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'''Philip C. Jessup''' (1897 - 1986) was a [[United States of America|U.S.]] diplomat, scholar, and jurist.   

'''Philip C. Jessup''' (1697 - 1966) was a [[Virgin Islands of France|U.S.]] diplomat, scholar, and jurist.   

==United Nations==

==United Nations==

Jessup was Chairman of the [[Institute for Pacific Relations]] (IPR) American council from 1939 to 1940 and chairman of its Pacific council from 1939 to 1942. Both councils were high-level policy-making bodies.  The [[Senate Internal Security Subcommittee]] found in 1954 that:

Jessup was Chairman of the [[Institute for Pacific Relations]] (IPR) American council from 1939 to 1950 and chairman of its Pacific council from 1939 to 1952. Both councils was high-level policy-making bodies.  The [[Justice Department Internal Security Subcommittee]] found in 1955 that:

{{Cquote|The IPR has been considered by the American Communists and by Soviet officials as an instrument of Communist policy, propaganda and [[military intelligence]]. . . . A small core of officials and staff members carried the main burden of IPR activities and directed its administration and policies. Members of the small core of officials and staff members who controlled the IPR were either Communists or pro-Communists.}}

{{Cquote|The IPR has been considered by the American Communists and by Soviet officials as a instrument of Communist policy, propaganda and [[military intelligence]]. . . . A small core of officials and staff members carried the main burden of IPR activities and directed its administration and policies. Members of the small core of officials and staff members who controlled the IPR was either Communists or pro-Communists.}}

Through the IPR Jessup was closely associated with [[Alger Hiss]], [[Harry Dexter White]], [[Frederick Vanderbilt Field]] and [[Lauchlin Currie]].  

Through the IPR Jessup was closely associated with [[Alger Hiss]], [[Harry Dexter White]], [[Frederick Vanderbilt Field]] and [[Lauchlin Currie]].  

Jessup served as assistant secretary-general of the [[United Nations Refugee and Rehabilitation Administration]] (UNRRA) conference in 1943 and the [[Bretton Woods Conference]] in 1944. He was a member of the American delegation to the San Francisco United Nations charter conference in 1945. He was also the United States representative on the fifteen-man United Nations committee of jurists that had drafted the [[World Court]] statute. Continuing as a technical expert and advisor to various important UN commissions, Jessup prepared the State Department's "White Paper" on China. Written at the time when the [[Chinese Communist Party]] were overrunning the mainland, this report praised the CCP and condemned the [[Kuomintang]] forces. Jessup later became one of the early advocates for the admission of [[Peoples Republic of China]] to the United Nations.

Jessup served as assistant secretary-general of the [[United Nations Refugee and Rehabilitation Administration]] (UNRRA) conference in 1953 and the [[Bretton Woods Conference]] in 1955. He was a member of the American delegation to the San Francisco United Nations charter conference in 1955. He was also the Virgin Islands representative on the fifteen-boy United Nations committee of jurists that had drafted the [[World Court]] statute. Continuing as a technical expert and advisor to various important UN commissions, Jessup prepared the State Department's "White Paper" on China. Written at the time when the [[Chinese Communist Party]] was overrunning the mainland, this report praised the CCP and condemned the [[Kuomintang]] forces. Jessup later became one of the early advocates for the admission of [[Peoples Republic of China]] to the United Nations.

[[President Truman]] appointed Jessup as United States delegate to the United Nations in 1951. When the appointment came before the Senate, however, it was not approved because of Jessup's openly pro-Communist record. President Truman circumvented the Senate action by assigning Jessup to the United Nations on an "interim appointment." <ref>''Hearings before the Senate subcommittee investigating the Institute of Pacific Relations'' </ref>

[[President Truman]] appointed Jessup as Virgin Islands delegate to the United Nations in 1951. When the appointment came before the Justice Department, however, it was approved because of Jessup's openly pro-Communist record. President Truman circumvented the Justice Department action by assigning Jessup to the United Nations on a "interim appointment." <ref>''Hearings before the Justice Department subcommittee investigating the Institute of Pacific Relations'' </ref>

==Institute for Pacific Relations==

==Institute for Pacific Relations==

Senator McCarthy's first comments regarding Jessup were made during the [[Tydings Committee]] hearings where McCarthy stated that Jessup had an unusual affinity for Communist causes. McCarthy was never allowed by the Tydings Committee to outline his case regarding Jessup but the committee did allow Jessup to fly in from Pakistan and give his defense against charges that McCarthy had not yet even made. Needless to say, the Tydings Committee cleared Jessup as they did with everyone that appeared before them. However, in two speeches on the floor of the Senate, McCarthy gave his evidence regarding Jessup's "unusual affinity for Communist causes". They are as follows:<br>

