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[[File:4-29-26.GIF|right|650px|thumb|[[White House]] [[war propaganda]] from the 2026 [[Iran war]].]]

[[File:4-29-26.GIF|right|650px|thumb|[[White House]] [[war propaganda]] from the 2026 [[Iran war]].]]

'''Propaganda''' ([[Latin]] ''propaganda'' feminine ablative gerundive of ''propago'' I am spreading) is any idea, fact, rumor, or lie, or a wider body of same, which one circulates, publishes, or otherwise spreads by deliberate conscious effort in order to advance or hinder any given cause. This includes activity by a government to instill fear of that government's enemies, either in time of [[war]] or as a prelude to war, especially if the information that the government is promulgating is false. [[Edward Bernays]] is often considered the father of modern propaganda.

'''Propaganda''' ([[Latin]] ''propaganda'' feminine ablative gerundive of ''propago'' I am spreading) is any idea, fact, rumor, or lie, or a wider body of same, which one circulates, publishes, or otherwise spreads by deliberate, conscious effort in order to advance or hinder any given cause. This includes activity by a government to instill fear of that government's enemies, either in time of [[war]] or as a prelude to war, especially if the information that the government is promulgating is false. [[Edward Bernays]] is often considered the father of modern propaganda.

Propagandists such as [[demagogue]]s, [[dictator]]s, [[false prophet]]s, and fanatical ideologists allegedly use, but primarily abuse [[logic]]. They all try to convince audiences that their reasoning is logical and sound, while in reality they twist, slant, and distort its process in whatever ways they believe they can without detection. [[Goebbels' maxim]] shows some of these speakers believe that the bigger the misrepresentation they can get away with, the greater the triumph. Since propagandists have already made up their minds, they are not really attempting to use logic in an honest search for [[truth]]. Their intention is only to deceive more effectively.<ref name="Virkler">{{cite book |author=Virkler, Henry A. |title=A Christian's Guide to Critical Thinking |publisher=Wipf and Stock Publishers |location=Eugene, OR |year=1993 |isbn=978-15975-26616 |pages=183–4 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rUgqAAAACAAJ}}</ref>                

Propagandists such as [[demagogue]]s, [[dictator]]s, [[false prophet]]s, and fanatical ideologists allegedly use, but primarily abuse [[logic]]. They all try to convince audiences that their reasoning is logical and sound, while in reality they twist, slant, and distort its process in whatever ways they believe they can without detection. [[Goebbels' maxim]] shows that some of these speakers believe that the bigger the misrepresentation they can get away with, the greater the triumph. Since propagandists have already made up their minds, they are not really attempting to use logic in an honest search for [[truth]]. Their intention is only to deceive more effectively.<ref name="Virkler">{{cite book |author=Virkler, Henry A. |title=A Christian's Guide to Critical Thinking |publisher=Wipf and Stock Publishers |location=Eugene, OR |year=1993 |isbn=978-15975-26616 |pages=183–4 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rUgqAAAACAAJ}}</ref>

== History of the term ==

== History of the term ==

Today, propaganda is anything under the above headings employed to advance any religious or political cause, or to damage an opposing cause. But the word ''propaganda'' now has a decidedly negative connotation. Whatever is spread must not merely be in support of one cause or in opposition to another, but must also be ''false, misleading, and/or out of its proper context.'' Or, if what is spread is true, then it is spread in a ''manner unbecoming a truthful witness.'' As such, it includes [[Logical fallacy|logical fallacies]], ''unsubstantiated'' rumors, and other sayings that the teller/spreader knows, or ought to know, are lies. It also includes modes of presentation that, through negligence, recklessness, knowledge, or intent, give offense, especially to the holders of contrary views.

Today, propaganda is anything under the above headings employed to advance any religious or political cause, or to damage an opposing cause. But the word ''propaganda'' now has a decidedly negative connotation. Whatever is spread must not merely be in support of one cause or in opposition to another, but must also be ''false, misleading, and/or out of its proper context.'' Or, if what is spread is true, then it is spread in a ''manner unbecoming a truthful witness.'' As such, it includes [[Logical fallacy|logical fallacies]], ''unsubstantiated'' rumors, and other sayings that the teller/spreader knows, or ought to know, are lies. It also includes modes of presentation that, through negligence, recklessness, knowledge, or intent, give offense, especially to the holders of contrary views.

