Changes

===Austerlitz, 1805===

===Austerlitz, 1805===

The [[Battle of Austerlitz]] on December 2, 1805 is celebrated as Napoleon's greatest victory. The collapse of the Peace of Amiens led Britain to assemble the "Third Coalition" in April 1805, including Austria, Russia, and Sweden. After threatening to invade Britain, Napoleon sent 200,000 soldiers marching east. He used six army corps, each a self-contained, all-arms combat force. The corps was a Napoleonic invention, and each was strong enough to operate independently, allowing the army to advance along a broad front, which facilitated logistics (each army seized supplies in its region), and increased the speed of the advance. Napoleon commanded in person in Germany; relying on the support of most of the south German states, he advanced to meet the Austrians who had invaded [[Bavaria]]. On the upper Danube he concentrated his 200,000 men, reinforced by Bernadotte, and by allied from Bavaria, Württemberg, Baden, Hesse, Nassau. After the Austrians had been defeated in several engagements, their main army was surrounded at Ulm and surrendered 30,000 men on October 17, 1805 without a fight.   

The [[Battle of Austerlitz]] on December 2, 1805, is celebrated as Napoleon's greatest victory. The collapse of the Peace of Amiens led Britain to assemble the "Third Coalition" in April 1805, including Austria, Russia, and Sweden. After threatening to invade Britain, Napoleon sent 200,000 soldiers marching east. He used six army corps, each a self-contained, all-arms combat force. The corps was a Napoleonic invention, and each was strong enough to operate independently, allowing the army to advance along a broad front, which facilitated logistics (each army seized supplies in its region), and increased the speed of the advance. Napoleon commanded in person in Germany; relying on the support of most of the south German states, he advanced to meet the Austrians who had invaded [[Bavaria]]. On the upper Danube he concentrated his 200,000 men, reinforced by Bernadotte, and by allied from Bavaria, Württemberg, Baden, Hesse, Nassau. After the Austrians had been defeated in several engagements, their main army was surrounded at Ulm and surrendered 30,000 men on October 17, 1805, without a fight.   

At the same time, "the French had captured most of Europe and intended to seize England, the final piece of the puzzle." [http://modelshipmaster.com/products/tall_ships/hms_Surprise.htm] (For a dramatic treatment of a great English-French naval encounter, see "[[Master and Commander]]".)

At the same time, "the French had captured most of Europe and intended to seize England, the final piece of the puzzle." [http://modelshipmaster.com/products/tall_ships/hms_Surprise.htm] (For a dramatic treatment of a great English-French naval encounter, see "[[Master and Commander]]".)

== Moscow ==

== Moscow ==

===Collapse, 1813-1814===

===Collapse, 1813-1814===

The fiasco in Russia in 1812 wounded Napoleon's political prestige, emptied his treasury and encouraged his enemies to greater exertions and nations on the fence to turn against France. Diplomatic historians blame Napoleon's inflexibility and unwillingness to compromise when he was winning (before Russia), and, especially, when the odds had turned against him in 1813-14; in January 1813, Napoleon rejected Prussian terms; that summer he mishandled Austria; in early 1814 he fumbled the final offer of peace made at Chatillon in March 1814.  That political failure doomed him.  The Allies then signed a 20-year alliance (the Treaty of Chaumont), stuck together, and switched Bavaria away from Napoleon.<ref>Thompson ch 13-14</ref>  

The fiasco in Russia in 1812 wounded Napoleon's political prestige, emptied his treasury and encouraged his enemies to greater exertions and nations on the fence to turn against France. Diplomatic historians blame Napoleon's inflexibility and unwillingness to compromise when he was winning (before Russia), and, especially, when the odds had turned against him in 1813–14; in January 1813, Napoleon rejected Prussian terms; that summer he mishandled Austria; in early 1814 he fumbled the final offer of peace made at Chatillon in March 1814.  That political failure doomed him.  The Allies then signed a 20-year alliance (the Treaty of Chaumont), stuck together, and switched Bavaria away from Napoleon.<ref>Thompson ch 13-14</ref>  

