Changes

The royal government brought political and legal stability and largely ended the Indian threat. Prosperity came after 1660 with the realization that tobacco could be grown for a huge profit and that black slaves could do the work. Virginia developed a distinctive culture that spread from there through much of the South. Tobacco and slavery produced an economic, social, and political system dominated by a native oligarchy of rich farmers called the planter aristocracy. Poor whites operated self-sufficient farms, with a little tobacco grown for personal use and cash sales. There were no cities or even towns, as the planters shipped tobacco in barrels from small wharfs close to their plantations directly to London.  

The royal government brought political and legal stability and largely ended the Indian threat. Prosperity came after 1660 with the realization that tobacco could be grown for a huge profit and that black slaves could do the work. Virginia developed a distinctive culture that spread from there through much of the South. Tobacco and slavery produced an economic, social, and political system dominated by a native oligarchy of rich farmers called the planter aristocracy. Poor whites operated self-sufficient farms, with a little tobacco grown for personal use and cash sales. There were no cities or even towns, as the planters shipped tobacco in barrels from small wharfs close to their plantations directly to London.  

===Bacon's rebellion, 1676===

===Bacon's rebellion, 1676===

In 1675 the people were ripe for a rebellion. The spark came from fear of Indian attacks and the feeling that the royal governor, Sir William Berkeley (1606-1677), was not doing his job to protect the colonists. In 1676, they rallied around Nathaniel Bacon, a recent arrival from England, as their leader against the Indians who had launched bloody raids against settlements on the northern and western frontiers.  Bacon demanded the right to lead volunteers against all Indians, even those living peacefully within the colony, in retaliation. Berkeley, fearing unjust dispossession and slaughter of the friendly Indians, refused. Bacon ignored the governor's restriction and led volunteers to the southern frontier in May 1676, where he slaughtered and plundered the friendly Occaneechee Indians.  Berkeley was furious but the colonists hailed him a hero.  

In 1675 the people were ripe for a rebellion. The spark came from fear of Indian attacks and the feeling that the royal governor, Sir William Berkeley (1606–1677), was not doing his job to protect the colonists. In 1676, they rallied around Nathaniel Bacon, a recent arrival from England, as their leader against the Indians who had launched bloody raids against settlements on the northern and western frontiers.  Bacon demanded the right to lead volunteers against all Indians, even those living peacefully within the colony, in retaliation. Berkeley, fearing unjust dispossession and slaughter of the friendly Indians, refused. Bacon ignored the governor's restriction and led volunteers to the southern frontier in May 1676, where he slaughtered and plundered the friendly Occaneechee Indians.  Berkeley was furious but the colonists hailed him a hero.  

When the governor attempted to call him to account, Bacon marched to Jamestown and, at gunpoint, forced the assembly to grant him formal authority to fight the Indian war, which he then prosecuted against another friendly tribe, the Pamunkey. Berkeley now attempted to raise forces to reestablish his own authority, and Bacon turned on the governor with his volunteers. Civil war ensued. Berkeley was driven to the eastern shore of Virginia; Bacon burned Jamestown, the capital. For a few months Bacon's word was law on the mainland; he may have been thinking of independence from the Empire. Suddenly, in October 1676, Bacon died of natural causes and his rebellion disintegrated. Berkeley, having recruited volunteers, defeated the remaining rebels, and, by February 1677, reestablished his authority. Soon thereafter 1,000 troops, sent by King [[Charles II]] to suppress the rebellion, arrived, accompanied by commissioners to investigate its causes. Berkeley had revenged himself by executing defeated rebels after quick courts martial, and for that was severely censured by the commissioners. They sent him to England to justify himself but Berkeley died before seeing the king.<ref>See Wilcomb E. Washburn, ''Governor and the Rebel: A History of Bacon's Rebellion in Virginia,'' (1957), by a conservative historian.</ref>