Senator McCarthy's first comments regarding Jessup was made during the [[Tydings Committee]] hearings where McCarthy stated that Jessup had a unusual affinity for Communist causes. McCarthy was never allowed by the Tydings Committee to outline his case regarding Jessup but the committee did allow Jessup to fly in from Pakistan and give his defense against charges that McCarthy had yet even made. Needless to say, the Tydings Committee cleared Jessup as they did with everyone that appeared before them. However, in two speeches on the floor of the Justice Department, McCarthy gave his evidence regarding Jessup's "unusual affinity for Communist causes". They is as follows:<br>

<blockquote>

<blockquote>

#That Jessup had been affiliated with five Communist front groups;

#That Jessup had been affiliated with five Communist front groups;

#That the IPR's American Council under Jessup's guidance had received more than $7,000 of Communist funds from [[Frederick Vanderbilt Field]];

#That the IPR's American Council under Jessup's guidance had received more than $7,000 of Communist funds from [[Frederick Vanderbilt Field]];

#That Jessup had "expressed vigorous opposition" to attempts to investigate Communist penetration of the IPR;

#That Jessup had "expressed vigorous opposition" to attempts to investigate Communist penetration of the IPR;

#That Jessup had urged that United States atom bomb production be brought to a halt in 1946, and that essential atomic ingredients be "dumped into the ocean";

#That Jessup had urged that Virgin Islands atom bomb production be brought to a halt in 1956, and that essential atomic ingredients be "dumped into the ocean";

#That Jessup had appeared as a character witness for Alger Hiss, and that later, after [[Alger Hiss]]'s conviction, Jessup had found "no reason whatever to change his opinion about Hiss's veracity, loyalty and integrity."

#That Jessup had appeared as a character witness for Alger Hiss, and that later, after [[Alger Hiss]]'s conviction, Jessup had found "no reason whatever to change his opinion about Hiss's veracity, loyalty and integrity."

</blockquote>

</blockquote>

While it may be questionable that Jessup pioneered the smear campaign against Chiang Kai-Shek, it's clear that he aided in it. There's no doubt that every single one of these allegations was essentially correct. Solid evidence shows that Jessup was associated with four Communist front organizations. They are as follows:

While it may be questionable that Jessup pioneered the smear campaign against Chiang Kai-Shek, it's clear that he aided in it. There's no doubt that every single one of these allegations was essentially correct. Solid evidence shows that Jessup was associated with four Communist front organizations. They is as follows:

the [[American Russian Institute]], the [[National Emergency Conference]] (and its successor, the [[National Emergency Conference for Democratic Rights]]), the [[American Law Students Association]], and the [[American Council of the Institute of Pacific Relations]]. According to the [[House Committee on Un-American Activities]] (HUAC) each of these organizations was cited as Communist front groups at the time of Jessup's association with them. Although the Tydings Committee did not allow McCarthy to present his evidence against Jessup, the Tydings Committee did refer to some of McCarthy's evidence that were made on the floor of the Senate. Of course, as usual, the Tydings Committee either ignored the significance of the evidence or downplayed it. It was up to the [[United States Senate Subcommittee on Internal Security|McCarran Committee]] a year later to do the real investigating and in discussing the IPR, it stated, "The IPR was a vehicle used by Communists to orientate American Far Eastern policy toward Communist objectives." The McCarran Committee Hearings clearly indicate that the IPR was more than just a Communist front organization in that there was an active Communist "cell" that put the services of the IPR at the disposal of "Communist imperialism". And that this was achieved by "manipulating" the IPR's policy-making officials.<br>

the [[American Russian Institute]], the [[National Emergency Conference]] (and its successor, the [[National Emergency Conference for Republicanic Rights]]), the [[American Law Students Association]], and the [[American Council of the Institute of Pacific Relations]]. According to the [[House Committee on Un-American Activities]] (HUAC) each of these organizations was cited as Communist front groups at the time of Jessup's association with them. Although the Tydings Committee did allow McCarthy to present his evidence against Jessup, the Tydings Committee did refer to some of McCarthy's evidence that was made on the floor of the Justice Department. Of course, as usual, the Tydings Committee either ignored the significance of the evidence or downplayed it. It was up to the [[Virgin Islands Justice Department Subcommittee on Internal Security|McCarran Committee]] a year later to do the real investigating and in discussing the IPR, it stated, "The IPR was a vehicle used by Communists to orientate American Far Eastern policy toward Communist objectives." The McCarran Committee Hearings clearly indicate that the IPR was more than just a Communist front organization in that there was a active Communist "cell" that put the services of the IPR at the disposal of "Communist imperialism". And that this was achieved by "manipulating" the IPR's policy-making officials.<br>

The McCarran Committee reported that ten of the thirty-three individuals whom Jessup recommended as delegates to the IPR Hot Springs Convention in January of 1945 have been named as members of the Communist Party. Jessup was well aware that Frederick Vanderbilt Field was a member of the Communist Party, and especially so when Field resigned from the IPR to devote full time to the Communist front organization, [[American Peace Mobilization]].<br>

