Changes

== Biography ==

== Biography ==

William Penn was born on October 14, 1644,<ref name=founding /> the oldest son of famous Admiral Sir William Penn (1621-1670) and Margaret Jasper's three children. The Admiral was renowned for his naval victories for the Crown during its mid-seventeenth century wars with the Dutch, and was knighted by King Charles II for his service in the Royal Navy.<ref name=dubosky>Dubosky, J. (2009). "[http://pabook.libraries.psu.edu/palitmap/bios/Penn__William.html William Penn]." ''Pennsylvania Study of the Book.'' Pennsylvania State University. Project of the ''Library of Congress''.</ref> Margaret Jasper was the daughter of a wealthy Rotterdam merchant.<ref name=dubosky /> Recovering from a recent civil war, England had few funds left with which to fight, and the Admiral had personally used his own wealth, approximately sixteen thousand pounds, to fund the Navy, an unsettled debt that would have later consequence. England ultimately ended up controlling considerable land in America, the 'New World', as a result of its successful war against the [[Dutch]].<ref name=phmc />

William Penn was born on October 14, 1644,<ref name=founding /> the oldest son of famous Admiral Sir William Penn (1621–1670) and Margaret Jasper's three children. The Admiral was renowned for his naval victories for the Crown during its mid-seventeenth century wars with the Dutch, and was knighted by King Charles II for his service in the Royal Navy.<ref name=dubosky>Dubosky, J. (2009). "[http://pabook.libraries.psu.edu/palitmap/bios/Penn__William.html William Penn]." ''Pennsylvania Study of the Book.'' Pennsylvania State University. Project of the ''Library of Congress''.</ref> Margaret Jasper was the daughter of a wealthy Rotterdam merchant.<ref name=dubosky /> Recovering from a recent civil war, England had few funds left with which to fight, and the Admiral had personally used his own wealth, approximately sixteen thousand pounds, to fund the Navy, an unsettled debt that would have later consequence. England ultimately ended up controlling considerable land in America, the 'New World', as a result of its successful war against the [[Dutch]].<ref name=phmc />

=== Education ===

=== Education ===

At age 11, Penn attended Chigwell Academy near Wanstead, England and in 1656 the family moved to Ireland where he received private tutoring.<ref>Baczynski, Bernadette L. (2004). "[https://books.google.com/books?id=it4q163Eai4C&pg=PA4 William Penn: Founder of the Pennsylvania Colony]. p. 8. ''Capstone Press''.</ref> At age 17 William Penn was expelled from [[Oxford University]] for criticizing the elaborate ceremonies of the [[Anglicanism|Anglican Church]], protesting required chapel attendance, and visiting a professor (John Owen<ref name=powell />) who'd been dismissed for teaching tolerant [[Humanism]].<ref name=Godinamerica>"[https://www.pbs.org/godinamerica/people/william-penn.html People and Ideas: William Penn]." God in America. PBS.</ref> Following this, his parents sent him to France, enrolling him in its most respected Protestant University, ''[[l'Académie Protestante]]'', where he studied with Christian Humanist [[Moïse Amyraut]], a supporter of religious tolerance. In August 1664, nearing his 20th birthday, Penn returned to England and studied at Lincoln's Inn, the most prestigious law school in [[London]].

At age 11, Penn attended Chigwell Academy near Wanstead, England and in 1656 the family moved to Ireland where he received private tutoring.<ref>Baczynski, Bernadette L. (2004). "[https://books.google.com/books?id=it4q163Eai4C&pg=PA4 William Penn: Founder of the Pennsylvania Colony]. p. 8. ''Capstone Press''.</ref> At age 17 William Penn was expelled from [[Oxford University]] for criticizing the elaborate ceremonies of the [[Anglicanism|Anglican Church]], protesting required chapel attendance, and visiting a professor (John Owen<ref name=powell />) who'd been dismissed for teaching tolerant [[Humanism]].<ref name=Godinamerica>"[https://www.pbs.org/godinamerica/people/william-penn.html People and Ideas: William Penn]." God in America. PBS.</ref> Following this, his parents sent him to France, enrolling him in its most respected Protestant University, ''[[l'Académie Protestante]]'', where he studied with Christian Humanist [[Moïse Amyraut]], a supporter of religious tolerance. In August 1664, nearing his 20th birthday, Penn returned to England and studied at Lincoln's Inn, the most prestigious law school in [[London]].

===Tower of London===

===Tower of London===

Penn's attack on the [[Anglicanism|Anglican Church's]] doctrine of the [[Trinity]] led to a 7-month imprisonment in the famed [[Tower of London]] from 1668-1669 by an Anglican bishop.<ref name=janney>Janney, Samuel M. (1882). "[http://www.ushistory.org/penn/pennnj.htm The Life of William Penn]." 6th ed.</ref> Rather than recant, Penn declared from his cell, {{cquote|My prison shall be my grave before I will budge a jot; for I owe my conscience to no mortal man.}}

Penn's attack on the [[Anglicanism|Anglican Church's]] doctrine of the [[Trinity]] led to a 7-month imprisonment in the famed [[Tower of London]] from 1668 to 1669 by an Anglican bishop.<ref name=janney>Janney, Samuel M. (1882). "[http://www.ushistory.org/penn/pennnj.htm The Life of William Penn]." 6th ed.</ref> Rather than recant, Penn declared from his cell, {{cquote|My prison shall be my grave before I will budge a jot; for I owe my conscience to no mortal man.}}