Military setbacks in Spain further weakened his cause and exposed France to an attack through Spain. While Napoleon could recruit replacement troops, the loss of experienced cavalry in 1812 meant that he could not exploit his victories at Luetzen and Bautzen in  1813.<ref>Chandler, ''Campaigns of Napoleon'' ch 77</ref>  His army of raw and ill-equipped recruits was outnumbered and France was war-weary; on the other hand, the Allies were also exhausted, and had longer lines of communications and supply. Man for man, except for Wellington's British, the French probably remained better soldiers than their opponents to the very end.<ref>Schroeder (1996) p. 495-6</ref>  

Military setbacks in Spain further weakened his cause and exposed France to an attack through Spain. While Napoleon could recruit replacement troops, the loss of experienced cavalry in 1812 meant that he could not exploit his victories at Luetzen and Bautzen in  1813.<ref>Chandler, ''Campaigns of Napoleon'' ch 77</ref>  His army of raw and ill-equipped recruits was outnumbered and France was war-weary; on the other hand, the Allies were also exhausted, and had longer lines of communications and supply. Man for man, except for Wellington's British, the French probably remained better soldiers than their opponents to the very end.<ref>Schroeder (1996) p. 495-6</ref>  

The memory of Napoleon in Poland is highly favorable, for his support for independence and opposition to Russia, his legal code, the abolition of serfdom, and the introduction of modern middle class bureaucracies.<ref>Andrzej Nieuwazny, "Napoleon and Polish identity." ''History Today'', May 1998 v48 n5 pp. 50-55</ref>

The memory of Napoleon in Poland is highly favorable, for his support for independence and opposition to Russia, his legal code, the abolition of serfdom, and the introduction of modern middle class bureaucracies.<ref>Andrzej Nieuwazny, "Napoleon and Polish identity." ''History Today'', May 1998 v48 n5 pp. 50-55</ref>

Hazareesingh (2004) explores how Napoleon's image and memory is best understood as playing a key role in collective political defiance of the Bourbon restoration monarchy in 1815-30. People from all walks of life and all areas of France, particularly Napoleonic veterans, drew on the Napoleonic legacy and its connections with the ideals of the 1789 revolution. They spread rumors of Napoleon's return from St. Helena; many talked openly of Napoleon as the great inspiration for French patriotism and for  individual and collective liberties. A pro-Napoleon political mobilization appeared in open displays of the tricolor and rosettes, as well as celebrations of anniversaries of Napoleon's triumphs. Royal celebrations were disrupted by raucous laughter and buffoonery as the many supporters of Napoleon worked, without any central coordination, to destabilize the Bourbon regime.<ref>See Hazareesingh (2004)</ref>

Hazareesingh (2004) explores how Napoleon's image and memory is best understood as playing a key role in collective political defiance of the Bourbon restoration monarchy in 1815–30. People from all walks of life and all areas of France, particularly Napoleonic veterans, drew on the Napoleonic legacy and its connections with the ideals of the 1789 revolution. They spread rumors of Napoleon's return from St. Helena; many talked openly of Napoleon as the great inspiration for French patriotism and for  individual and collective liberties. A pro-Napoleon political mobilization appeared in open displays of the tricolor and rosettes, as well as celebrations of anniversaries of Napoleon's triumphs. Royal celebrations were disrupted by raucous laughter and buffoonery as the many supporters of Napoleon worked, without any central coordination, to destabilize the Bourbon regime.<ref>See Hazareesingh (2004)</ref>