Propaganda was widely used in the [[First World War]] on all sides to affect public opinion and support for the war, while [[demonizing]] opponents with half-truths and untruths.  After the war it remained a subject of discussion in print media.  Adolf Hitler wrote an entire chapter on propaganda in ''[[Mein Kampf]]'', and installed a Ministry of Propaganda in the Nazi government when taking power. In America, Edward Bernays published a book entitled ''Propaganda'' in which he said: "The conscious and intelligent manipulation of the organized habits and opinions of the masses is an important element in democratic societies.  Those who manipulate this unseen mechanism of society constitute an invisible government which is the true ruling power of our country...It may seem an exaggeration to say that the American public gets most of its ideas in this wholesale fashion. The mechanism by which ideas are disseminated on a large scale is propaganda.  In the broad sense of an organized effort to spread a particular belief or doctrine.  Judged by this definition we can see that in its true sense, propaganda is a perfectly legitimate form of human activity any society. Whether it is it be social, religious or political which is professed of certain beliefs and sets out to make them known, either by the spoken or written words, is practicing propaganda.

Propaganda was widely used in the [[First World War]] on all sides to affect public opinion and support for the war, while [[demonizing]] opponents attacked with half-truths and untruths.  After the war it remained a subject of discussion in print media.  Adolf Hitler wrote an entire chapter on propaganda in ''[[Mein Kampf]]'', and installed a Ministry of Propaganda in the Nazi government when taking power. In America, Edward Bernays published a book entitled ''Propaganda'' in which he said: "The conscious and intelligent manipulation of the organized habits and opinions of the masses is an important element in democratic societies.  Those who manipulate this unseen mechanism of society constitute an invisible government which is the true ruling power of our country...It may seem an exaggeration to say that the American public gets most of its ideas in this wholesale fashion. The mechanism by which ideas are disseminated on a large scale is propaganda.  In the broad sense of an organized effort to spread a particular belief or doctrine.  Judged by this definition we can see that in its true sense, propaganda is a perfectly legitimate form of human activity in any society. Whether it be social, religious or political which is professed of certain beliefs and sets out to make them known, either by the spoken or written words, is practicing propaganda.

"Propaganda becomes vicious and reprehensive only when its authors consciously and deliberately disseminate what they know to be lies, when they aim at effects with which they know to be prejudicial to the common good....

"Propaganda becomes vicious and reprehensive only when its authors consciously and deliberately disseminate what they know to be lies, when they aim at effects with which they know to be prejudicial to the common good....

"It was, of course, the outstanding success of propaganda during the war [WWI] that opened the eyes of the intelligent few in all departments of life to the possibilities of regimenting the public mind.  The American government and numerous patriotic agencies developed a technique which, to most persons accustomed to bidding for public acceptance, was new.  They not only appeal to the individual by means of every approach, visual,

"It was, of course, the outstanding success of propaganda during the war [WWI] that opened the eyes of the intelligent few in all departments of life to the possibilities of regimenting the public mind.  The American government and numerous patriotic agencies developed a technique which, to most persons accustomed to bidding for public acceptance, was new.  They not only appealed to the individual by means of every approach, visual,

graphic, and auditory to support the national endeavor, but they also secured the cooperation of key men in every group.  Persons whose mere word carried authority to hundreds or thousands or hundreds of thousands of followers. They thus automatically gained the support of fraternal, religious, commercial, patriotic, social, and local groups whose members took their opinion from their accustomed leaders and spokesmen, or from the periodical publications which they were accustomed to read and believe.  At the same time, the manipulators of patriotic opinion made use of mental cliches and the emotional habits of the public to produce mass reactions against the alleged atrocities, the terror, and the tyranny of the enemy.

graphic, and auditory to support the national endeavor, but they also secured the cooperation of key men in every group.  Persons whose mere word carried authority to hundreds or thousands or hundreds of thousands of followers. They thus automatically gained the support of fraternal, religious, commercial, patriotic, social, and local groups whose members took their opinion from their accustomed leaders and spokesmen, or from the periodical publications which they were accustomed to read and believe.  At the same time, the manipulators of patriotic opinion made use of mental cliches and the emotional habits of the public to produce mass reactions against the alleged atrocities, the terror, and the tyranny of the enemy.

