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A '''Cattle drive''' involved cowboys on horseback moving  herds of cattle long distances, usually to market. It was a major economic activity in the [[American frontier|frontier stage]] of the American southwest, especially 1866-95, when 10 million cattle were herded from Texas to railheads in Kansas for shipments to stockyards in Chicago and points east. Because of extensive treatment in fiction and film the cowboy became the worldwide iconic image of the American.

A '''Cattle drive''' involved cowboys on horseback moving  herds of cattle long distances, usually to market. It was a major economic activity in the [[American frontier|frontier stage]] of the American southwest, especially 1866–95, when 10 million cattle were herded from Texas to railheads in Kansas for shipments to stockyards in Chicago and points east. Because of extensive treatment in fiction and film the cowboy became the worldwide iconic image of the American.

[[Image:COWBOY1902.JPG|thumb|300px|American cattle drive in 1902]]

[[Image:COWBOY1902.JPG|thumb|300px|American cattle drive in 1902]]

The gold boom in California in the 1850s created a demand for beef and the cash to pay for it, so very long drives were attempted.  Australians began cattle drives to ports for shipment of beef to San Francisco and, after freezing methods were developed, all the way to Britain. In 1853 Italian aristocrat Leonetto Cipriani undertook a drive from St. Louis to San Francisco along the Oregon-California trail; he returned to Europe in 1855 with large profits.

The gold boom in California in the 1850s created a demand for beef and the cash to pay for it, so very long drives were attempted.  Australians began cattle drives to ports for shipment of beef to San Francisco and, after freezing methods were developed, all the way to Britain. In 1853 Italian aristocrat Leonetto Cipriani undertook a drive from St. Louis to San Francisco along the Oregon-California trail; he returned to Europe in 1855 with large profits.

During the Civil War before the Union seized the Mississippi in 1863 , Texas drove cattle throughout the states for the Confederate forces.  In October, 1862, a  Union naval patrol on the southern Mississippi River captured 1,500 head of Texas longhorns, which had been destined for Confederate military posts in Louisiana.  The permanent loss of the main cattle supply left the Confederate armies hungry.<ref>Chuck Veit, "The Great Navy Cattle Drive of '62." ''Naval History'' 2006 20(3): 24-31. Issn: 1042-1920 Fulltext: [[Ebsco]]</ref>

During the Civil War before the Union seized the Mississippi in 1863, Texas drove cattle throughout the states for the Confederate forces.  In October, 1862, a  Union naval patrol on the southern Mississippi River captured 1,500 head of Texas longhorns, which had been destined for Confederate military posts in Louisiana.  The permanent loss of the main cattle supply left the Confederate armies hungry.<ref>Chuck Veit, "The Great Navy Cattle Drive of '62." ''Naval History'' 2006 20(3): 24-31. Issn: 1042-1920 Fulltext: [[Ebsco]]</ref>

==Cow towns==

==Cow towns==

The cow towns flourished 1866-1890. The first was Abilene, Kans. Other towns in Kansas—Wichita, Hays, Ellsworth, Newton, Caldwell, and Dodge City—succeeded Abilene or shared its patronage by riders fresh off the long trail. Hunnewell, Missouri; Ogallala, Nebraska; Cheyenne, Wyoming; Miles City, Montana; and Medora, North Dakota, served the trade as well. In the 1880s Dodge City boasted of being the "cowboy capital of the world." Abilene, Tascosa, Amarillo, Fort Worth, and Wichita Falls, all in Texas; and Prescott, Arizona; Greeley, Colorado; and Las Vegas, New Mexico were regionally important.  

The cow towns flourished 1866–1890. The first was Abilene, Kans. Other towns in Kansas—Wichita, Hays, Ellsworth, Newton, Caldwell, and Dodge City—succeeded Abilene or shared its patronage by riders fresh off the long trail. Hunnewell, Missouri; Ogallala, Nebraska; Cheyenne, Wyoming; Miles City, Montana; and Medora, North Dakota, served the trade as well. In the 1880s Dodge City boasted of being the "cowboy capital of the world." Abilene, Tascosa, Amarillo, Fort Worth, and Wichita Falls, all in Texas; and Prescott, Arizona; Greeley, Colorado; and Las Vegas, New Mexico were regionally important.  

The most famous cow towns like Abilene were railheads, where the herds were shipped to the Chicago stockyards.  Many smaller towns along the way supported range lands. Many of the cow towns were enlivened by buffalo hunters, railroad construction gangs, and freighting outfits during their heyday. Cattle owners made these towns headquarters for buying and selling.  

The most famous cow towns like Abilene were railheads, where the herds were shipped to the Chicago stockyards.  Many smaller towns along the way supported range lands. Many of the cow towns were enlivened by buffalo hunters, railroad construction gangs, and freighting outfits during their heyday. Cattle owners made these towns headquarters for buying and selling.  

During three swift decades it had moved over ten million cattle and one million range horses, stamped the entire West with its character, given economic and personality prestige to Texas, made the longhorn historic, glorified the cowboy over the globe, and endowed America with its most romantic tradition relating to any occupation.   

During three swift decades it had moved over ten million cattle and one million range horses, stamped the entire West with its character, given economic and personality prestige to Texas, made the longhorn historic, glorified the cowboy over the globe, and endowed America with its most romantic tradition relating to any occupation.   