Datta (2005) shows that following the collapse of militaristic Boulangism in the late 1880s, the Napoleonic legend was divorced from party politics and revived in popular culture. Concentrating on plays and novels from the period 1893-1913, Datta examines how writers and critics of the "Belle Epoque" exploited the Napoleonic legend for diverse political and cultural ends. Reduced to a minor character, the new fictional Napoleon was not a world historical figure but an intimate one fashioned by each individual's needs and consumed as popular entertainment. In their attempts to represent the emperor as a figure of national unity, proponents and detractors of the Third Republic used the legend as a vehicle for exploring anxieties about gender and fears about the processes of democratization that accompanied this new era of mass politics and culture.<ref>Venita Datta, "'L'appel Au Soldat': Visions of the Napoleonic Legend in Popular Culture of the Belle Epoque." ''French Historical Studies'' 2005 28(1): 1-30. Issn: 0016-1071 Fulltext: in Ebsco</ref>

Datta (2005) shows that following the collapse of militaristic Boulangism in the late 1880s, the Napoleonic legend was divorced from party politics and revived in popular culture. Concentrating on plays and novels from the period 1893–1913, Datta examines how writers and critics of the "Belle Epoque" exploited the Napoleonic legend for diverse political and cultural ends. Reduced to a minor character, the new fictional Napoleon was not a world historical figure but an intimate one fashioned by each individual's needs and consumed as popular entertainment. In their attempts to represent the emperor as a figure of national unity, proponents and detractors of the Third Republic used the legend as a vehicle for exploring anxieties about gender and fears about the processes of democratization that accompanied this new era of mass politics and culture.<ref>Venita Datta, "'L'appel Au Soldat': Visions of the Napoleonic Legend in Popular Culture of the Belle Epoque." ''French Historical Studies'' 2005 28(1): 1-30. Issn: 0016-1071 Fulltext: in Ebsco</ref>

<blockquote>

<blockquote>

==Gallery==

==Gallery==

<gallery widths=180>

<gallery widths=180>

Steuben Mort de Napoleon.jpg|Death of Napoleon I at Santa Elena, May 5, 1821 by Charles de Steuben

Steuben Mort de Napoleon.jpg|Death of Napoleon I at Santa Elena, May 5, 1821, by Charles de Steuben

Gros Napoleon at Arcola.jpg|[[Antoine Jean Gros]], Napoleon at Arcola (detail).

Gros Napoleon at Arcola.jpg|[[Antoine Jean Gros]], Napoleon at Arcola (detail).

Gros Eylau.jpg|Napoleon on the Battlefield of Eylau (detail), 1808.

Gros Eylau.jpg|Napoleon on the Battlefield of Eylau (detail), 1808.

* Esdaile, Charles J. ''Napoleon's Wars: An International History, 1803-1815 '' (2008), 656pp [https://www.amazon.com/Napoleons-Wars-International-History-1803-1815/dp/0670020303/ref=sr_1_11?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1244784677&sr=1-11 excerpt and text search]

* Esdaile, Charles J. ''Napoleon's Wars: An International History, 1803-1815 '' (2008), 656pp [https://www.amazon.com/Napoleons-Wars-International-History-1803-1815/dp/0670020303/ref=sr_1_11?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1244784677&sr=1-11 excerpt and text search]

* Esdaile, Charles J. ''The French Wars 1792-1815.'' (2001). 96pp [http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=102715226 online edition]

* Esdaile, Charles J. ''The French Wars 1792-1815.'' (2001). 96pp [http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=102715226 online edition]

* Fisher, Todd. ''The Napoleonic Wars'' (2001-4) 3 vol; 96pp, short, well-illustrated operational history [https://www.amazon.com/Napoleonic-Wars-Essential-Histories-Specials/dp/1841768316/ref=sr_1_3/103-4827826-5463040?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1190735873&sr=8-3 excerpt and text search vol 1]; [https://www.amazon.com/Napoleonic-Wars-1805-1807-Essential-Histories/dp/1579583571/ref=sr_1_2/103-4827826-5463040?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1190735873&sr=8-2 excerpt and text search vol 2];  [https://www.amazon.com/Napoleonic-Wars-Empires-Strike-1808-1812/dp/1579583660/ref=sr_1_1/103-4827826-5463040?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1190735873&sr=8-1  excerpt and text search vol 3]