During this time Penn wrote several pamphlets on Quakerism, including the famous ''No Cross, No Crown'' on religious tolerance in 1669.<ref name=powell /> Penn ultimately was imprisoned six times, and during those imprisonments also penned in 1670 ''The Great Case of Liberty of Conscience'' arguing for separation of church and state. However, Penn's numerous writings could not stop the persecution of the Quakers, and he began to dream of a solution to the "Quaker problem", a new colony where Quakers and others could live freely together in a "Holy Experiment".<ref name=powell /><ref name=Godinamerica />

During this time Penn wrote several pamphlets on Quakerism, including the famous ''No Cross, No Crown'' on religious tolerance in 1669.<ref name=powell /> Penn ultimately was imprisoned six times, and during those imprisonments also penned in 1670 ''The Great Case of Liberty of Conscience'' arguing for separation of church and state. However, Penn's numerous writings could not stop the persecution of the Quakers, and he began to dream of a solution to the "Quaker problem", a new colony where Quakers and others could live freely together in a "Holy Experiment".<ref name=powell /><ref name=Godinamerica />

==== Early History ====

==== Early History ====

Penn promoted successful Quaker colonization in New Jersey, for which he designed the famous "Concession and Agreements," his earliest governmental program. By the charter for Pennsylvania Penn was made proprietary ruler of the province. He was supreme governor with the power of making laws with the advice of the freemen, of appointing officers, and of granting pardons. The laws were to contain nothing contrary to English law, appeals were possible to the Crown and the Privy Council. Parliament was to be supreme in all questions of trade and commerce; the right to levy taxes and customs was reserved to England, and an agent to represent Penn was to reside in London. In case of neglect on the part of Penn, the Crown could reclaim the colony (as happened in 1692-94).

Penn promoted successful Quaker colonization in New Jersey, for which he designed the famous "Concession and Agreements," his earliest governmental program. By the charter for Pennsylvania Penn was made proprietary ruler of the province. He was supreme governor with the power of making laws with the advice of the freemen, of appointing officers, and of granting pardons. The laws were to contain nothing contrary to English law, appeals were possible to the Crown and the Privy Council. Parliament was to be supreme in all questions of trade and commerce; the right to levy taxes and customs was reserved to England, and an agent to represent Penn was to reside in London. In case of neglect on the part of Penn, the Crown could reclaim the colony (as happened in 1692–94).

Penn called Pennsylvania a "Holy Experiment." His four "Frames of Government" of 1682, 1683, 1696, 1701, and his Indian policy, charted the course of Pennsylvania's colonial history and had a long-term impact on several state constitutions. He went to Pennsylvania in 1682-1684 as he founded and planned the city of Philadelphia and visited the colony again from 1699 to 1701. Meanwhile, he devoted most of his attention to writings and missionary work in England to promote Quakerism.

Penn called Pennsylvania a "Holy Experiment." His four "Frames of Government" of 1682, 1683, 1696, 1701, and his Indian policy, charted the course of Pennsylvania's colonial history and had a long-term impact on several state constitutions. He went to Pennsylvania in 1682–1684 as he founded and planned the city of Philadelphia and visited the colony again from 1699 to 1701. Meanwhile, he devoted most of his attention to writings and missionary work in England to promote Quakerism.

Penn's advertising campaign to promote his new colony was the most successful effort in colonial recruitment since the Puritans founded Massachusetts in the 1630s. During 1682-83 he recruited 50 shiploads of passengers. This success provided the momentum to launch the Quaker colony. Penn and his agents used numerous techniques and appeals to attract settlers to Pennsylvania. Normally he was able to recruit from districts in England and Ireland where Quakerism was strong or where he had personally spent much time and was well-known. His efforts to attract religious minorities in Germany proved especially successful. Despite his ability to attract settlers and sell a fairly large amount of real estate he made little profit from the venture, and for a time languished in a debtors' prison. The selling of Pennsylvania was a grand financial success for all - except for Penn himself.

Penn's advertising campaign to promote his new colony was the most successful effort in colonial recruitment since the Puritans founded Massachusetts in the 1630s. During 1682-83 he recruited 50 shiploads of passengers. This success provided the momentum to launch the Quaker colony. Penn and his agents used numerous techniques and appeals to attract settlers to Pennsylvania. Normally he was able to recruit from districts in England and Ireland where Quakerism was strong or where he had personally spent much time and was well-known. His efforts to attract religious minorities in Germany proved especially successful. Despite his ability to attract settlers and sell a fairly large amount of real estate he made little profit from the venture, and for a time languished in a debtors' prison. The selling of Pennsylvania was a grand financial success for all - except for Penn himself.

Penn's failure to govern Pennsylvania effectively can be traced to his absence from the colony during 1684-99, his constant tampering with the mechanisms of governance, and his insufficient respect for his subjects. The hierarchical model of government he supported was liberal for the day, but still provided the Quaker settlers with less power than they wanted.

Penn's failure to govern Pennsylvania effectively can be traced to his absence from the colony during 1684–99, his constant tampering with the mechanisms of governance, and his insufficient respect for his subjects. The hierarchical model of government he supported was liberal for the day, but still provided the Quaker settlers with less power than they wanted.

==== Native relations ====

==== Native relations ====