Changes

===U.S. finds===

===U.S. finds===

[[Image:Osborn.jpg‎‎|thumb|150px|right|[[Henry Fairfield Osborn]] was president of the American Museum of Natural History in New York City from 1908 to 1935.]]

[[Image:Osborn.jpg‎‎|thumb|150px|right|[[Henry Fairfield Osborn]] was president of the American Museum of Natural History in New York City from 1908 to 1935.]]

In July, 1806 Meriwether Lewis and William Clark unsuccessfully tried to retrieve ''"...the rib of a fish which was Semented within the face of the rock"'' at the Hell Creek formation, in what is now Yellowstone County, Montana; the ribs were later determined to have come from a terrestrial dinosaur.<ref>http://lewisandclarkjournals.unl.edu/read/?_xmlsrc=1806-07-25&_xslsrc=LCstyles.xsl</ref>

In July 1806, Meriwether Lewis and William Clark unsuccessfully tried to retrieve ''"...the rib of a fish which was Semented within the face of the rock"'' at the Hell Creek formation, in what is now Yellowstone County, Montana; the ribs were later determined to have come from a terrestrial dinosaur.<ref>http://lewisandclarkjournals.unl.edu/read/?_xmlsrc=1806-07-25&_xslsrc=LCstyles.xsl</ref>

In 1858, ''Hadrosaurus'', the so-called "duck-billed dinosaur", was found in a mineral pit in New Jersey. It was put on display at the Philadelphia Academy of Natural Sciences in 1868. In 1869, Edward Drinker Cope (1847–1897) had reconstructed a ''[[plesiosaur]]''. Othniel Charles Marsh (1831–1899) established that Cope had attached the skull to the wrong end of the skeleton, humiliating Cope and beginning a long, bitter rivalry derisively called the "Bone War". While previous skeletons had been discovered by accident, Cope and Marsh went on expeditions to arid parts of the American West.  The two men found numerous fossils in Wyoming, Colorado, and New Mexico as they competed to find and name as many species as they could. Their museums worked out the techniques for mounting and displaying them. The feud between Cope and Marsh climaxed in 1890, when letters containing bitter recriminations were published in ''The New York Herald''. Congress responded by dismissing Marsh and revoking funds for his entire department.

In 1858, ''Hadrosaurus'', the so-called "duck-billed dinosaur", was found in a mineral pit in New Jersey. It was put on display at the Philadelphia Academy of Natural Sciences in 1868. In 1869, Edward Drinker Cope (1847–1897) had reconstructed a ''[[plesiosaur]]''. Othniel Charles Marsh (1831–1899) established that Cope had attached the skull to the wrong end of the skeleton, humiliating Cope and beginning a long, bitter rivalry derisively called the "Bone War". While previous skeletons had been discovered by accident, Cope and Marsh went on expeditions to arid parts of the American West.  The two men found numerous fossils in Wyoming, Colorado, and New Mexico as they competed to find and name as many species as they could. Their museums worked out the techniques for mounting and displaying them. The feud between Cope and Marsh climaxed in 1890, when letters containing bitter recriminations were published in ''The New York Herald''. Congress responded by dismissing Marsh and revoking funds for his entire department.

In 1877, Marsh began digging at Como Bluff, Wyoming. This site proved to be the greatest of all paleontological finds. Many Late Jurassic dinosaurs, including ''Stegosaurus'' and ''Brontosaurus'' (later renamed ''Apatosaurus'' until 2015), were discovered here. J.B. Hatcher collected dozens of Late Cretaceous horned dinosaurs at Lance Creek in northeastern Wyoming in 1889–1894, including ''Triceratops.''

In 1877, Marsh began digging at Como Bluff, Wyoming. This site proved to be the greatest of all paleontological finds. Many Late Jurassic dinosaurs, including ''Stegosaurus'' and ''Brontosaurus'' (later renamed ''Apatosaurus'' until 2015), were discovered here. J.B. Hatcher collected dozens of Late Cretaceous horned dinosaurs at Lance Creek in northeastern Wyoming in 1889–1894, including ''Triceratops.''