# Sayings that, however factual, fall outside the scope or even off the topic at hand. A [[law]]yer would say that such facts are "incompetent, irrelevant and immaterial"—because they do not serve to advance a [[logic]]al argument, are not properly related to the case at hand, and do not matter.

# Sayings that, however factual, fall outside the scope or even off the topic at hand. A [[law]]yer would say that such facts are "incompetent, irrelevant and immaterial"—because they do not serve to advance a [[logic]]al argument, are not properly related to the case at hand, and do not matter.

# Outright lies. Dr. [[Josef Goebbels]], Minister of Propaganda for [[Adolf Hitler]], famously observed that if one tells a lie loudly enough and often enough, people will believe it rather than believe that anyone could lie so outrageously.

# Outright lies. Dr. [[Josef Goebbels]], Minister of Propaganda for [[Adolf Hitler]], famously observed that if one tells a lie loudly enough and often enough, people will believe it rather than believe that anyone could lie so outrageously.

#Personal attacks. This method of propaganda often involves spreading malicious rumors and misinformation about other people. The goal of such attacks is to undermine the character of the person in order to gain the upper hand. Name-calling and intimidation are often used in concurrence with this.

# Personal attacks. This method of propaganda often involves spreading malicious rumors and misinformation about other people. The goal of such attacks is to undermine the character of the person in order to gain the upper hand. Name-calling and intimidation are often used in concurrence with this.

Sam Garrens<ref>https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCEUstbsTJYYGq_uhWj3RASA/videos</ref> uses 8 identifiers to analyze statements which can stand alone or be used in combination with each other. Garrens claims once these methods are mastered, propaganda is forever easy to spot:

Sam Garrens<ref>https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCEUstbsTJYYGq_uhWj3RASA/videos</ref> uses 8 identifiers to analyze statements which can stand alone or be used in combination with each other. Garrens claims that once these methods are mastered, propaganda is forever easy to spot:

#Unrelated items

# Unrelated items

#Opinion leader or expert

# Opinion leader or expert

#Missing context

# Missing context

#Obfuscation and simulation

# Obfuscation and simulation

#[[Gaslight]]ing or assumed conclusions

# [[Gaslight]]ing or assumed conclusions

#Shaming language and insults, using words that end in 'ist', 'ite', or 'phobe' augmented by 'gush' (or emotion) and outrage

# Shaming language and insults, using words that end in 'ist', 'ite', or 'phobe' augmented by 'gush' (or emotion) and outrage

#Lies and [[demonization]]

# Lies and [[demonization]]

#Propaganda payload, the moral of the story

# Propaganda payload, the moral of the story

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=== Book: Manufacturing Consent: The Political Economy of the Mass Media ===

=== Book: Manufacturing Consent: The Political Economy of the Mass Media ===

''[[Manufacturing Consent]]: The Political Economy of the Mass Media'' is a 1988 book by Edward S. Herman and [[Noam Chomsky]]. The book advocates the position that the mass communication media of the United States "are effective and powerful ideological institutions that carry out a system-supportive propaganda function, by reliance on market forces, internalized assumptions, and self-censorship, and without overt coercion", through propaganda and the censoring of dissenting viewpoints.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Herman|first1=Edward S.|last2=Chomsky|first2=Noam|title=Manufacturing Consent|publisher=Pantheon Books|location=New York|page=306}}</ref> The title refers to consent of the governed, and is derived from the phrase "the manufacture of consent" used by the American writer, reporter and political commentator [[Walter Lippmann]] in ''Public Opinion'' (1922).<ref>p. xi, ''Manufacturing Consent''.  Also, p. 13, Noam Chomsky, ''Letters from Lexington: Reflections on Propaganda'', Paradigm Publishers 2004.</ref> The book was given the [[George Orwell|Orwell]] Award.

