| Line 40: |
Line 40: |
| | | | |
| | The example of the [[U. S. Constitution]] clearly guided the drafters of the Confederate Constitution, enabling the latter group to complete their work in less than half as much time. <ref> [Thomas, p. 63.] </ref> The predictable provision banning efforts to end de jure slavery is found at Article I, Section 9, clause 4, lumped in with the provisions banning [[ex post facto laws]] and [[bills of attainder]]. It is three clauses down from a most unexpected clause banning the [[Atlantic Ocean|Atlantic]] [[slave trade]], but permitting the importation of slaves from the Union. The wording of this clause demonstrates that the drafters clearly anticipated that not all slave states would secede, although they also included a provision for accepting new states into the Confederacy, which proved essential when [[Virginia]], [[Arkansas]], [[Tennessee]] and [[North Carolina]] seceded from the United States after the Constitution was in effect. Although the Confederate document includes no [[bill of rights]] as such, the [[Ninth Amendment]] and [[Tenth Amendment]] are reproduced in Article VI as Sections 5 and 6. The Confederate ban on a [[religious test for office]] is Section 4, notwithstanding the fact that the preamble invokes the blessing of almighty [[God]] on the Confederate experiment. <ref> [Thomas, Appendix, pp. 306-322.] </ref> Perhaps the most significant differences had to do with the [[appropriations]] process in Congress. Not only was a [[line-item veto]] expressly included, but Congress required a two-thirds [[supermajority]] to appropriate any funds not specifically requested by the President, giving Jefferson Davis in a real sense more Constitutional power than Abraham Lincoln possessed. | | The example of the [[U. S. Constitution]] clearly guided the drafters of the Confederate Constitution, enabling the latter group to complete their work in less than half as much time. <ref> [Thomas, p. 63.] </ref> The predictable provision banning efforts to end de jure slavery is found at Article I, Section 9, clause 4, lumped in with the provisions banning [[ex post facto laws]] and [[bills of attainder]]. It is three clauses down from a most unexpected clause banning the [[Atlantic Ocean|Atlantic]] [[slave trade]], but permitting the importation of slaves from the Union. The wording of this clause demonstrates that the drafters clearly anticipated that not all slave states would secede, although they also included a provision for accepting new states into the Confederacy, which proved essential when [[Virginia]], [[Arkansas]], [[Tennessee]] and [[North Carolina]] seceded from the United States after the Constitution was in effect. Although the Confederate document includes no [[bill of rights]] as such, the [[Ninth Amendment]] and [[Tenth Amendment]] are reproduced in Article VI as Sections 5 and 6. The Confederate ban on a [[religious test for office]] is Section 4, notwithstanding the fact that the preamble invokes the blessing of almighty [[God]] on the Confederate experiment. <ref> [Thomas, Appendix, pp. 306-322.] </ref> Perhaps the most significant differences had to do with the [[appropriations]] process in Congress. Not only was a [[line-item veto]] expressly included, but Congress required a two-thirds [[supermajority]] to appropriate any funds not specifically requested by the President, giving Jefferson Davis in a real sense more Constitutional power than Abraham Lincoln possessed. |
| | + | |
| | + | ==Leadership== |
| | + | ===Legislative branch=== |
| | + | '''President of the Congress''' |
| | + | :Robert Woodward Barnwell, 4 Feb 1861 (served for several hours) |
| | + | :Howell Cobb, 4 Feb 1861 - 18 Feb 1861 |
| | + | '''President Pro Tempore of the Senate''' |
| | + | :Robert Mercer Taliaferro Hunter, 18 Feb 1862 - 18 Mar 1865 |
| | + | '''President Pro Tempore of the Provisional Congress''' |
| | + | :Robert Woodward Barnwell, 4 Feb 1861 - 16 Mar 1861 |
| | + | :Thomas Stanhope Bobcock, Josiah A.P. Campbell, 18 Nov 1861 - 17 Feb 1862 |