In 1905, [[Henry Fairfield Osborn]] applied the name ''Tyrannosaurus rex'', meaning "king of the tyrant lizards," to a fossil recently discovered at Hell Creek. This fearsome predator, perhaps 21 feet tall, would capture public imagination. In 1909–1923, 350 tons of dinosaur bones were removed from what is now Dinosaur National Monument in Colorado under the direction of paleontologist Earl Douglass of the Carnegie Museum in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.

In 1905, [[Henry Fairfield Osborn]] applied the name ''Tyrannosaurus rex'', meaning "king of the tyrant lizards," to a fossil recently discovered at Hell Creek. This fearsome predator, perhaps 21 feet tall, would capture the public imagination. In 1909–1923, 350 tons of dinosaur bones were removed from what is now Dinosaur National Monument in Colorado under the direction of paleontologist Earl Douglass of the Carnegie Museum in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.

   

   

===History of dinosaurs===

===History of dinosaurs===

[[Creation science]] asserts that the biblical account, that dinosaurs were created on day six of [[creation]]<ref>{{bibleverse||Genesis|1:25|ESV}}</ref> approximately 6,000 years ago, along with other land animals, and therefore co-existed with humans, thus [[Counterexamples to Evolution|debunking the Theory of Evolution]] and the beliefs of evolutionary scientists about the age and creation of the earth.

[[Creation science]] asserts that the biblical account, that dinosaurs were created on day six of [[creation]]<ref>{{bibleverse||Genesis|1:25|ESV}}</ref> approximately 6,000 years ago, along with other land animals, and therefore co-existed with humans, thus [[Counterexamples to Evolution|debunking the Theory of Evolution]] and the beliefs of evolutionary scientists about the age and creation of the earth.

Creation science posits that dinosaurs lived in harmony with other animals, (probably including in the [[Garden of Eden]]) eating only plants;<ref>{{bibleverse|Genesis|1:29-30|ESV}}</ref> that pairs of each dinosaur [[kind]] were taken onto [[Noah's Ark]] during the [[Great Flood]] and were preserved from drowning;<ref>[http://www.creationontheweb.com/content/view/3967/ Were dinosaurs on Noah’s Ark?], ''Creation Ministries International''</ref> that many of the fossilized dinosaur bones originated during the mass killing of the Flood;<ref>Carl Wieland, [http://www.creationontheweb.com/content/view/219/ Dinosaur bones—just how old are they really?], ''Creation'', vol. 21 No. 1 p. 54</ref> and that possibly some descendants of those dinosaurs taken aboard the Ark are still around today.<ref Name="Today">Robert Doolan, [http://www.creationontheweb.com/content/view/833/ Are dinosaurs alive today?], ''Creation'', vol. 15 No. 4 p. 12.</ref> At least 300 distinct [[genera]] of dinosaur have been identified.<ref>[http://pubs.usgs.gov/gip/dinosaurs/types.html USGS]</ref>

Creation science posits that dinosaurs lived in harmony with other animals (probably including in the [[Garden of Eden]]) eating only plants;<ref>{{bibleverse|Genesis|1:29-30|ESV}}</ref> that pairs of each dinosaur [[kind]] were taken onto [[Noah's Ark]] during the [[Great Flood]] and were preserved from drowning;<ref>[http://www.creationontheweb.com/content/view/3967/ Were dinosaurs on Noah’s Ark?], ''Creation Ministries International''</ref> that many of the fossilized dinosaur bones originated during the mass killing of the Flood;<ref>Carl Wieland, [http://www.creationontheweb.com/content/view/219/ Dinosaur bones—just how old are they really?], ''Creation'', vol. 21 No. 1 p. 54</ref> and that possibly some descendants of those dinosaurs taken aboard the Ark are still around today.<ref Name="Today">Robert Doolan, [http://www.creationontheweb.com/content/view/833/ Are dinosaurs alive today?], ''Creation'', vol. 15 No. 4 p. 12.</ref> At least 300 distinct [[genera]] of dinosaur have been identified.<ref>[http://pubs.usgs.gov/gip/dinosaurs/types.html USGS]</ref>

[[Archaeological]], [[fossil]], and documentary evidence supports the [[faith and science|logical]] conclusion that dinosaurs co-existed with mankind until at least relatively recent times.