When the governor attempted to call him to account, Bacon marched to Jamestown and, at gunpoint, forced the assembly to grant him formal authority to fight the Indian war, which he then prosecuted against another friendly tribe, the Pamunkey. Berkeley now attempted to raise forces to reestablish his own authority, and Bacon turned on the governor with his volunteers. Civil war ensued. Berkeley was driven to the eastern shore of Virginia; Bacon burned Jamestown, the capital. For a few months Bacon's word was law on the mainland; he may have been thinking of independence from the Empire. Suddenly, in October 1676, Bacon died of natural causes and his rebellion disintegrated. Berkeley, having recruited volunteers, defeated the remaining rebels, and, by February 1677, reestablished his authority. Soon thereafter 1,000 troops, sent by King [[Charles II]] to suppress the rebellion, arrived, accompanied by commissioners to investigate its causes. Berkeley had revenged himself by executing defeated rebels after quick courts martial, and for that was severely censured by the commissioners. They sent him to England to justify himself but Berkeley died before seeing the king.<ref>See Wilcomb E. Washburn, ''Governor and the Rebel: A History of Bacon's Rebellion in Virginia,'' (1957), by a conservative historian.</ref>

The Anglican religion was established—meaning that taxes were collected to support the church and the parish handled poor relief.  Scattered settlements and the lack of trained Anglican ministers—there were only 109 Anglican ministers in 1775—meant that piety was practiced mostly at home. Itinerant ministers encouraged parishioners to use the ''Book of Common Prayer'' for private prayer and devotion. This allowed Anglicans to lead an active and sincere religious life apart from formal church services. Private piety, however, weakened the Anglican Church, and what clergy there were controlled by the laymen in the vestry. The vestrymen filled vacancies in their own ranks, and was thus self-perpetuating and increasingly isolated from the people.  As a result, Anglicans were unable to counter the [[First Great Awakening]], which created a large Baptist denomination.

The Anglican religion was established—meaning that taxes were collected to support the church and the parish handled poor relief.  Scattered settlements and the lack of trained Anglican ministers—there were only 109 Anglican ministers in 1775—meant that piety was practiced mostly at home. Itinerant ministers encouraged parishioners to use the ''Book of Common Prayer'' for private prayer and devotion. This allowed Anglicans to lead an active and sincere religious life apart from formal church services. Private piety, however, weakened the Anglican Church, and what clergy there were controlled by the laymen in the vestry. The vestrymen filled vacancies in their own ranks, and was thus self-perpetuating and increasingly isolated from the people.  As a result, Anglicans were unable to counter the [[First Great Awakening]], which created a large Baptist denomination.

James Blair (1655-1743) arrived in 1685 as an Anglican  missionary and representative of the Bishop of London. Blair was a latitudinarian churchman, Whiggish advocate of colonial prerogatives, backstage political operator, and acting governor (1740–41), Most important, he founded and was president of the [[College of William and Mary]], which he designed to spread throughout America some of the Christian humanism that he learned in 17th century Scotland.

James Blair (1655–1743) arrived in 1685 as an Anglican  missionary and representative of the Bishop of London. Blair was a latitudinarian churchman, Whiggish advocate of colonial prerogatives, backstage political operator, and acting governor (1740–41), Most important, he founded and was president of the [[College of William and Mary]], which he designed to spread throughout America some of the Christian humanism that he learned in 17th century Scotland.

===Rise of the Baptists===

===Rise of the Baptists===

The Stamp Act of 1765 outraged Virginians.  Their historic rights of Englishmen had been trampled because they were not consulted regarded the new tax.  [[Patrick Henry]] persuaded the Virginia House of Burgesses to adopt in May, 1765, the [[Virginia Resolves]] against the Stamp Act: not only did Henry deliver the famous Caesar-Brutus speech; he wrote the Resolves, planned with George Johnston the strategies for debate on the house floor, and spoke at several points in the debate which initiated colonial resistance to the Act, resistance which culminated in the Act's repeal in 1766.  