''[[Manufacturing Consent]]: The Political Economy of the Mass Media'' is a 1988 book by Edward S. Herman and [[Noam Chomsky]]. The book advocates the position that the mass communication media of the United States "are effective and powerful ideological institutions that carry out a system-supportive propaganda function, by reliance on market forces, internalized assumptions, and self-censorship, and without overt coercion", through propaganda and the censoring of dissenting viewpoints.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Herman|first1=Edward S.|last2=Chomsky|first2=Noam|title=Manufacturing Consent|publisher=Pantheon Books|location=New York|page=306}}</ref> The title refers to consent of the governed, and is derived from the phrase "the manufacture of consent" used by the American writer, reporter and political commentator [[Walter Lippmann]] in ''Public Opinion'' (1922).<ref>p. xi, ''Manufacturing Consent''.  Also, p. 13, Noam Chomsky, ''Letters from Lexington: Reflections on Propaganda'', Paradigm Publishers 2004.</ref> The book was given the [[George Orwell|Orwell]] Award.

Subsequent to the books publication Chomsky does talk censorship in the corporate media (Firing or non-promotion of journalists taking opposing viewpoints, corporate advertisers having influence of news content, corporate publishers discriminating against various viewpoints, etc.).

Subsequent to the book's publication Chomsky does talk about censorship in the corporate media (Firing or non-promotion of journalists taking opposing viewpoints, corporate advertisers having influence on news content, corporate publishers discriminating against various viewpoints, etc.).

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{{Quotebox-float|"While anti-disinformation efforts proliferate, what’s missing from the conversation is a discussion about power. Of course, the powerful have reasons for wanting to combat what they consider to be “disinformation” — they want their version of the [[truth]] to become ours. Many commentators observe as such, noting that so-called disinformation researchers, fact-checkers, and experts are often [[partisan]] in nature, and themselves frequently disseminate things that are not true."}}

{{Quotebox-float|"While anti-disinformation efforts proliferate, what’s missing from the conversation is a discussion about power. Of course, the powerful have reasons for wanting to combat what they consider to be “disinformation” — they want their version of the [[truth]] to become ours. Many commentators observe as such, noting that so-called disinformation researchers, fact-checkers, and experts are often [[partisan]] in nature, and themselves frequently disseminate things that are not true."}}

[[File:Reuters Izium fake news.jpg|right|300px|thumb|[[Reuters]] withdrew the initial attempt by the Zelensky regime to create another false [[narrative]] about alleged Russian massacres.<ref>https://www.moonofalabama.org/2022/09/ukraine-dissecting-some-war-propaganda-news-items-addendum.html</ref>]]

[[File:Reuters Izium fake news.jpg|right|300px|thumb|[[Reuters]] withdrew the initial attempt by the Zelensky regime to create another false [[narrative]] about alleged Russian massacres.<ref>https://www.moonofalabama.org/2022/09/ukraine-dissecting-some-war-propaganda-news-items-addendum.html</ref>]]

[[Glenn Greenwald]] commented, basically, anyone calling themselves a “misinformation expert” or “disinformation reporter” is a partisan [[fraud]], trying to make their [[activism]] seem [[scientific]].

[[Glenn Greenwald]] commented, basically, that anyone calling themselves a “misinformation expert” or “disinformation reporter” is a partisan [[fraud]], trying to make their [[activism]] seem [[scientific]].

{{quotebox-float|"But a larger force is at work within the rise of fact-checking and other counter-disinformation efforts. That force is our society’s current arrangement of appearances, the totality of social relations mediated by images, or spectacle. Spectacle, as elucidated in Debord’s ''The Society of the Spectacle'', is a concept that can help us to understand seemingly unconnected, yet deeply intertwined phenomena that have come to fruition as the [[economy]] has subjugated [[society]] to its needs (as opposed to the other way around), and thus recover our ability to experience life directly.