[[Archaeological]], [[fossil]], and documentary evidence support the [[faith and science|logical]] conclusion that dinosaurs co-existed with mankind until at least relatively recent times.

Because the term only came into use in the 19th century, the [[Bible]] does not use the word "dinosaur."  However, the biblical account contains numerous references. For example, the [[behemoth]] in [[Job]]  and the [[leviathan]] in [[Isaiah]] are clearly references to dinosaurs,<ref>Allan K. Steel, [http://www.creationontheweb.com/content/view/1799 Could Behemoth have been a dinosaur?], ''Journal of Creation'' vol. 15 No. 2 p. 42.</ref><ref>[http://www.answersincreation.org/job4041a.htm], ''Answers in Creation''</ref> although others have claimed that Behemoth and Leviathan refer to a hippopotamus or elephant and a crocodile, respectively.  However, the Biblical descriptions do not fit those creatures; hippopotamuses and elephants do not have a "tail like a cedar." Furthermore, even if the terms referred to other animals, that does not necessarily invalidate the existence of dinosaurs. The Creation account was not intended as a comprehensive list of all animals God created - it does not, for instance, state explicitly that He created the [[ferret]]. However, Genesis states that God created all animals, including those not mentioned by name.

Because the term only came into use in the 19th century, the [[Bible]] does not use the word "dinosaur."  However, the biblical account contains numerous references. For example, the [[behemoth]] in [[Job]]  and the [[leviathan]] in [[Isaiah]] are clearly references to dinosaurs,<ref>Allan K. Steel, [http://www.creationontheweb.com/content/view/1799 Could Behemoth have been a dinosaur?], ''Journal of Creation'' vol. 15 No. 2 p. 42.</ref><ref>[http://www.answersincreation.org/job4041a.htm], ''Answers in Creation''</ref> although others have claimed that Behemoth and Leviathan refer to a hippopotamus or elephant and a crocodile, respectively.  However, the Biblical descriptions do not fit those creatures; hippopotamuses and elephants do not have a "tail like a cedar." Furthermore, even if the terms referred to other animals, that does not necessarily invalidate the existence of dinosaurs. The Creation account was not intended as a comprehensive list of all animals God created - it does not, for instance, state explicitly that He created the [[ferret]]. However, Genesis states that God created all animals, including those not mentioned by name.

==== Extinction ====

==== Extinction ====

Creation science rejects the great impact theory, and find a number of faults in that theory.<ref>Jonathan Sarfati, [http://www.creationontheweb.com/content/view/2426 Did a meteor wipe out the dinosaurs?].</ref> Despite these critiques, the scientific community widely considers the great impact theory to be fact. However, those scientists cannot definitively prove the great impact theory.

Creation science rejects the great impact theory, and finds a number of faults in that theory.<ref>Jonathan Sarfati, [http://www.creationontheweb.com/content/view/2426 Did a meteor wipe out the dinosaurs?].</ref> Despite these critiques, the scientific community widely considers the great impact theory to be fact. However, those scientists cannot definitively prove the great impact theory.

Creation scientists point out that evolutionists frequently propose new theories to explain the supposed extinction of the dinosaurs, and that those theories rest on false assumptions.<ref>Michael Matthews, [http://www.answersingenesis.org/docs2002/1115dinosaur.asp Dinosaur demise theory, version #451], ''Answers in Genesis''</ref>

Creation scientists point out that evolutionists frequently propose new theories to explain the supposed extinction of the dinosaurs, and that those theories rest on false assumptions.<ref>Michael Matthews, [http://www.answersingenesis.org/docs2002/1115dinosaur.asp Dinosaur demise theory, version #451], ''Answers in Genesis''</ref>