The best known cowboy writers include [[Theodore Roosevelt]], who lost his inheritance ranching in the Dakotas in the 1880s,  [[Will Rogers]], the leading humorist of the 1920s, and Indiana-born Andy Adams (1859-1935), who spent the 1880s and 1890s in the cattle industry and mining in the Great Plains and Southwest. When an 1898 play's portrayal of Texans outraged Adams, he started writing plays, short stories, and novels drawn from his own experiences. His ''The Log of a Cowboy'' (1903) became a classic novel about the cattle business, especially the cattle drive.  It described a fictional drive of the Circle Dot herd from Texas to Montana in 1882, and became a leading  source on cowboy life; historians retraced his path in the 1960s, confirming his basic accuracy.  His writing is acclaimed and criticized for their fidelity to truth and their lack of literary qualities.<ref>See [https://books.google.com/books?id=1Ho4AAAAIAAJ&dq=The+Log+of+a+Cowboy&pg=PP1&ots=JNb77NHCKz&sig=HNrd_DpLlSKAdGWsCqwNum2Z0EQ&hl=en&sa=X&oi=book_result&resnum=1&ct=result  ''The Log of a Cowboy'' (1903) full text]</ref>

The best known cowboy writers include [[Theodore Roosevelt]], who lost his inheritance ranching in the Dakotas in the 1880s,  [[Will Rogers]], the leading humorist of the 1920s, and Indiana-born Andy Adams (1859–1935), who spent the 1880s and 1890s in the cattle industry and mining in the Great Plains and Southwest. When an 1898 play's portrayal of Texans outraged Adams, he started writing plays, short stories, and novels drawn from his own experiences. His ''The Log of a Cowboy'' (1903) became a classic novel about the cattle business, especially the cattle drive.  It described a fictional drive of the Circle Dot herd from Texas to Montana in 1882, and became a leading  source on cowboy life; historians retraced his path in the 1960s, confirming his basic accuracy.  His writing is acclaimed and criticized for their fidelity to truth and their lack of literary qualities.<ref>See [https://books.google.com/books?id=1Ho4AAAAIAAJ&dq=The+Log+of+a+Cowboy&pg=PP1&ots=JNb77NHCKz&sig=HNrd_DpLlSKAdGWsCqwNum2Z0EQ&hl=en&sa=X&oi=book_result&resnum=1&ct=result  ''The Log of a Cowboy'' (1903) full text]</ref>

===Cowboy culture===

===Cowboy culture===

** *  Corkin, Stanley. "Cowboys and Free Markets: Post-World War II Westerns and U.S. Hegemony," ''Cinema Journal,'' Vol. 39, No. 3 (Spring, 2000), pp.&nbsp;66–91, focus on Howard Hawks's "Red River" (a cattle drive)  and John Ford's "My Darling Clementine" (on Tombstone); [http://www.jstor.org/stable/1225534 in JSTOR]

** *  Corkin, Stanley. "Cowboys and Free Markets: Post-World War II Westerns and U.S. Hegemony," ''Cinema Journal,'' Vol. 39, No. 3 (Spring, 2000), pp.&nbsp;66–91, focus on Howard Hawks's "Red River" (a cattle drive)  and John Ford's "My Darling Clementine" (on Tombstone); [http://www.jstor.org/stable/1225534 in JSTOR]

* Dippie, Brian W., ed. ''Charlie Russell Roundup: Essays on America's Favorite Cowboy Artist.'' (1999). 328 pp.  

* Dippie, Brian W., ed. ''Charlie Russell Roundup: Essays on America's Favorite Cowboy Artist.'' (1999). 328 pp.  

* Dykstra, Robert R., and Jo Ann Manfra.  "The Circle Dot Cowboys at Dodge City: History and Imagination in Andy Adams's The Log of a Cowboy," ''Western Historical Quarterly'' 33 (2002): 19-40,  

* Dykstra, Robert R., and Jo Ann Manfra.  "The Circle Dot Cowboys at Dodge City: History and Imagination in Andy Adams's The Log of a Cowboy," ''Western Historical Quarterly'' 33 (2002): 19–40,  

* Frantz, Joe B.,  and Julian E. Choate. ''The American Cowboy, The Myth and the Reality'' ( 1955)

* Frantz, Joe B.,  and Julian E. Choate. ''The American Cowboy, The Myth and the Reality'' ( 1955)

*  Savage, William W., Jr. ''The Cowboy Hero: His Image in American History and Culture.'' (1979). 179 pp.  

*  Savage, William W. Jr. ''The Cowboy Hero: His Image in American History and Culture.'' (1979). 179 pp.  

*  Smith, Andrew Brodie. ''Shooting Cowboys and Indians: Silent Western Films, American Culture, and the Birth of Hollywood.'' (2003). 230 pp.

*  Smith, Andrew Brodie. ''Shooting Cowboys and Indians: Silent Western Films, American Culture, and the Birth of Hollywood.'' (2003). 230 pp.

* Tompkins, Jane. ''West of Everything: The Inner Life of Westerns.'' (1992). 245 pp.

* Tompkins, Jane. ''West of Everything: The Inner Life of Westerns.'' (1992). 245 pp.