* Fisher, Todd. ''The Napoleonic Wars'' (2001–4) 3 vol; 96pp, short, well-illustrated operational history [https://www.amazon.com/Napoleonic-Wars-Essential-Histories-Specials/dp/1841768316/ref=sr_1_3/103-4827826-5463040?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1190735873&sr=8-3 excerpt and text search vol 1]; [https://www.amazon.com/Napoleonic-Wars-1805-1807-Essential-Histories/dp/1579583571/ref=sr_1_2/103-4827826-5463040?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1190735873&sr=8-2 excerpt and text search vol 2];  [https://www.amazon.com/Napoleonic-Wars-Empires-Strike-1808-1812/dp/1579583660/ref=sr_1_1/103-4827826-5463040?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1190735873&sr=8-1  excerpt and text search vol 3]

* Forrest, Alan.  ''Napoleon's Men: The Soldiers of the Revolution and Empire.'' 2002. 248 pp.   

* Forrest, Alan.  ''Napoleon's Men: The Soldiers of the Revolution and Empire.'' 2002. 248 pp.   

* Fortescue, J. W. ''A history of the British army'' (19v 1899-1930) [http://www.archive.org/details/historybritishp202fortuoft full text vol 4 pt2: 1789-1801][http://www.archive.org/download/britisharmy06fortuoft/britisharmy06fortuoft online edition vol 6: 1807-1809]; [http://www.archive.org/download/historyofbritish07fortuoft/historyofbritish07fortuoft full text vol 7: 1809-1810]; [http://www.archive.org/download/historyofbritish08fortuoft/historyofbritish08fortuoft full text vol 8: 1810-1812];  [http://www.archive.org/details/historyofbritish09fortuoft full text vol 9: 1813-1814]; [http://www.archive.org/details/historyofbritish10fortuoft full text vol 10: 1814-1815]

* Fortescue, J. W. ''A history of the British army'' (19v 1899–1930) [http://www.archive.org/details/historybritishp202fortuoft full text vol 4 pt2: 1789-1801][http://www.archive.org/download/britisharmy06fortuoft/britisharmy06fortuoft online edition vol 6: 1807-1809]; [http://www.archive.org/download/historyofbritish07fortuoft/historyofbritish07fortuoft full text vol 7: 1809-1810]; [http://www.archive.org/download/historyofbritish08fortuoft/historyofbritish08fortuoft full text vol 8: 1810-1812];  [http://www.archive.org/details/historyofbritish09fortuoft full text vol 9: 1813-1814]; [http://www.archive.org/details/historyofbritish10fortuoft full text vol 10: 1814-1815]

* Gates, David. ''The Napoleonic Wars, 1803-1815'' (1997) 304pp; attacks Connolly and says N's "brilliance as a military commander has rarely been equalled let alone surpassed"

* Gates, David. ''The Napoleonic Wars, 1803-1815'' (1997) 304pp; attacks Connolly and says N's "brilliance as a military commander has rarely been equalled let alone surpassed"

* Gill, John. ''With Eagles to Glory: Napoleon and his German Allies in the 1809 Campaign'' (1992)

* Gill, John. ''With Eagles to Glory: Napoleon and his German Allies in the 1809 Campaign'' (1992)

* Kagan, Frederick W. ''The End of the Old Order: Napoleon And Europe, 1801-1805'' (2006) first of four promised volumes; covers the strengths and strategies of all the powers [https://www.amazon.com/End-Old-Order-Napoleon-1801-1805/dp/0306815451/ref=sr_1_1/103-4827826-5463040?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1190735729&sr=8-1 excerpt and text search]

* Kagan, Frederick W. ''The End of the Old Order: Napoleon And Europe, 1801-1805'' (2006) first of four promised volumes; covers the strengths and strategies of all the powers [https://www.amazon.com/End-Old-Order-Napoleon-1801-1805/dp/0306815451/ref=sr_1_1/103-4827826-5463040?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1190735729&sr=8-1 excerpt and text search]