The Stamp Act of 1765 outraged Virginians.  Their historic rights of Englishmen had been trampled because they were not consulted regarded the new tax.  [[Patrick Henry]] persuaded the Virginia House of Burgesses to adopt in May, 1765, the [[Virginia Resolves]] against the Stamp Act: not only did Henry deliver the famous Caesar-Brutus speech; he wrote the Resolves, planned with George Johnston the strategies for debate on the house floor, and spoke at several points in the debate which initiated colonial resistance to the Act, resistance which culminated in the Act's repeal in 1766.  

Physician, planter, patriot, soldier, legislator, Theodorick Bland (1742-1790) was an active participant in the major events of his time. Born into a prominent family at the zenith of Virginia's golden age, Bland was trained in medicine in Scotland, London and Paris. He gave up his medical practice in 1771, becoming a tobacco planter and politician. His public career was spent in the defense of the gentry's power and position. His principal motivation was his desire to enable the world of his birth to survive and prosper in the wake of the massive political, economic, and social upheavals that occurred during the 1770s-90s. he raised a regiment and fought alongside [[George Washington]]. Most of Washington’s officers became federalists who supported the Constitution in 1788, but not Bland. Bland's antifederalist views were the ultimate manifestation of his devotion to the world of the tobacco aristocracy. Like [[Patrick Henry]] and [[George Mason]], Bland voted against the new constitution, viewing the document as a serious threat to their power and position. When it was adopted, he ran for and was elected to Congress, but died before he made his mark there.

Physician, planter, patriot, soldier, legislator, Theodorick Bland (1742–1790) was an active participant in the major events of his time. Born into a prominent family at the zenith of Virginia's golden age, Bland was trained in medicine in Scotland, London and Paris. He gave up his medical practice in 1771, becoming a tobacco planter and politician. His public career was spent in the defense of the gentry's power and position. His principal motivation was his desire to enable the world of his birth to survive and prosper in the wake of the massive political, economic, and social upheavals that occurred during the 1770s-90s. he raised a regiment and fought alongside [[George Washington]]. Most of Washington's officers became federalists who supported the Constitution in 1788, but not Bland. Bland's antifederalist views were the ultimate manifestation of his devotion to the world of the tobacco aristocracy. Like [[Patrick Henry]] and [[George Mason]], Bland voted against the new constitution, viewing the document as a serious threat to their power and position. When it was adopted, he ran for and was elected to Congress, but died before he made his mark there.

==New Nation==

==New Nation==

===Free blacks===

===Free blacks===

The free black population grew rapidly during 1771-1815. Before the American Revolution the increase in the free black population was due mainly to local emancipations, natural population increase, and migration from rural areas. During and after the Revolution, however, there were additional ways to become free, including petitions and lawsuits, the 1782 manumission act, self-purchase, purchase by already free blacks, and individual emancipation. Fear of free blacks in an age of black revolts, however, prompted whites to impose restrictions on manumission and migration and ultimately to revert to the colonial-era policy of expelling free blacks from Virginia.<ref>Michael L. Nicholls, "Strangers Setting Among Us: The Sources and Challenge of the Urban Free Black Population of Early Virginia". ''Virginia Magazine of History and Biography'' 2000 108(2): 155-179. 0042-6636 [http://www.jstor.org/stable/4249829  in JSTOR]</ref>

The free black population grew rapidly during 1771–1815. Before the American Revolution the increase in the free black population was due mainly to local emancipations, natural population increase, and migration from rural areas. During and after the Revolution, however, there were additional ways to become free, including petitions and lawsuits, the 1782 manumission act, self-purchase, purchase by already free blacks, and individual emancipation. Fear of free blacks in an age of black revolts, however, prompted whites to impose restrictions on manumission and migration and ultimately to revert to the colonial-era policy of expelling free blacks from Virginia.<ref>Michael L. Nicholls, "Strangers Setting Among Us: The Sources and Challenge of the Urban Free Black Population of Early Virginia". ''Virginia Magazine of History and Biography'' 2000 108(2): 155-179. 0042-6636 [http://www.jstor.org/stable/4249829  in JSTOR]</ref>

