Changes

===Torture===

===Torture===

The Gulag is also infamous for mass torture.<ref>David Remnick, [https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2003/04/14/seasons-in-hell-4/amp Seasons in Hell], ''The New Yorker'', Apr 14, 2003.<br><i>How the Gulag grew... Another prisoner recalls, in a memoir, how this torture was modified at a Siberian camp...</i></ref> Excruciating images of prisoners in Stalin's Gulag prisons.<ref>Kelly Mclaughlin, [https://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-5011849/amp/Haunting-images-prisoners-Stalin-s-Gulag-prisons.html Haunting images of prisoners in Stalin's Gulag prisons], ''Daily Mail Online,'' Oct 24, 2017.<br><i>Victims of the red revolution: The haunting faces of prisoners worked to death in Stalin's slave camps emerge as 100th anniversary of 1917 Bolshevik takeover approaches... By the time the last Soviet gulag closed its gates, millions had died. ... Force Labour Camps, where he was known for torturing prisoners.</i></ref>

The Gulag is also infamous for mass torture.<ref>David Remnick, [https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2003/04/14/seasons-in-hell-4/amp Seasons in Hell], ''The New Yorker'', Apr 14, 2003.<br>''How the Gulag grew... Another prisoner recalls, in a memoir, how this torture was modified at a Siberian camp...''</ref> Excruciating images of prisoners in Stalin's Gulag prisons.<ref>Kelly Mclaughlin, [https://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-5011849/amp/Haunting-images-prisoners-Stalin-s-Gulag-prisons.html Haunting images of prisoners in Stalin's Gulag prisons], ''Daily Mail Online,'' Oct 24, 2017.<br>''Victims of the red revolution: The haunting faces of prisoners worked to death in Stalin's slave camps emerge as 100th anniversary of 1917 Bolshevik takeover approaches... By the time the last Soviet gulag closed its gates, millions had died. ... Force Labour Camps, where he was known for torturing prisoners.''</ref>

==Marxist theory==

==Marxist theory==

==Chinese Laogai==

==Chinese Laogai==

[[File:Forced Labor Detention Facilities in China.PNG|thumb|right|300px|]]

[[File:Forced Labor Detention Facilities in China.PNG|thumb|right|300px]]

The modern [[Chinese Communist Party]] system of gulags are called the ''Laogai'', the Russian equivalent of ''Glavnoe Upravlenie Lagerei''. Indeed, Solzhenitsyn postulated the gulag system of corrective labor may have originated in China.  The book ''Laogai: The Machinery of Repression in China'', published in 2009, stated that as many as 3 to 5 million people were imprisoned in laogai or gulag camps.<ref>[http://www.amazon.com/Laogai-The-Machinery-Repression-China/dp/1884167772 Laogai: The Machinery of Repression in China],  2009-10-01</ref>

The modern [[Chinese Communist Party]] system of gulags are called the ''Laogai'', the Russian equivalent of ''Glavnoe Upravlenie Lagerei''. Indeed, Solzhenitsyn postulated the gulag system of corrective labor may have originated in China.  The book ''Laogai: The Machinery of Repression in China'', published in 2009, stated that as many as 3 to 5 million people were imprisoned in laogai or gulag camps.<ref>[http://www.amazon.com/Laogai-The-Machinery-Repression-China/dp/1884167772 Laogai: The Machinery of Repression in China],  2009-10-01</ref>

China’s network of penal forced labor facilities, established in the early years of the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) government to hold both criminals and political dissidents, remains in operation today. U.S. law prohibits the importation of goods produced “wholly or in part in any foreign country by convict labor or/and forced labor or/and indentured labor under penal sanctions.”<ref>Tariff Act of 1930, 19 U.S. Code 19 § 1307.</ref>  Artificial flowers, Christmas lights, shoes, garments, umbrellas as well as coal, cotton, electronics, fireworks, footwear, nails, and toys have been identified as produced in Chinese prison factories for export.  There have been several instances of letters and notes from prisoners describing their confinement, working conditions and mistreatment discovered in products purchased by consumers outside China; at [[Christmas]] in 2019, a six-year-old girl in [[London]], in a box of newly purchased Christmas cards, found one that had a message in English saying,

China's network of penal forced labor facilities, established in the early years of the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) government to hold both criminals and political dissidents, remains in operation today. U.S. law prohibits the importation of goods produced “wholly or in part in any foreign country by convict labor or/and forced labor or/and indentured labor under penal sanctions.”<ref>Tariff Act of 1930, 19 U.S. Code 19 § 1307.</ref>  Artificial flowers, Christmas lights, shoes, garments, umbrellas as well as coal, cotton, electronics, fireworks, footwear, nails, and toys have been identified as produced in Chinese prison factories for export.  There have been several instances of letters and notes from prisoners describing their confinement, working conditions and mistreatment discovered in products purchased by consumers outside China; at [[Christmas]] in 2019, a six-year-old girl in [[London]], in a box of newly purchased Christmas cards, found one that had a message in English saying,

{{quotebox-float|"We are foreign prisoners in Shanghai Qingpu prison China forced to work against our will. Please help us and notify human rights organization."<ref>[https://www.npr.org/2019/12/23/790832681/6-year-old-finds-message-alleging-chinese-prison-labor-in-box-of-christmas-cards 6-Year-Old Finds Message Alleging Chinese Prison Labor In Box Of Christmas Cards], ''NPR'', Dec 23, 2019</ref>}}

{{quotebox-float|"We are foreign prisoners in Shanghai Qingpu prison China forced to work against our will. Please help us and notify human rights organization."<ref>[https://www.npr.org/2019/12/23/790832681/6-year-old-finds-message-alleging-chinese-prison-labor-in-box-of-christmas-cards 6-Year-Old Finds Message Alleging Chinese Prison Labor In Box Of Christmas Cards], ''NPR'', Dec 23, 2019</ref>}}

Profitable prison companies help to fund the operations of both local and national governments. Prison labor enterprises producing [[high-tech]] goods such as [[semiconductor]]s and optical instruments are the most profitable, each earning an estimated annual revenue of tens of millions of dollars and paying taxes to the Chinese government.  According to the 2012 ''Trafficking in Persons Report'' from the [[United States Department of State]],

Profitable prison companies help to fund the operations of both local and national governments. Prison labor enterprises producing [[high-tech]] goods such as [[semiconductor]]s and optical instruments are the most profitable, each earning an estimated annual revenue of tens of millions of dollars and paying taxes to the Chinese government.  According to the 2012 ''Trafficking in Persons Report'' from the [[United States Department of State]],