5,274
edits
Changes
Jump to navigation
Jump to search
mLine 26:
Line 26: − + + + + + + + + + + + Line 37:
Line 47: − − === Operation Susannah === − Operation Susannah was a [[false flag]] operation conducted in 1954 by Israeli operatives in Egypt against American and British targets, designed to appear as though Egyptian Arabs had carried out the attacks. Israeli agents had infiltrated Egyptian society and recruited Egyptian-born Jews to carry out the operation. − The U.S. Information Agency libraries in Alexandria and Cairo as well as a British-owned theater were bombed on July 14, 1954. No injuries or casualties occurred during the bombings, except to one of the operatives, when his bomb exploded prematurely. Egyptian authorities uncovered the operation, initially not realizing it was an Israeli operation. After the Israeli spy ring was broken up, trials followed. Two suspects were acquitted, while two culprits were hanged, and several others were sentenced to lengthy prison terms. One or two other operatives committed suicide. − − Israeli defense minister Pinhas Lavon was forced to resign in 1955. Consequently, the aftermath of Operation Susannah is often called ''The Levon Affair''. − − The operation was named after the fiancé of one of the Israeli commanders, Shoshana, and was triggered when the distinctly American song ''Oh Susannah'' was played on an Israeli radio station. − − On March 30, 2005 [[Israel Defense Forces|IDF]], Chief of General Staff Lieutenant General Moshe Ya’alon presented official citations to the three surviving agents and to representatives of those deceased, saying: "This is historic justice for those who were sent on a mission on behalf of the state and became the victims of a complex political affair."<ref>{{hnb|Cashman|2005}}</ref>
structure
</blockquote>
</blockquote>
===Trial ''in absentia''===
=== Operation Susannah ===
Operation Susannah was a [[false flag]] operation conducted in 1954 by Israeli operatives in Egypt against American and British targets, designed to appear as though Egyptian Arabs had carried out the attacks. Israeli agents had infiltrated Egyptian society and recruited Egyptian-born Jews to carry out the operation.
The U.S. Information Agency libraries in Alexandria and Cairo as well as a British-owned theater were bombed on July 14, 1954. No injuries or casualties occurred during the bombings, except to one of the operatives, when his bomb exploded prematurely. Egyptian authorities uncovered the operation, initially not realizing it was an Israeli operation. After the Israeli spy ring was broken up, trials followed. Two suspects were acquitted, while two culprits were hanged, and several others were sentenced to lengthy prison terms. One or two other operatives committed suicide.
Israeli defense minister Pinhas Lavon was forced to resign in 1955. Consequently, the aftermath of Operation Susannah is often called ''The Levon Affair''.
The operation was named after the fiancé of one of the Israeli commanders, Shoshana, and was triggered when the distinctly American song ''Oh Susannah'' was played on an Israeli radio station.
On March 30, 2005 [[Israel Defense Forces|IDF]], Chief of General Staff Lieutenant General Moshe Ya’alon presented official citations to the three surviving agents and to representatives of those deceased, saying: "This is historic justice for those who were sent on a mission on behalf of the state and became the victims of a complex political affair."<ref>{{hnb|Cashman|2005}}</ref>
==Trial ''in absentia''==
In 1991 the publication of a book entitled ''By Way of Deception'' by former Mossad operative Victor Ostrovsky created quite a stir in discussing some of the operations of the Israeli government and Mossad. Ostovsky told of the Israeli Cabinet’s use of trial ''in absentia'' for enemies of the Jewish people. While trial ''in absentia'' is not recognized in Anglo-American jurisprudence, it has been used in the [[Soviet Union]] and other countries formerly referred to as the [[Eastern bloc]]. The [[fifth amendment]] to the U.S. Constitution guarantees the rights of the accused to face their accusers, this provision was waived however during the [[Nuremberg War Crimes Tribunal]] <ref>[https://law.wustl.edu/journal/1/p13arbour.pdf The Prosecution of International Crimes: Prospects and Pitfalls,] Justice Louise Arbour, Presentation given at the Holocaust Memorial Lecturer, Washington University on 28 October 1998.
In 1991 the publication of a book entitled ''By Way of Deception'' by former Mossad operative Victor Ostrovsky created quite a stir in discussing some of the operations of the Israeli government and Mossad. Ostovsky told of the Israeli Cabinet’s use of trial ''in absentia'' for enemies of the Jewish people. While trial ''in absentia'' is not recognized in Anglo-American jurisprudence, it has been used in the [[Soviet Union]] and other countries formerly referred to as the [[Eastern bloc]]. The [[fifth amendment]] to the U.S. Constitution guarantees the rights of the accused to face their accusers, this provision was waived however during the [[Nuremberg War Crimes Tribunal]] <ref>[https://law.wustl.edu/journal/1/p13arbour.pdf The Prosecution of International Crimes: Prospects and Pitfalls,] Justice Louise Arbour, Presentation given at the Holocaust Memorial Lecturer, Washington University on 28 October 1998.
The contrast here with American law is (1) the President has sole power under law through issuance of a [[Presidential Finding]] to order assassinations, whereas in Israel it is a collective decision; (2) double jeopardy clause in cases where public trial is held; and (3) rights of the accused to face their accusers.
The contrast here with American law is (1) the President has sole power under law through issuance of a [[Presidential Finding]] to order assassinations, whereas in Israel it is a collective decision; (2) double jeopardy clause in cases where public trial is held; and (3) rights of the accused to face their accusers.
== Directors ==
== Directors ==