Formal laws and informal customs created innumerable obstacles to the socioeconomic advance of the free black population. Laws prohibited free blacks from some activities and occupations and restricted their participation in others. Racism and terrorism by whites also made advancement difficult. Despite these disadvantages, Virginia's free black population fared rather well, with much better nutrition than people back in Europe or Africa.  They grew nearly as tall as white Americans and towered over contemporary Europeans.<ref>Howard. Bodenhorn, "A Troublesome Caste: Height and Nutrition of Antebellum Virginia's Rural Free Blacks." ''Journal of Economic History'' 1999 59(4): 972-996. 0022-0507 [http://www.jstor.org/stable/2566684  in JSTOR]</ref>

Formal laws and informal customs created innumerable obstacles to the socioeconomic advance of the free black population. Laws prohibited free blacks from some activities and occupations and restricted their participation in others. Racism and terrorism by whites also made advancement difficult. Despite these disadvantages, Virginia's free black population fared rather well, with much better nutrition than people back in Europe or Africa.  They grew nearly as tall as white Americans and towered over contemporary Europeans.<ref>Howard. Bodenhorn, "A Troublesome Caste: Height and Nutrition of Antebellum Virginia's Rural Free Blacks." ''Journal of Economic History'' 1999 59(4): 972-996. 0022-0507 [http://www.jstor.org/stable/2566684  in JSTOR]</ref>

The Readjuster Party was a political faction formed in Virginia in the late 1870s during the turbulent period following [[Reconstruction]].  Their leader was [[William Mahone]], a former Confederate general who was president of several railroads. The main issue was whether or not to pay off the prewar state debt, which was primarily for stock in infrastructure improvements such as canals, roads, and railroads. By `1865 most of the improvements had been destroyed by war or were located in West Virginia, so the "Readjusters" did not want to pay for them. After his unsuccessful bid for the Democratic nomination for governor in 1877, Mahone became the leader of the "Readjusters", forming a coalition of conservative [[Bourbon Democrats]] with some support from black Republicans.  Mahone was a controlling force in Virginia politics from around 1870 until 1883, when the Readjusters lost control to the "Conservative Democrats."   

The Readjuster Party was a political faction formed in Virginia in the late 1870s during the turbulent period following [[Reconstruction]].  Their leader was [[William Mahone]], a former Confederate general who was president of several railroads. The main issue was whether or not to pay off the prewar state debt, which was primarily for stock in infrastructure improvements such as canals, roads, and railroads. By `1865 most of the improvements had been destroyed by war or were located in West Virginia, so the "Readjusters" did not want to pay for them. After his unsuccessful bid for the Democratic nomination for governor in 1877, Mahone became the leader of the "Readjusters", forming a coalition of conservative [[Bourbon Democrats]] with some support from black Republicans.  Mahone was a controlling force in Virginia politics from around 1870 until 1883, when the Readjusters lost control to the "Conservative Democrats."   

The Readjusters elected its governor (1882-1886) and sent Mahone to the U.S. Senate 1881 to 1887, where he aligned with the Republicans.  After the Readjusters collapsed the Democratic Party was to rule the state's politics for the next 80 years.

The Readjusters elected its governor (1882–1886) and sent Mahone to the U.S. Senate 1881 to 1887, where he aligned with the Republicans.  After the Readjusters collapsed the Democratic Party was to rule the state's politics for the next 80 years.

