Changes

Iraq is bordered by [[Kuwait]], [[Iran]], [[Turkey]], [[Syria]], [[Jordan]], and [[Saudi Arabia]]. The country slopes from mountains over 3,000 meters (10,000 ft.) above sea level along the border with Iran and Turkey to the remnants of sea-level marshes in the southeast. Much of the land is desert or wasteland. The mountains in the northeast are an extension of the alpine system that runs eastward from the Balkans into southern Turkey, northern Iraq, Iran, and [[Afghanistan]], terminating in the [[Himalayas]].  

Iraq is bordered by [[Kuwait]], [[Iran]], [[Turkey]], [[Syria]], [[Jordan]], and [[Saudi Arabia]]. The country slopes from mountains over 3,000 meters (10,000 ft.) above sea level along the border with Iran and Turkey to the remnants of sea-level marshes in the southeast. Much of the land is desert or wasteland. The mountains in the northeast are an extension of the alpine system that runs eastward from the Balkans into southern Turkey, northern Iraq, Iran, and [[Afghanistan]], terminating in the [[Himalayas]].  

Average temperatures range from higher than 48 °C (120 °F) in July and August to below freezing in January. Most of the rainfall occurs from December through April and averages between 10 and 18 centimeters (4-7 in.) annually. The mountainous region of northern Iraq receives appreciably more precipitation than the central or southern desert region.  

Average temperatures range from higher than 48 °C (120 °F) in July and August to below freezing in January. Most of the rainfall occurs from December through April and averages between 10 and 18 centimeters (4–7 in.) annually. The mountainous region of northern Iraq receives appreciably more precipitation than the central or southern desert region.  

==People==

==People==

The Government of Iraq has also made an agreement with the Paris Club to reduce some of its debt service obligations. This three-stage agreement will allow for the reduction of over $34 billion in Iraqi debt. Also, in December 2005, the International Monetary Fund (IMF) agreed to extend a stand-by agreement (SBA) to the Government of Iraq in the amount of SDR 475.4 million (about U.S. $685 million).  

The Government of Iraq has also made an agreement with the Paris Club to reduce some of its debt service obligations. This three-stage agreement will allow for the reduction of over $34 billion in Iraqi debt. Also, in December 2005, the International Monetary Fund (IMF) agreed to extend a stand-by agreement (SBA) to the Government of Iraq in the amount of SDR 475.4 million (about U.S. $685 million).  

In July 2006, the Government of Iraq and the UN began work to formulate the International Compact with Iraq (ICI), a five-year framework for Iraq to achieve economic self-sufficiency within its region and the world. On May 3, 2007 in Sharm el-Sheikh the ICI was formally launched by more than 70 countries and international organizations, many represented at the ministerial level.  

In July 2006, the Government of Iraq and the UN began work to formulate the International Compact with Iraq (ICI), a five-year framework for Iraq to achieve economic self-sufficiency within its region and the world. On May 3, 2007, in Sharm el-Sheikh the ICI was formally launched by more than 70 countries and international organizations, many represented at the ministerial level.  

The Compact aims to create a mutually reinforcing dynamic of national consensus and international support. Domestically the aim is to build a national Compact around the government's political and economic program and to restore the Iraqi people's trust in the state and its ability to protect them and meet their basic needs. Internationally, the Compact establishes a framework of mutual commitments to provide financial and technical assistance and debt relief needed to support Iraq and strengthen its resolve to address critical reforms and policies.  

The Compact aims to create a mutually reinforcing dynamic of national consensus and international support. Domestically the aim is to build a national Compact around the government's political and economic program and to restore the Iraqi people's trust in the state and its ability to protect them and meet their basic needs. Internationally, the Compact establishes a framework of mutual commitments to provide financial and technical assistance and debt relief needed to support Iraq and strengthen its resolve to address critical reforms and policies.  

In 1933<ref>James. Barrie G. (2012). Hitler's Gulf War: The Fight for Iraq 1941. United Kingdom:Grub Street Publishers, [https://books.google.com/books?id=h8SIDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT29]</ref><ref name=gesher2003/> [[Fritz Grobba]] purchased a Christian-owned newspaper, "The Arab World" (al-'Alam al-'Arabi - العالم العربي). He serialised an Arabic version of Adolf Hitler's ''Mein Kampf'', and soon, Radio Berlin began to broadcast in Arabic by [[Younes Bahri]].<ref>[https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/13537121.2024.2318157 Iraq and its Jewish minority: from the establishment of the state to the great Jewish immigration 1921-1951].