** Living specimens of orders of animals that were believed to have been extinct for millions of years have been found before, such as the Diatomyidae Squirrel,<ref>[http://news.softpedia.com/news/They-Thought-It-Went-Extinct-11-Million-Years-Ago-19557.shtml Diatomyidae Squirrel]</ref> the Wollemi Pine <ref>[http://www.biotechnologyonline.gov.au/enviro/wollemi.cfm Wollemi Pine ''Biotechnology Australia'']</ref> and the [[Coelacanth]].<ref>[http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/vertebrates/coelacanth/coelacanths.html Sulawesi Coelacanth. ''University Of California, Berkeley'']</ref><ref>[http://marinebio.org/species.asp?id=54 More on the Coelacanth ''marinebio.org'']</ref>

** Living specimens of orders of animals that were believed to have been extinct for millions of years have been found before, such as the Diatomyidae Squirrel,<ref>[http://news.softpedia.com/news/They-Thought-It-Went-Extinct-11-Million-Years-Ago-19557.shtml Diatomyidae Squirrel]</ref> the Wollemi Pine <ref>[http://www.biotechnologyonline.gov.au/enviro/wollemi.cfm Wollemi Pine ''Biotechnology Australia'']</ref> and the [[Coelacanth]].<ref>[http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/vertebrates/coelacanth/coelacanths.html Sulawesi Coelacanth. ''University Of California, Berkeley'']</ref><ref>[http://marinebio.org/species.asp?id=54 More on the Coelacanth ''marinebio.org'']</ref>

* The recent dinosaur tissue find is a strong rebuttal of the claim that dinosaurs lived millions of years ago.<ref>Carl Wieland, [http://www.creationontheweb.com/content/view/3042 Still soft and stretchy], ''Creation Ministries International''</ref>

* The recent dinosaur tissue find is a strong rebuttal of the claim that dinosaurs lived millions of years ago.<ref>Carl Wieland, [http://www.creationontheweb.com/content/view/3042 Still soft and stretchy], ''Creation Ministries International''</ref>

*The [[Welsh|Wales]] flag features an image of a [[dragon]], strongly implying that the ancient people in that part of the world were familiar with large, lizard-like creatures like dinosaurs.  

* The [[Welsh|Wales]] flag features an image of a [[dragon]], strongly implying that the ancient people in that part of the world were familiar with large, lizard-like creatures like dinosaurs.  

<!-- The Coelacanth are from a group that had previously been thought to have rudimentary limbs and so be the ancestor of land creatures, but this idea was dropped when living Coelacanths were discovered.<ref>[http://www.users.bigpond.com/rdoolan/coelacanth.html Coelacanth: the world’s oldest fish?]</ref>  Biologists see this as merely a minor adjustment to the story of evolution. -->

<!-- The Coelacanth are from a group that had previously been thought to have rudimentary limbs and so be the ancestor of land creatures, but this idea was dropped when living Coelacanths were discovered.<ref>[http://www.users.bigpond.com/rdoolan/coelacanth.html Coelacanth: the world’s oldest fish?]</ref>  Biologists see this as merely a minor adjustment to the story of evolution. -->

====An explosion of new species ====

====An explosion of new species ====

Evolutionists speculate that a mass extinction of the dinosaurs removed a major food competitor, and predator, of smaller animals.  As a result of a new "vacancy" in the food chain, following the [[K-T Event]], it is theorized that vast speciation occurred, as the evolutionary pressure of a new cold age propelled animal species to adapt or die out.  According to this view, [[mammals]] were some of the main beneficiaries of this explosion: their fur allowed them to adapt to the cold, and their small size allowed them to conserve energy relative to the huge dinosaurs of the previous age.<ref>[https://www.amazon.com/Life-Universe-Jeffrey-Bennett/dp/0805385770 Bennet, Shostak, Jakotsky, "Life in the Universe," viewable at]</ref>

Evolutionists speculate that a mass extinction of the dinosaurs removed a major food competitor and predator of smaller animals.  As a result of a new "vacancy" in the food chain, following the [[K-T Event]], it is theorized that vast speciation occurred, as the evolutionary pressure of a new cold age propelled animal species to adapt or die out.  According to this view, [[mammals]] were some of the main beneficiaries of this explosion: their fur allowed them to adapt to the cold, and their small size allowed them to conserve energy relative to the huge dinosaurs of the previous age.<ref>[https://www.amazon.com/Life-Universe-Jeffrey-Bennett/dp/0805385770 Bennet, Shostak, Jakotsky, "Life in the Universe," viewable at]</ref>