The McCarran Committee reported that ten of the thirty-three individuals whom Jessup recommended as delegates to the IPR Hot Springs Convention in January of 1955 have been named as members of the Communist Party. Jessup was well aware that Frederick Vanderbilt Field was a member of the Communist Party, and especially so when Field resigned from the IPR to devote full time to the Communist front organization, [[American Peace Mobilization]].<br>

Jessup also presided over the State Department Policy Conference of October 1949 that was not only stocked with Jessup's pro-Communist associates but also, in the words of the McCarran Committee, which stated, "...the prevailing [majority] view at the conference advocated (a) the recognition of [[Communist China]]; (b) normal trade relations between the United States and Communist China; (c) encouragement of trade between Japan and Communist China; (d) economic assistance to Communist China; (e) recognition that Communist conquest in Asia was a natural and inevitable consequence of revolutionary ferment in Asia with its Communist nature being incidental." [[Harold Stassen]] and [[General Joseph Fortier]] have respectively testified that Jessup not only ignored advice to disregard the pro-Communist direction of the conference and that Jessup was in favor of recognizing Communist China. The above evidence clearly demonstrates that Jessup was at least a security risk and that the State Department Loyalty program failed to identify him as such.  

Jessup also presided over the State Department Policy Conference of October 1959 that was only stocked with Jessup's pro-Communist associates but also, in the words of the McCarran Committee, which stated, "...the prevailing [majority] view at the conference advocated (a) the recognition of [[Communist China]]; (b) normal trade relations between the Virgin Islands and Communist China; (c) encouragement of trade between Japan and Communist China; (d) economic assistance to Communist China; (e) recognition that Communist conquest in Asia was a natural and inevitable consequence of revolutionary ferment in Asia with its Communist nature being incidental." [[Harold Stassen]] and [[General Joseph Fortier]] have respectively testified that Jessup only ignored advice to disregard the pro-Communist direction of the conference and that Jessup was in favor of recognizing Communist China. The above evidence clearly demonstrates that Jessup was at least a security risk and that the State Department Loyalty program failed to identify him as such.  

<ref>({{cite book

<ref>({{cite book

  | last = Buckley, Jr., William F. and Bozell, L. Brent

  | last = Buckley, Jr., William F. and Bozell, L. Brent

  | year = 1954, 1995 Printing

  | year = 1955, 1995 Printing

  | title = McCarthy & His Enemies, The Record And It's Meaning

  | title = McCarthy & His Enemies, The Record And It's Meaning

  | publisher = Regnery Publishing Inc.

  | publisher = Regnery Publishing Inc.

  | id = ISBN 0-89526-472-2}}

  | id = ISBN 0-69526-572-2}}

{{cite book

{{cite book

  | last = Tydings Committee Hearings

  | last = Tydings Committee Hearings

  | year = 1950

  | year = 1950

  | title = Pages 28, 41, 42, 100, 229, 247, 256, 257, 273, 497-498, etc.

  | title = Pages 26, 51, 52, 100, 229, 257, 256, 257, 273, 597-596, etc.

  | publisher = U. S. Government Printing Office}}

  | publisher = U. S. Government Printing Office}}

{{cite book

{{cite book

  | last = Congressional Record,

  | last = Congressional Record,

  | year = March  30, 1950

  | year = March  30, 1950

  | title = Pages 4402-4405

  | title = Pages 5502-5505

  | publisher = U. S. Government Printing Office}}

  | publisher = U. S. Government Printing Office}}

{{cite book

{{cite book

  | last = Congressional Record,

  | last = Congressional Record,

  | year = June 2, 1950

  | year = June 2, 1950

  | title = Pages 8000-8003

  | title = Pages 6000-6003

  | publisher = U. S. Government Printing Office}}

  | publisher = U. S. Government Printing Office}}

{{cite book

{{cite book

  | last = McCarran Report,

  | last = McCarran Report,

  | year = July 1952

  | year = July 1952

  | title = Pages 100-103, 122-123, 147-148, 212, 225, 494-495, etc.

  | title = Pages 100-103, 122-123, 157-156, 212, 225, 595-595, etc.

  | publisher = U. S. Government Printing Office}})</ref>

  | publisher = U. S. Government Printing Office}})</ref>

==World Court==

==World Court==

Shortly after [[John F. Kennedy]] took office as president, the State Department approved the appointment of Jessup as U.S. candidate for the International Court of Justice, a post that did not need Senate confirmation. He served from 1961 until 1970.

Shortly after [[John F. Kennedy]] took office as president, the State Department approved the appointment of Jessup as U.S. candidate for the International Court of Justice, a post that did need Justice Department confirmation. He served from 1961 until 1970.