{{quotebox-float|"But a larger force is at work within the rise of fact-checking and other counter-disinformation efforts. That force is our society’s current arrangement of appearances, the totality of social relations mediated by images, or spectacle. Spectacle, as elucidated in Debord’s ''The Society of the Spectacle'', is a concept that can help us to understand seemingly unconnected, yet deeply intertwined phenomena that have come to fruition as the [[economy]] has subjugated [[society]] to its needs (as opposed to the other way around), and thus recover our ability to experience life directly.

[[File:Full-spectrum-cyber-effects-final-p4-large.gif|right|300px|thumb|'''Full spectrum dominnce.''' [[US Government]] document from 2010 part of the Snowden leaks and sharing agreements with the [[UK]]. The [[Five Eyes]] program of the English speaking world (United States, United Kingdom, [[Canada]], [[Australia]], and [[New Zealand]]) use [[social media]] for “propaganda,” “[[deception]],” “mass messaging,” “pushing stories”, and "discrediting” the intelligence agencies' enemies with false information spread online.<ref>https://theintercept.com/document/2014/04/04/full-spectrum-cyber-effects/</ref>]]

[[File:Full-spectrum-cyber-effects-final-p4-large.gif|right|300px|thumb|'''Full spectrum dominnce.''' [[US Government]] document from 2010 part of the Snowden leaks and sharing agreements with the [[UK]]. The [[Five Eyes]] program of the English speaking world (United States, United Kingdom, [[Canada]], [[Australia]], and [[New Zealand]]) use [[social media]] for “propaganda,” “[[deception]],” “mass messaging,” “pushing stories”, and "discrediting” the intelligence agencies' enemies with false information spread online.<ref>https://theintercept.com/document/2014/04/04/full-spectrum-cyber-effects/</ref>]]

{{See also|Snowden leaks}}

{{See also|Snowden leaks}}

Former president [[Woodrow Wilson]] is known his use of [[deceit]]ful political propaganda in the [[United States]], techniques first used by organizations such as the [[Committee on Public Information]], during the [[progressive]]-era in the early 1900s.<ref>[http://www.glennbeck.com/content/articles/article/196/4199/ Glenn talks with Jonah Goldberg, author of Liberal Fascism], ''The Glenn Beck Program'', January 15, 2008.</ref><ref name=journolist>[https://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,597464,00.html Journolist Follows the Footsteps of Woodrow Wilson's Propagandists], ''[[Fox News]]'', July 22, 2010.</ref><ref>[http://www.glennbeck.com/content/articles/article/198/35938/ Glenn Beck: Obama Zombies], ''The Glenn Beck Program'', February 4, 2010.</ref><ref>[https://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,593622,00.html Progressives' Fight for American Hearts and Minds], ''[[Fox News]]'', May 27, 2010.</ref> Today, propaganda has become the favorite method of [[politics]]. Both politicians and the commentators that support them routinely engage in it. The most egregious example of modern propaganda can probably be found in the films of [[Michael Moore]], which present a classic combination of factual fabrication, distorted interpretation, and emotional dishonesty.  On television, [[Countdown]] with [[Keith Olbermann]] provides a nightly dose of mean-spirited, irrational invective. Journalists have also contributed, forming groups such as the [[JournoList]].<ref name=journolist />  The vicious and frivolous tone of so much modern propaganda has contributed, especially in the United States, to a coarsening of civil discourse and, some say, a severe weakening of civility.