====Dinosaurs and birds====

====Dinosaurs and birds====

As a number of feathered fossils (claimed to be dinosaurs) have been discovered, and evolutionary scientists claim the similarity in the bone structure between birds and dinosaurs show that modern birds are a descendants of dinosaurs.  This is often cited as an example of [[macroevolution]].<ref>[http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2004/10/1006_041006_feathery_dino.html New Dinosaur Discovered: T. Rex Cousin Had Feathers], ''National Geographic''</ref>

As a number of feathered fossils (claimed to be dinosaurs) have been discovered, and evolutionary scientists claim the similarity in the bone structure between birds and dinosaurs shows that modern birds are descendants of dinosaurs.  This is often cited as an example of [[macroevolution]].<ref>[http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2004/10/1006_041006_feathery_dino.html New Dinosaur Discovered: T. Rex Cousin Had Feathers], ''National Geographic''</ref>

==Dinosaur fossils, human fossils and geological strata ==

==Dinosaur fossils, human fossils and geological strata ==

Moreover, as the biblical [[Great Flood|Flood]] would be a marine catastrophe, it would be expected that marine fossils would dominate the fossil record.  This is in fact what we find.<ref name="NAB">Hodge, Bodie, [http://www.answersingenesis.org/PublicStore/pdfs/SampleChapter/10-2-267.pdf Why Don’t We Find Human & Dinosaur Fossils Together?] (chapter 13 of the New Answers Book), 2006.</ref>

Moreover, as the biblical [[Great Flood|Flood]] would be a marine catastrophe, it would be expected that marine fossils would dominate the fossil record.  This is in fact what we find.<ref name="NAB">Hodge, Bodie, [http://www.answersingenesis.org/PublicStore/pdfs/SampleChapter/10-2-267.pdf Why Don’t We Find Human & Dinosaur Fossils Together?] (chapter 13 of the New Answers Book), 2006.</ref>

Approximately 70% of the Earth is covered in salt water which would also explain the dominance of marine fossils. In addition, creation scientists show there may have been a small pre-flood human population and that massive amounts of flood sediment are why we haven't found human fossils in pre-biblical flood sediments.<ref name="NAB" />

Approximately 70% of the Earth is covered in salt water, which would also explain the dominance of marine fossils. In addition, creation scientists show there may have been a small pre-flood human population and that massive amounts of flood sediment are why we haven't found human fossils in pre-biblical flood sediments.<ref name="NAB" />

Also, creation scientists point out that we don't find human bones buried with [[coelacanth]]s yet humans and coelacanths coexist today.<ref name="HaD" />

Also, creation scientists point out that we don't find human bones buried with [[coelacanth]]s, yet humans and coelacanths coexist today.<ref name="HaD" />

Dinosaurs have been a fixture of popular culture since their discovery. It is theorized that some of the myths of fantastical creatures stem from the accidental discovery of dinosaur fossils. More recently, dinosaurs have featured in popular stories including books, movies, television, video games, even music.

Dinosaurs have been a fixture of popular culture since their discovery. It is theorized that some of the myths of fantastical creatures stem from the accidental discovery of dinosaur fossils. More recently, dinosaurs have featured in popular stories including books, movies, television, video games, even music.

In the 1912 novel "The Lost World" by Sir Arthur Conan Doyle (of Sherlock Holmes fame), was published describing an expedition into an Amazon basin where animals thought to be extinct (including dinosaurs) had survived.

the 1912 novel "The Lost World" by Sir Arthur Conan Doyle (of Sherlock Holmes fame) was published describing an expedition into an Amazon basin where animals thought to be extinct (including dinosaurs) had survived.

Dinosaurs were introduced to a wide modern audience when movies like the Jurassic Park series were released.

Dinosaurs were introduced to a wide modern audience when movies like the Jurassic Park series were released.