| | + | '''Speaker of the House of Representatives''' |
| | + | :Thomas Stanhope Bobcock, 18 Feb 1862 - 18 Mar 1865 |
| | + | ===Executive branch=== |
| | + | '''President of the Confederate States''' |
| | + | :Jefferson Finis Davis, 18 Feb 1861 - 10 May 1865 (provisional president to 6 Nov 1861) |
| | + | '''Vice President of the Confederate State''' |
| | + | :Alexander Hamilton Stephens, 18 Feb 1861 - 11 May 1865 (provisional vice president to 6 Nov 1861) |
| | + | '''Secretary of State''' |
| | + | :Robert Augustus Toombs, 21 Feb 1861 - 24 Jul 1861 |
| | + | :Robert Mercer Taliaferro Hunter, 25 Jul 1861 - 1 Feb 1862 |
| | + | :William Montague Brown, 1 Feb 1862 - 17 Mar 1862 |
| | + | :Judah Philip Benjamin, 18 Mar 1862 - 3 May 1865 |
| | + | '''Attorney General''' |
| | + | :Judah Philip Benjamin, 25 Feb 1861 - 17 Sep 1861 |
| | + | :Wade Rutledge Keyes, 17 Sep 1861 - 21 Nov 1861 |
| | + | :Thomas Bragg, Jr., 21 Nov 1861 - 17 Mar 1862 |
| | + | :Thomas Hill Watts, 18 Mar 1862 - 1 Oct 1863 |
| | + | :Wade Rutledge Keyes, 1 Oct 1863 - 2 Jan 1864 |
| | + | :George Davis, 2 Jan 1864 - 24 Apr 1865 |
| | + | '''Commissioner of Patents''' |
| | + | :Rufus Randolph Rhodes, 31 May 1861 - Apr 1865 |
| | + | '''Postmaster General''' |
| | + | :Henry T. Ellet, 25 Feb 1861 - 6 Mar 1861 (nominated and confirmed; declined appointment) |
| | + | :John Henninger Reagan, 6 Mar 1861 - 5 May 1865 |
| | + | '''Secretary of the Treasury''' |
| | + | :Christopher Gustavus Memminger, 21 Feb 1861 - 18 Jul 1864 |
| | + | :George Alfred Trenholm, 18 Jul 1864 - 27 Apr 1865 |
| | + | :John Henninger Reagan, 28 Apr 1865 - 4 May 1865 |
| | + | '''Treasurer of the Confederate States''' |
| | + | :Edward Carrington Elmore, 6 Mar 1861 - 1865 |
| | + | '''Comptroller and Solicitor''' |
| | + | :Lewis Cruger, 1861 - 1865 |
| | + | '''Secretary of War''' |
| | + | :Leroy Pope Walker, 21 Feb 1861 - 16 Sep 1861 |
| | + | :Judah Philip Benjamin, 17 Sep 1861 - 23 Mar 1862 |
| | + | :George Wythe Randolph, 24 Mar 1862 - 17 Nov 1862 |
| | + | :Gustavus Woodson Smith, 17 Nov 1862 - 21 Nov 1862 |
| | + | :James Alexander Seddon, 21 Nov 1862 - 6 Feb 1865 |
| | + | :John Cabell Breckenridge, 6 Feb 1865 - 5 May 1865 |
| | + | '''Chiefs of the Army Engineers Bureau (subordinated to Secretary of War)''' |
| | + | :Josiah Gorgas, 8 Apr 1861 - 3 Aug 1861 |
| | + | :Danville Leadbetter, 3 Aug 1861 - 10 Nov 1861 |
| | + | :Alfred Landon Rives, 13 Nov 1861 - 24 Sep 1862 |
| | + | :Jeremy Francis Gilmer, 25 Sep 1862 - 17 Aug 1863 |
| | + | :Alfred Landon Rives, 18 Aug 1863 - 9 Mar 1864 |
| | + | :Martin Luther Smith, 9 Mar 1864 - Apr 1864 |
| | + | :Alfred Landon Rives, Apr 1864 - Jun 1864 |
| | + | :Jeremy Francis Gilmer, Jun 1864 - Apr 1865 |
| | + | '''Commissioner of Indian Territory (subordinated to Secretary of War)''' |
| | + | :Albert Pike, 16 Mar 1861 - 1862 |
| | + | :Benjamin J. McCullough, 1862 - 7 Mar 1862 |
| | + | :Albert Pike, 1862 - 5 Nov 1862 |
| | + | :Douglas Hancock Cooper, Nov 1862 - Jan 1863 |
| | + | :William Steels, Jan 1863 - Dec 1863 |
| | + | '''Commander of the Department of Indian Territory and Superintendent of Indian Affairs (subordinated to Secretary of War)''' |
| | + | :Samuel Ball Maxey, Dec 1863 - 1865 |
| | + | :Douglas Hancock Cooper, 1865 |
| | + | '''Surgeon-general (subordinated to Secretary of War)''' |
| | + | :Samuel Preston Moore, 16 Mar 1861 - 1865 |
| | + | '''Secretary of the Navy''' |
| | + | :Stephan Russell Mallory, 4 Mar 1861 - 5 May 1865 |
| | + | '''Colonel-Commandant of the Confederate States Marine Corps (subordinated to Secretary of the Navy)''' |
| | + | :Lloyd J. Beall, 23 May 1861 - 10 May 1865 |
| | + | '''Superintendent of the Confederate States Naval Academy''' |
| | + | :William Parker, 23 Jul 1863 - 2 May 1865 |
| | + | ===Judicial branch=== |
| | + | :A federal court system with a chief justice was not created during the 1861-1865 Confederacy. |
| | | | |
| | {| class="wikitable" | | {| class="wikitable" |