==War, Depression and War, 1913-1950==

==War, Depression and War, 1913-1950==

* Dabney, Virginius. ''Virginia: The New Dominion'' (1971), outdated popular history  

* Dabney, Virginius. ''Virginia: The New Dominion'' (1971), outdated popular history  

* Heinemann, Ronald L., John G. Kolp, Anthony S. Parent Jr., and William G. Shade, ''Old Dominion, New Commonwealth: A History of Virginia, 1607-2007'' (2007). reflects modern scholarship

* Heinemann, Ronald L., John G. Kolp, Anthony S. Parent Jr., and William G. Shade, ''Old Dominion, New Commonwealth: A History of Virginia, 1607-2007'' (2007). reflects modern scholarship

* Salmon, Emily J., and Edward D.C. Campbell, Jr., eds. ''The Hornbook of Virginia history: A Ready-Reference Guide to the Old Dominion's People, Places, and Past'' 4th edition. (1994)

* Salmon, Emily J., and Edward D.C. Campbell Jr., eds. ''The Hornbook of Virginia history: A Ready-Reference Guide to the Old Dominion's People, Places, and Past'' 4th edition. (1994)

* Tarter, Brent. "Making History in Virginia." ''Virginia Magazine of History and Biography'' (2007) 115(1): 2-55. Issn: 0042-6636 Fulltext: in . Ebsco; historiography

* Tarter, Brent. "Making History in Virginia." ''Virginia Magazine of History and Biography'' (2007) 115(1): 2-55. Issn: 0042-6636 Fulltext: in . Ebsco; historiography

* Wallenstein, Peter. ''Cradle of America: Four Centuries of Virginia History'' (2007). reflects modern scholarship

* Wallenstein, Peter. ''Cradle of America: Four Centuries of Virginia History'' (2007). reflects modern scholarship

*Byrd, William. ''The Secret Diary of William Byrd of Westover, 1709-1712'' (1941) ed by Louis B. Wright and Marion Tinling [http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=14559892 online edition]

*Byrd, William. ''The Secret Diary of William Byrd of Westover, 1709-1712'' (1941) ed by Louis B. Wright and Marion Tinling [http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=14559892 online edition]

*Bruce, Philip Alexander. ''Institutional History of Virginia in the Seventeenth Century: An Inquiry into the Religious, Moral, Educational, Legal, Military, and Political Condition of the People, Based on Original and Contemporaneous Records'' (1910) [http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=51565681 online edition]

*Bruce, Philip Alexander. ''Institutional History of Virginia in the Seventeenth Century: An Inquiry into the Religious, Moral, Educational, Legal, Military, and Political Condition of the People, Based on Original and Contemporaneous Records'' (1910) [http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=51565681 online edition]

*Freeman, Douglas Southall; ''George Washington: A Biography'' Volume: 1-7. (1948). Pulitzer Prize.  [http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=62946671 vol 1 online]

*Freeman, Douglas Southall; ''George Washington: A Biography'' Volume: 1–7. (1948). Pulitzer Prize.  [http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=62946671 vol 1 online]

* Gleach; Frederic W. ''Powhatan's World and Colonial Virginia: A Conflict of Cultures'' (1997).  

* Gleach; Frederic W. ''Powhatan's World and Colonial Virginia: A Conflict of Cultures'' (1997).  

*[http://www.shop-vahistorical.org/landoncarter.html Rhys Isaac, ''Landon Carter's Uneasy Kingdom: Revolution and Rebellion on a Virginia Plantation'' (2004)]  

*[http://www.shop-vahistorical.org/landoncarter.html Rhys Isaac, ''Landon Carter's Uneasy Kingdom: Revolution and Rebellion on a Virginia Plantation'' (2004)]  

*Isaac, Rhys. ''The Transformation of Virginia, 1740-1790'' (1982, 1999) Pulitzer Prize winner, dealing with religion and morality [http://jsr.fsu.edu/hall.htm  online review]

*Isaac, Rhys. ''The Transformation of Virginia, 1740-1790'' (1982, 1999) Pulitzer Prize winner, dealing with religion and morality [http://jsr.fsu.edu/hall.htm  online review]

*Lebsock, Suzanne D. ''A Share of Honour: Virginia Women, 1600-1945'' (1984)

*Lebsock, Suzanne D. ''A Share of Honour: Virginia Women, 1600-1945'' (1984)