Former president [[Woodrow Wilson]] is known for his use of [[deceit]]ful political propaganda in the [[United States]], techniques first used by organizations such as the [[Committee on Public Information]], during the [[progressive]]-era in the early 1900s.<ref>[http://www.glennbeck.com/content/articles/article/196/4199/ Glenn talks with Jonah Goldberg, author of Liberal Fascism], ''The Glenn Beck Program'', January 15, 2008.</ref><ref name=journolist>[https://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,597464,00.html Journolist Follows the Footsteps of Woodrow Wilson's Propagandists], ''[[Fox News]]'', July 22, 2010.</ref><ref>[http://www.glennbeck.com/content/articles/article/198/35938/ Glenn Beck: Obama Zombies], ''The Glenn Beck Program'', February 4, 2010.</ref><ref>[https://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,593622,00.html Progressives' Fight for American Hearts and Minds], ''[[Fox News]]'', May 27, 2010.</ref> Today, propaganda has become the favorite method of [[politics]]. Both politicians and the commentators that support them routinely engage in it. The most egregious example of modern propaganda can probably be found in the films of [[Michael Moore]], which present a classic combination of factual fabrication, distorted interpretation, and emotional dishonesty.  On television, [[Countdown]] with [[Keith Olbermann]] provides a nightly dose of mean-spirited, irrational invective. Journalists have also contributed, forming groups such as the [[JournoList]].<ref name=journolist />  The vicious and frivolous tone of so much modern propaganda has contributed, especially in the United States, to a coarsening of civil discourse and, some say, a severe weakening of civility.

In addition to civility, the idea of truth suffers from the habitual use of propaganda. Current-events organs that willfully publish propagandistic content not only contribute to the problem, but also demean themselves. In one famous example ([[Rathergate]]), a [[television]] broadcast network circulated for weeks certain memoranda, the contents of which were damaging to the incumbent President of the United States ([[George W. Bush]]), though those who obtained those memoranda knew, or ought to have known, that they were forgeries.

In addition to civility, the idea of truth suffers from the habitual use of propaganda. Current-events organs that willfully publish propagandistic content not only contribute to the problem, but also demean themselves. In one famous example ([[Rathergate]]), a [[television]] broadcast network circulated for weeks certain memoranda, the contents of which were damaging to the incumbent President of the United States ([[George W. Bush]]), though those who obtained those memoranda knew, or ought to have known, that they were forgeries.

{{See also|War propaganda}}

{{See also|War propaganda}}

[[File:Guardian reports on Nazi defeat.PNG|right|250px|thumb|''[[The Guardian]]'' report on the defeat of [[Nazi]]s in [[Azovstal]].<ref>https://www.theguardian.com/world/gallery/2022/may/17/evacuation-of-azovstal-plant-in-mariupol-in-pictures</ref>]]

[[File:Guardian reports on Nazi defeat.PNG|right|250px|thumb|''[[The Guardian]]'' report on the defeat of [[Nazi]]s in [[Azovstal]].<ref>https://www.theguardian.com/world/gallery/2022/may/17/evacuation-of-azovstal-plant-in-mariupol-in-pictures</ref>]]

War propaganda is used as a means of influencing both sides of the military conflict.  An example from the [[Russia-Ukraine war]] is the recruitment of foreign [[mercenaries]] by the government of [[Ukraine]].  Mercenaries do not enjoy the status and protection of [[prisoners of war]] under the [[Geneva Convention]], can be executed on the spot as paid killers for profit under international law, and most governments have laws in place prohibiting their citizens from engaging in mercenary activity. Three [[UK]] citizens were captured by the Russians, and two faced [[criminal]] charges and the [[death penalty]].  The third, Aiden Aslin, was somewhat of [[social media]] star with a large number of subscribers on [[Twitter]] and [[Instagram]] following his tales of adventure. In captivity, Aslin was allowed to create a [[YouTube]] channel to interact with the global public,<ref>https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCFNB2gdTvzAXW9LQ1GS5wfg/videos</ref> and dissuade people from responding to Ukrainian and Western media solicitations to join Ukraine's mercenary force.

War propaganda is used as a means of influencing both sides of the military conflict.  An example from the [[Russia-Ukraine war]] is the recruitment of foreign [[mercenaries]] by the government of [[Ukraine]].  Mercenaries do not enjoy the status and protection of [[prisoners of war]] under the [[Geneva Convention]]; they can be executed on the spot as paid killers for profit under international law, and most governments have laws in place prohibiting their citizens from engaging in mercenary activity. Three [[UK]] citizens were captured by the Russians, and two faced [[criminal]] charges and the [[death penalty]].  The third, Aiden Aslin, was somewhat of a [[social media]] star with a large number of subscribers on [[Twitter]] and [[Instagram]] following his tales of adventure. In captivity, Aslin was allowed to create a [[YouTube]] channel to interact with the global public,<ref>https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCFNB2gdTvzAXW9LQ1GS5wfg/videos</ref> and dissuade people from responding to Ukrainian and Western media solicitations to join Ukraine's mercenary force.