* Leggiere, Michael V.  ''Napoleon and Berlin: The Franco-Prussian War in North Germany, 1813.'' 2002. 384 pp. [https://www.amazon.com/Napoleon-Berlin-Franco-Prussian-Campaigns-Commanders/dp/0806133996/ref=sr_1_1/103-4827826-5463040?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1190735699&sr=8-1 excerpt and text search]  

* Leggiere, Michael V.  ''Napoleon and Berlin: The Franco-Prussian War in North Germany, 1813.'' 2002. 384 pp. [https://www.amazon.com/Napoleon-Berlin-Franco-Prussian-Campaigns-Commanders/dp/0806133996/ref=sr_1_1/103-4827826-5463040?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1190735699&sr=8-1 excerpt and text search]  

* Liaropoulos, Andrew N. "Revolutions in Warfare: Theoretical Paradigms and Historical Evidence - the Napoleonic and First World War Revolutions in Military Affairs." ''Journal of Military History'' 2006 70(2): 363-384. Issn: 0899-3718 Fulltext: in Project Muse  

* Liaropoulos, Andrew N. "Revolutions in Warfare: Theoretical Paradigms and Historical Evidence - the Napoleonic and First World War Revolutions in Military Affairs." ''Journal of Military History'' 2006 70(2): 363–384. Issn: 0899-3718 Fulltext: in Project Muse  

* Lieven, Dominic. "Russia and the Defeat of Napoleon (1812–14)" ''Kritika: Explorations in Russian and Eurasian History'' 7#2 (2006) 283-308 online in [[Project Muse]]

* Lieven, Dominic. "Russia and the Defeat of Napoleon (1812–14)" ''Kritika: Explorations in Russian and Eurasian History'' 7#2 (2006) 283-308 online in [[Project Muse]]

* Luvaas, Jay. '' Napoleon on the Art of War'' (2001) 288 pp. A synthesis, arrangement, and translation of Napoleon's thinking. [https://books.google.com/books?id=zq8GhdLeK_kC&printsec=frontcover&dq=inauthor:luvaas&lr=&num=30&as_brr=0&ei=AlNZSLjJErW2iQG1rOH5Bg&sig=knBV3L0vr0dptGr0fOa32pMlZ6k excerpt and text search]  

* Luvaas, Jay. '' Napoleon on the Art of War'' (2001) 288 pp. A synthesis, arrangement, and translation of Napoleon's thinking. [https://books.google.com/books?id=zq8GhdLeK_kC&printsec=frontcover&dq=inauthor:luvaas&lr=&num=30&as_brr=0&ei=AlNZSLjJErW2iQG1rOH5Bg&sig=knBV3L0vr0dptGr0fOa32pMlZ6k excerpt and text search]  

===Impact on France===

===Impact on France===

* Bergeron, Louis. ''France under Napoleon'' (1981), French viewpoint

* Bergeron, Louis. ''France under Napoleon'' (1981), French viewpoint

* Forrest, Alan. "Propaganda and the Legitimation of Power in Napoleonic France." ''French History,'' 2004 18(4): 426-445. Issn: 0269-1191 Fulltext: in OUP journals  

* Forrest, Alan. "Propaganda and the Legitimation of Power in Napoleonic France." ''French History,'' 2004 18(4): 426–445. Issn: 0269-1191 Fulltext: in OUP journals  

* Furet, François. ''The French Revolution, 1770-1814'' (1996), pp 211–65 on Napoleon

* Furet, François. ''The French Revolution, 1770-1814'' (1996), pp 211–65 on Napoleon

* Furet, François and Mona Ozouf, eds. ''A Critical Dictionary of the French Revolution'' (1989), 1120pp; long essays by scholars; conservative perspective

* Furet, François and Mona Ozouf, eds. ''A Critical Dictionary of the French Revolution'' (1989), 1120pp; long essays by scholars; conservative perspective

==Historiography and memory==

==Historiography and memory==

* Black, Jeremy. "Why the French Failed: New Work on the Military History of French Imperialism 1792-1815." ''European History Quarterly'' 2000 30(1): 105-115. Issn: 0265-6914 Fulltext: in Sage journals