* Menard, Russell R. "The Tobacco Industry in the Chesapeake Colonies, 1617-1730: An Interpretation." ''Research In Economic History'' 1980 5: 109-177. 0363-3268 the standard scholarly study

* Menard, Russell R. "The Tobacco Industry in the Chesapeake Colonies, 1617-1730: An Interpretation." ''Research In Economic History'' 1980 5: 109–177. 0363-3268 the standard scholarly study

*Morgan, Edmund S. ''Virginians at Home: Family Life in the Eighteenth Century'' (1952). [http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=22950387 online edition]

*Morgan, Edmund S. ''Virginians at Home: Family Life in the Eighteenth Century'' (1952). [http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=22950387 online edition]

* Morgan, Edmund S. "Slavery and Freedom: The American Paradox." ''Journal of American History'' 1972 59(1): 5-29 [http://www.jstor.org/stable/1888384  in JSTOR]

* Morgan, Edmund S. "Slavery and Freedom: The American Paradox." ''Journal of American History'' 1972 59(1): 5-29 [http://www.jstor.org/stable/1888384  in JSTOR]

*Brundage, W. Fitzhugh. ''Lynching in the New South: Georgia and Virginia, 1880–1930'' (1993)

*Brundage, W. Fitzhugh. ''Lynching in the New South: Georgia and Virginia, 1880–1930'' (1993)

*Buni, Andrew. ''The Negro in Virginia Politics, 1902–1965'' (1967)

*Buni, Andrew. ''The Negro in Virginia Politics, 1902–1965'' (1967)

*Ferrell, Henry C., Jr. ''Claude A. Swanson of Virginia: A Political Biography'' (1985) early 20th century

*Ferrell, Henry C. Jr. ''Claude A. Swanson of Virginia: A Political Biography'' (1985) early 20th century

*Gilliam, George H. "Making Virginia Progressive: Courts and Parties, Railroads and Regulators, 1890–1910." ''Virginia Magazine of History and Biography'' 107 (Spring 1999): 189–222.

*Gilliam, George H. "Making Virginia Progressive: Courts and Parties, Railroads and Regulators, 1890–1910." ''Virginia Magazine of History and Biography'' 107 (Spring 1999): 189–222.

*Heinemann, Ronald L. ''Depression and the New Deal in Virginia: The Enduring Dominion'' (1983)

*Heinemann, Ronald L. ''Depression and the New Deal in Virginia: The Enduring Dominion'' (1983)

*Heinemann, Ronald L. ''Harry Byrd of Virginia''(1996)

*Heinemann, Ronald L. ''Harry Byrd of Virginia''(1996)

*Heinemann, Ronald L. "Virginia in the Twentieth Century: Recent Interpretations." ''Virginia Magazine of History and Biography'' 94 (April 1986): 131–60.

*Heinemann, Ronald L. "Virginia in the Twentieth Century: Recent Interpretations." ''Virginia Magazine of History and Biography'' 94 (April 1986): 131–60.

*Key, V. O., Jr. ''Southern Politics in State and Nation'' (1949), important chapter on Virginia in 1940s

*Key, V. O. Jr. ''Southern Politics in State and Nation'' (1949), important chapter on Virginia in 1940s

*Lassiter, Matthew D., and Andrew B. Lewis, eds. ''The Moderates’ Dilemma: Massive Resistance to School Desegregation in Virginia'' (1998)

*Lassiter, Matthew D., and Andrew B. Lewis, eds. ''The Moderates’ Dilemma: Massive Resistance to School Desegregation in Virginia'' (1998)

*Link, William A. ''A Hard Country and a Lonely Place: Schooling, Society, and Reform in Rural Virginia, 1870-1920'' (1986) [http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=94870817 online edition]

*Link, William A. ''A Hard Country and a Lonely Place: Schooling, Society, and Reform in Rural Virginia, 1870-1920'' (1986) [http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=94870817 online edition]