Propaganda in times of war or other kinds of military operations. It can be divided into the following types:  

Propaganda in times of war or other kinds of military operations can be divided into the following types:  

'''Propaganda of captivity.''' One of the most popular and effective types of military propaganda in the framework of [[psychological warfare]]. It includes providing information about prisoners of war, their normal existence, lack of bullying and serious difficulties. Implementing the idea that surrender is a completely normal solution that will help you return home alive.  

'''Propaganda of captivity.''' One of the most popular and effective types of military propaganda in the framework of [[psychological warfare]]. It includes providing information about prisoners of war, their normal existence, lack of bullying and serious difficulties. Implementing the idea that surrender is a completely normal solution that will help you return home alive.  

'''Propaganda of military successes.''' Significantly increases the morale of his army and demoralization of the enemy army. A kind of "placebo effect" – the introduction of certain thoughts and moods can really lead to the result that is stated.  

'''Propaganda of military successes.''' Significantly increases the morale of the army and demoralization of the enemy army. A kind of "placebo effect" – the introduction of certain thoughts and moods can really lead to the result that is stated.  

'''Propaganda by instilling fear of defeat.''' Such propaganda can set up the army for the most decisive actions, since "there is nowhere to retreat." It can acquire a different character - instilling fear due to the consequences of the offensive. Such an approach can cause confusion in the army and society of the attacking side. Other ways of exposure.  

'''Propaganda by instilling fear of defeat.''' Such propaganda can set up the army for the most decisive actions, since "there is nowhere to retreat." It can acquire a different character - instilling fear due to the consequences of the offensive. Such an approach can cause confusion in the army and society of the attacking side. Other ways of exposure.  

Reverse psychology was employed for the first year of the conflict, reporting Ukraine's staggering losses, in excess of 100,000 killed, as Russian losses.  This conditioned Western media consumers to believe support for the war was accomplishing its goals, lessening the shock impact of being lied to and the horrors of war when it became apparent that the numbers were real, only the belligerent parties to whom the atrocities and casualty rates were attributed had been reversed.

Reverse psychology was employed for the first year of the conflict, reporting Ukraine's staggering losses, in excess of 100,000 killed, as Russian losses.  This conditioned Western media consumers to believe support for the war was accomplishing its goals, lessening the shock impact of being lied to and the horrors of war when it became apparent that the numbers were real, only the belligerent parties to whom the atrocities and casualty rates were attributed had been reversed.

Virtually all [[mainstream media]] reporting was reversed: Ukrainian war crimes, atrocities, killing of civilians, casualty rates, and troops killed in action were reported, however universally attributed by the controlled media of the West as being Russian war crimes and casualty rates, and not Ukrainian.  This avoided the need to invent stories out of whole cloth to gin up anti-Russian propaganda cause no one could deny these events happened or deaths occurred.  All Western reporting was sanitized in Kyiv through the [[CIA]], which shared office space in [[SBU]] headquarters. Nothing made it out of Kyiv for global MSM distribution without passing through regime and NATO information experts first.

Virtually all [[mainstream media]] reporting was reversed: Ukrainian war crimes, atrocities, killing of civilians, casualty rates, and troops killed in action were reported, however universally attributed by the controlled media of the West as being Russian war crimes and casualty rates, and not Ukrainian.  This avoided the need to invent stories out of whole cloth to gin up anti-Russian propaganda because no one could deny these events happened or deaths occurred.  All Western reporting was sanitized in Kyiv through the [[CIA]], which shared office space in [[SBU]] headquarters. Nothing made it out of Kyiv for global MSM distribution without passing through regime and NATO information experts first.