* Black, Jeremy. "Why the French Failed: New Work on the Military History of French Imperialism 1792-1815." ''European History Quarterly'' 2000 30(1): 105–115. Issn: 0265-6914 Fulltext: in Sage journals

* Datta, Venita. "'L'appel Au Soldat': Visions of the Napoleonic Legend in Popular Culture of the Belle Epoque." ''French Historical Studies'' 2005 28(1): 1-30. Issn: 0016-1071

* Datta, Venita. "'L'appel Au Soldat': Visions of the Napoleonic Legend in Popular Culture of the Belle Epoque." ''French Historical Studies'' 2005 28(1): 1-30. Issn: 0016–1071

* Dunne, John. "Napoleon: For or against ... and Beyond." ''History Review.'' Issue: 27. 1997. pp 17+.  [http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=5000519459 online edition]

* Dunne, John. "Napoleon: For or against ... and Beyond." ''History Review.'' Issue: 27. 1997. pp 17+.  [http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=5000519459 online edition]

* Dwyer, Philip G. "Napoleon Bonaparte as Hero and Saviour: Image, Rhetoric and Behaviour in the Construction of a Legend," ''French History'' 2004 18(4): 379-403,  

* Dwyer, Philip G. "Napoleon Bonaparte as Hero and Saviour: Image, Rhetoric and Behaviour in the Construction of a Legend," ''French History'' 2004 18(4): 379–403,  

* Forrest, Robert F.  "Rumor into Myth: the Image of Napoleon among the Romanians, 1800-1848," ''Consortium on Revolutionary Europe 1750-1850: Proceedings'' 1992 21: 98-105

* Forrest, Robert F.  "Rumor into Myth: the Image of Napoleon among the Romanians, 1800-1848," ''Consortium on Revolutionary Europe 1750-1850: Proceedings'' 1992 21: 98–105

* Geyl, Pieter. ''Napoleon: For and Against'' (1949) [http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=59600303 online edition], debates among scholars

* Geyl, Pieter. ''Napoleon: For and Against'' (1949) [http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=59600303 online edition], debates among scholars

* Hazareesingh, Sudhir. ''The Legend of Napoleon'' (2005) [https://www.amazon.com/Legend-Napoleon-Sudhir-Hazareesingh/dp/1862077894/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1255822534&sr=1-1 excerpt and text search]

* Hazareesingh, Sudhir. ''The Legend of Napoleon'' (2005) [https://www.amazon.com/Legend-Napoleon-Sudhir-Hazareesingh/dp/1862077894/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1255822534&sr=1-1 excerpt and text search]

* Hazareesingh, Sudhir. "Memory and Political Imagination: the Legend of Napoleon Revisited." ''French History,'' 2004 18(4): 463-483. Issn: 0269-1191 Fulltext: in Oxford up  

* Hazareesingh, Sudhir. "Memory and Political Imagination: the Legend of Napoleon Revisited." ''French History,'' 2004 18(4): 463–483. Issn: 0269-1191 Fulltext: in Oxford up  

* Hazareesingh, Sudhir. "Bonapartist Memory and Republican Nation-building: Revisiting the Civic Festivities of the Second Empire," ''Modern & Contemporary France'' 2003 11(3): 349-364

* Hazareesingh, Sudhir. "Bonapartist Memory and Republican Nation-building: Revisiting the Civic Festivities of the Second Empire," ''Modern & Contemporary France'' 2003 11(3): 349–364

* Heit, Siegfried. "German Romanticism: an Ideological Response to Napoleon," ''Consortium on Revolutionary Europe 1750-1850: Proceedings'' 1980 1: 187-197. Argues that German opposition to Napoleon led German Romanticism to reject the chief ideals represented by the French Revolution and Napoleon. Uses the works of Arndt, [[Johann Fichte]], Jahn, Kleist, and Schleiermacher, to show how German Romanticism became identified with political reaction and nationalism, and how it opposed political liberalism, rationalism, neoclassicism, and cosmopolitanism.  

