Prime Minister of Pakistan]] [[Benazir Bhutto]], the first woman to lead an [[Islam|Islamic republic]]

* [[Wangari Maathai]] (1940-2011.) A Kenyan  political activist.

* [[Wangari Maathai]] (1940–2011.) A Kenyan  political activist.

*[[United States Supreme Court Justice]] [[Sandra Day O'Connor]]. The first woman appointed to the Supreme Court.

*[[United States Supreme Court Justice]] [[Sandra Day O'Connor]]. The first woman appointed to the Supreme Court.

*[[Candace Owens]], Black activist, human rights spokesperson and entrepreneur

*[[Candace Owens]], Black activist, human rights spokesperson and entrepreneur

*[[Alaska]] governor [[Sarah Palin]], She was [[John McCain]]'s  vice-presidential running mate.

*[[Alaska]] governor [[Sarah Palin]], She was [[John McCain]]'s  vice-presidential running mate.

*[[Phyllis Schlafly]], a founder of the modern conservative movement

*[[Phyllis Schlafly]], a founder of the modern conservative movement

*Mary May Simon, Canada’s first [[Aborigines| Indigenous]] governor general.

*Mary May Simon, Canada's first [[Aborigines|Indigenous]] governor general.

*[[Madeline Albright]], the first female [[U.S. Secretary of State]] was born in a [[Slavic]] culture under leftwing [[Soviet]] domination

*[[Madeline Albright]], the first female [[U.S. Secretary of State]] was born in a [[Slavic]] culture under leftwing [[Soviet]] domination

*[[Louise Glück]], American  poet in 2020.

*[[Louise Glück]], American  poet in 2020.

[https://www.nobelprize.org/womenwhochangedscience/stories| Other Nobel laureates]

[https://www.nobelprize.org/womenwhochangedscience/stories Other Nobel laureates]

=== Sport ===

=== Sport ===

*[[Junko Tabei]] (1939-2016) She was the first  woman to reach the summit of [[Mount Everest]] in 1975,. she later was  the first woman to climb all the highest peaks on every continent..

*[[Junko Tabei]] (1939–2016) She was the first  woman to reach the summit of [[Mount Everest]] in 1975,. she later was  the first woman to climb all the highest peaks on every continent..

===Negative role models ===

===Negative role models ===

Historically in most cultures, women were often denied educational opportunities. Christian missionaries and indigenous Christian leaders changed that in country after country. In Japan, Nitobe Inazō, a scholar with five doctoral degrees and an innovator in Japan’s agricultural advancement, founded Tokyo Christian Women’s University and became its first president. Tsuda Umeko, a Japanese woman educated in the United States, became the private tutor of prime minister Ito Hirobumi’s children. She had such an influence on securing the right of women to education that Tsuda College, the most prestigious private women’s college in Japan, is named in her honor.<ref>[https://www.summit.org/resources/articles/womens-rights-advanced-christian-worldview-2000-years/ Women’s Rights: Advanced by a Christian Worldview for 2,000 Years]</ref>}}

Historically in most cultures, women were often denied educational opportunities. Christian missionaries and indigenous Christian leaders changed that in country after country. In Japan, Nitobe Inazō, a scholar with five doctoral degrees and an innovator in Japan’s agricultural advancement, founded Tokyo Christian Women’s University and became its first president. Tsuda Umeko, a Japanese woman educated in the United States, became the private tutor of prime minister Ito Hirobumi’s children. She had such an influence on securing the right of women to education that Tsuda College, the most prestigious private women’s college in Japan, is named in her honor.<ref>[https://www.summit.org/resources/articles/womens-rights-advanced-christian-worldview-2000-years/ Women’s Rights: Advanced by a Christian Worldview for 2,000 Years]</ref>}}

The [[Pentecostal]] Assemblies of the World's more than 60 dioceses now has two woman [[bishop]]s, Bishop Mona Reide and Bishop Gwendolyn G. Weeks ,"the first and second women to take on the full responsibilities of a bishop in the more than 100-year-old denomination".<ref>[https://www.tennessean.com/story/news/religion/2017/07/27/2-women-picked-first-female-bishops-lead-pentecostal-denominations-dioceses/470135001/ ''Tennessean'']</ref>

The [[Pentecostal]] Assemblies of the World's more than 60 dioceses now has two woman [[bishop]]s, Bishop Mona Reide and Bishop Gwendolyn G. Weeks, "the first and second women to take on the full responsibilities of a bishop in the more than 100-year-old denomination".<ref>[https://www.tennessean.com/story/news/religion/2017/07/27/2-women-picked-first-female-bishops-lead-pentecostal-denominations-dioceses/470135001/ ''Tennessean'']</ref>

== Women in the Bible ==

== Women in the Bible ==