In 1933<ref name=gesher2003/><ref>James. Barrie G. (2012). Hitler's Gulf War: The Fight for Iraq 1941. United Kingdom:Grub Street Publishers, [https://books.google.com/books?id=h8SIDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT29]</ref> [[Fritz Grobba]] purchased a Christian-owned newspaper, "The Arab World" (al-'Alam al-'Arabi - العالم العربي). He serialised an Arabic version of Adolf Hitler's ''Mein Kampf'', and soon, Radio Berlin began to broadcast in Arabic by [[Younes Bahri]].<ref>[https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/13537121.2024.2318157 Iraq and its Jewish minority: from the establishment of the state to the great Jewish immigration 1921-1951].

Moshe Gat]</ref><ref>

Moshe Gat]</ref><ref>

Sabar, A. (2009). My Father's Paradise: A Son's Search for His Family's Past. United States: Algonquin Books.

Sabar, A. (2009). My Father's Paradise: A Son's Search for His Family's Past. United States: Algonquin Books.

[[File:Farhoud.jpg|thumb|Farhoud]]

[[File:Farhoud.jpg|thumb|Farhoud]]

The Mufti also incited to the infamous ''Farhud'' ([الفرهود] Farhoud) pogrom against Iraqi [[Jews]] on ''Shavuot'', June 1-2, (just before the new government settled in) , carried out by Futuwwa and others including policemen. It came after months of instigation, including by the Mufti<ref>Lyn Julius, [https://www.jpost.com/opinion/article-802262 The Nazi-Arab alliance: A neglected aspect of Holocaust education], ''JPost'', May 23, 2024

The Mufti also incited to the infamous ''Farhud'' ([الفرهود] Farhoud) pogrom against Iraqi [[Jews]] on ''Shavuot'', June 1–2, (just before the new government settled in), carried out by Futuwwa and others including policemen. It came after months of instigation, including by the Mufti<ref>Lyn Julius, [https://www.jpost.com/opinion/article-802262 The Nazi-Arab alliance: A neglected aspect of Holocaust education], ''JPost'', May 23, 2024

<blockquote><small>

<blockquote><small>

The mufti also helped stage a pro-Nazi coup in Iraq in 1941 and incited the anti-Jewish massacre known as the Farhud, making no secret of his wish to exterminate the Jews in his sphere of influence in the event of a Nazi victory. As Hitler’s guest in Berlin, the mufti of Jerusalem raised SS units of Muslim troops and broadcast poisonous anti-Jewish propaganda. “Kill the Jews wherever you find them! This pleases God, religion, and history”, he exhorted from the Berlin shortwave radio station.</small></blockquote></ref> and his associates Darwish al-Mikdadi and [[Akram Zuaiter]], portions of ''Mein Kampf'' in Arabic publications and Younis Bahri's Berlin 'voice of Hitler in Arabic' radio broadcasts.  It was brutal: "Hundreds of Jews were cut down by sword and rifle, some decapitated. Babies were sliced in half and thrown into the Tigris river. Girls were raped in front of their parents. Parents were mercilessly killed in front of their children."<ref>Black, Edwin. The Farhud: Roots of the Arab-Nazi Alliance in the Holocaust. United States: Dialog Press, 2018. [https://www.google.com/books/edition/The_Farhud/SklVwAEACAAJ?hl=en].<br>

The mufti also helped stage a pro-Nazi coup in Iraq in 1941 and incited the anti-Jewish massacre known as the Farhud, making no secret of his wish to exterminate the Jews in his sphere of influence in the event of a Nazi victory. As Hitler’s guest in Berlin, the mufti of Jerusalem raised SS units of Muslim troops and broadcast poisonous anti-Jewish propaganda. “Kill the Jews wherever you find them! This pleases God, religion, and history”, he exhorted from the Berlin shortwave radio station.</small></blockquote></ref> and his associates Darwish al-Mikdadi and [[Akram Zuaiter]], portions of ''Mein Kampf'' in Arabic publications and Younis Bahri's Berlin 'voice of Hitler in Arabic' radio broadcasts.  It was brutal: "Hundreds of Jews were cut down by sword and rifle, some decapitated. Babies were sliced in half and thrown into the Tigris river. Girls were raped in front of their parents. Parents were mercilessly killed in front of their children."<ref>Black, Edwin. The Farhud: Roots of the Arab-Nazi Alliance in the Holocaust. United States: Dialog Press, 2018. [https://www.google.com/books/edition/The_Farhud/SklVwAEACAAJ?hl=en].<br>