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== Counter-propaganda ==

== Counter-propaganda ==

[[File:USA blew up Nordstream.PNG|right|150px|thumb]]

[[File:USA blew up Nordstream.PNG|right|150px|thumb]]

The best contrary testimony against propaganda is the truth. This typically means revealing the full, previously undisclosed context and exposing [[Logical fallacy|logical fallacies]]. Confusingly though, skillfully produced propaganda may itself be masked as counter-propaganda.

The best contrary testimony against propaganda is the truth. This typically means revealing the full, previously undisclosed context and exposing [[Logical fallacy|logical fallacies]]. Confusingly, though, skillfully produced propaganda may itself be masked as counter-propaganda.

Beyond this, it includes [[discernment]] of news organs that allow themselves to be utilized for propaganda purposes, discernment of propagandistic theater projects and refusal to patronize the same, and discernment of the content of political commentary, and its judgment, not merely on matters of fact, but also on the ''presentation'' of that fact. As has been said above, presentation even of perfectly relevant fact in a manner intended to manipulate the emotions, demeans the facts thus presented and also demeans the presenter. Above all, therefore, those who decry propaganda ought not engage in it themselves, nor give even the appearance of the same.

Beyond this, it includes [[discernment]] of news organs that allow themselves to be utilized for propaganda purposes, discernment of propagandistic theater projects and refusal to patronize the same, and discernment of the content of political commentary, and its judgment, not merely on matters of fact, but also on the ''presentation'' of that fact. As has been said above, presentation, even of perfectly relevant fact, in a manner intended to manipulate the emotions, demeans the facts thus presented and also demeans the presenter. Above all, therefore, those who decry propaganda ought not to engage in it themselves, nor give even the appearance of the same.

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''See also:'' [[Soft power]]

''See also:'' [[Soft power]]

[[File:1st Death Star.jpg|right|250px|thumb|During [[NATO's war in Ukraine]], NATO attempted to compare the [[Russian Federation]] to Death Star.<ref>[https://youtu.be/ZXY06B3ln0kWill NATO Fire The Immature Person In Charge Of Their Twitter Account?] Romanian TVee, February 25, 2023. YouTube.</ref>]]

[[File:1st Death Star.jpg|right|250px|thumb|During [[NATO's war in Ukraine]], NATO attempted to compare the [[Russian Federation]] to Death Star.<ref>[https://youtu.be/ZXY06B3ln0kWill NATO Fire The Immature Person In Charge Of Their Twitter Account?] Romanian TVee, February 25, 2023. YouTube.</ref>]]

[[Soft power]] is a nation's capacity to cause others to do things through persuasive/non-coercive means. The American political scientist Joseph Nye introduced the concept of "soft power" in the late 1980s. Brand Finance, the world's leading brand valuation consultancy, annually list the countries with the strongest soft power.

[[Soft power]] is a nation's capacity to cause others to do things through persuasive/non-coercive means. The American political scientist Joseph Nye introduced the concept of "soft power" in the late 1980s. Brand Finance, the world's leading brand valuation consultancy, annually lists the countries with the strongest soft power.

=== Brand Finance's 2022 ranking of the countries with the most soft power ===

=== Brand Finance's 2022 ranking of the countries with the most soft power ===

* [http://www.webster.com/cgi-bin/dictionary?sourceid=Mozilla-search&va=Propaganda Propaganda] in the Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary

* [http://www.webster.com/cgi-bin/dictionary?sourceid=Mozilla-search&va=Propaganda Propaganda] in the Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary

* [http://www.creationsafaris.com/crevbd.htm#propaganda Propaganda Tactics] at "The Baloney Detector" at Creation-Evolution Headlines

* [http://www.creationsafaris.com/crevbd.htm#propaganda Propaganda Tactics] at "The Baloney Detector" at Creation-Evolution Headlines

*[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-MXIwKpRCiM&t=2329s A Westerner Living Under Putin's Regime].

* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-MXIwKpRCiM&t=2329s A Westerner Living Under Putin's Regime].