Changes

Both Albert Bernstein and Sylvia Bernstein, Carl's mother, had both been Communists since the 1940's. Albert Bernstein was a Union activist, while Sylvia Bernstein was a secretary for the War Department in the 1930's and, during the [[Clinton Administration]], volunteered in the White House, answering letters that were addressed to [[Hillary Clinton]]. During the 1950's, Sylvia Bernstein invoked the Fifth Amendment to avoid revealing her party ties to Congress but worked openly in assisting convicted spies [[Julius Rosenberg]] and Ethel Rosenberg, who were executed in 1953 for espionage.

Both Albert Bernstein and Sylvia Bernstein, Carl's mother, had both been Communists since the 1940's. Albert Bernstein was a Union activist, while Sylvia Bernstein was a secretary for the War Department in the 1930's and, during the [[Clinton Administration]], volunteered in the White House, answering letters that were addressed to [[Hillary Clinton]]. During the 1950's, Sylvia Bernstein invoked the Fifth Amendment to avoid revealing her party ties to Congress but worked openly in assisting convicted spies [[Julius Rosenberg]] and Ethel Rosenberg, who were executed in 1953 for espionage.

==Declassified Soviet Files==

==Venona and Soviet Files==

After the collapse of the Soviet Union, documents from the [[KGB]] and [[Comintern]] Archives in [[Moscow]] became available to researchers and the public for the first time, corroborating the facts of McCarthy's undelying premise. In the United States, the [[Moynihan Secrecy Commission]] was empowered by statute to investigate and secure documents from the [[National Security Agency]] and the [[FBI]] which had remained classified for more than 40 years.  The Secrecy Commission's Final Report found that,

After the collapse of the Soviet Union, documents from the [[KGB]] and [[Comintern]] Archives in [[Moscow]] became available to researchers and the public for the first time, corroborating the facts of McCarthy's undelying premise. In the United States, the [[Moynihan Secrecy Commission]] was empowered by statute to investigate and secure documents from the [[National Security Agency]] and the [[FBI]] which had remained classified for more than 40 years.  The Secrecy Commission's Final Report found that,

{{Cquote|But for every accusation there was a denial. ... For all who could agree there were Communists in government, there were as many who saw the Government as contriving fantastic accusations against innocent persons. A balanced history of this period is now beginning to appear; the [[VENONA]] messages will surely supply a great cache of facts to bring the matter to some closure....

{{Cquote|But for every accusation there was a denial. ... For all who could agree there were Communists in government, there were as many who saw the Government as contriving fantastic accusations against innocent persons. A balanced history of this period is now beginning to appear; the [[VENONA]] messages will surely supply a great cache of facts to bring the matter to some closure....

The first fact is that a significant Communist conspiracy was in place in Washington, New York, and Los Angeles, but in the main those involved systematically denied their involvement. <ref>Moynihan Commission on Government Secrecy, Appendix [http://www.gpo.gov/congress/commissions/secrecy/pdf/12hist1.pdf ''The Experience of the Bomb,''] pg. A-33.</ref>}}

The first fact is that a significant Communist conspiracy was in place in Washington, New York, and Los Angeles, but in the main those involved systematically denied their involvement. <ref>Moynihan Commission on Government Secrecy, Appendix [http://www.gpo.gov/congress/commissions/secrecy/pdf/12hist1.pdf ''The Experience of the Bomb,''] pg. A-33.</ref>}}

Hayden Peake, curator of the [[Central Intelligence Agency]]’s Historical Intelligence Collection has stated, "No modern government was more thoroughly penetrated." <ref>Peale, Hayden B., [http://www.nwc.navy.mil/press/review/2000/summer/re2-su0.htm ''The Venona Progeny''], Naval War College Review, Summer 2000, Vol. LIII, No. 3.</ref>

Hayden Peake, curator of the [[Central Intelligence Agency]]’s Historical Intelligence Collection has stated, "No modern government was more thoroughly penetrated." <ref>Peale, Hayden B., [http://web.archive.org/web/20060820054409/http://www.nwc.navy.mil/press/review/2000/summer/re2-su0.htm ''The Venona Progeny''], Naval War College Review, Summer 2000, Vol. LIII, No. 3.</ref>

==See also==

==See also==