* Heit, Siegfried. "German Romanticism: an Ideological Response to Napoleon," ''Consortium on Revolutionary Europe 1750-1850: Proceedings'' 1980 1: 187–197. Argues that German opposition to Napoleon led German Romanticism to reject the chief ideals represented by the French Revolution and Napoleon. Uses the works of Arndt, [[Johann Fichte]], Jahn, Kleist, and Schleiermacher, to show how German Romanticism became identified with political reaction and nationalism, and how it opposed political liberalism, rationalism, neoclassicism, and cosmopolitanism.  

* Horward, Donald D. "Napoleon and Beethoven," ''Consortium on Revolutionary Europe 1750-1850: Proceedings'' 1980 2: 3-13,  

* Horward, Donald D. "Napoleon and Beethoven," ''Consortium on Revolutionary Europe 1750-1850: Proceedings'' 1980 2: 3–13,  

* Markham, J. David. "Napoleon and the Romantic Poets," ''Consortium on Revolutionary Europe 1750-1850: Selected Papers'' 1998: 651-663,  

* Markham, J. David. "Napoleon and the Romantic Poets," ''Consortium on Revolutionary Europe 1750-1850: Selected Papers'' 1998: 651–663,  

* Newman, Edgar Leon. "Defanging the Revolution: How the Memory of the French Revolution Was Changed in French Working-class Poetry and Song, 1830-52," ''Consortium on Revolutionary Europe 1750-1850: Selected Papers'' 1995: 591-605,  

* Newman, Edgar Leon. "Defanging the Revolution: How the Memory of the French Revolution Was Changed in French Working-class Poetry and Song, 1830-52," ''Consortium on Revolutionary Europe 1750-1850: Selected Papers'' 1995: 591–605,  

* Nieuwazny, Andrzej. "Napoleon and Polish identity." ''History Today'', May 1998 v48 n5 pp.&nbsp;50–55

* Nieuwazny, Andrzej. "Napoleon and Polish identity." ''History Today'', May 1998 v48 n5 pp.&nbsp;50–55

* O'Brien, David. ''After the Revolution: Antoine-Jean Gros, Painting and Propaganda under Napoleon'' (2006) 288p.

* O'Brien, David. ''After the Revolution: Antoine-Jean Gros, Painting and Propaganda under Napoleon'' (2006) 288p.

*{{cite book|last=Prendergast|first=Christopher|title=Napoleon and History Painting: Antoine-Jean Gros's La Bataille d'Eylau|publisher=[[Clarendon Press]]|location=Oxford|date=1997|isbn=0-19-817422-5}}

*{{cite book|last=Prendergast|first=Christopher|title=Napoleon and History Painting: Antoine-Jean Gros's La Bataille d'Eylau|publisher=[[Clarendon Press]]|location=Oxford|date=1997|isbn=0-19-817422-5}}

* Pinkney, David. ed., ''Napoleon: Historical Enigma'' (1969)

* Pinkney, David. ed., ''Napoleon: Historical Enigma'' (1969)

* Schönpflug, Daniel. "So Far, and Yet So Near: Comparison, Transfer and Memory in Recent German Books on the Age of the French Revolution and Napoleon," ''French History'' 2004 18(4): 446-462

* Schönpflug, Daniel. "So Far, and Yet So Near: Comparison, Transfer and Memory in Recent German Books on the Age of the French Revolution and Napoleon," ''French History'' 2004 18(4): 446–462

* Stock, Paul. "Imposing on Napoleon: the Romantic Appropriation of Bonaparte," ''Journal of European Studies'' 2006 36(4): 363-388, deals with English Romantic writers

* Stock, Paul. "Imposing on Napoleon: the Romantic Appropriation of Bonaparte," ''Journal of European Studies'' 2006 36(4): 363–388, deals with English Romantic writers

* Wilson-Smith, Timothy. ''Napoleon and His Artists'' (1996)

* Wilson-Smith, Timothy. ''Napoleon and His Artists'' (1996)