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==SISS investigation==

==SISS investigation==

The 1952 [[Senate Internal Security Subcommittee]] (SISS) reviewed some 20,000 documents from the files of IPR, including letters, memoranda, minutes and reports  The finding was beyond all doubt, that the IPR was a vehicle for pro-Communist leverage on American policy in China, a strikingly different conclusion than that reached by the Tydings Committee.

The 1952 [[Senate Internal Security Subcommittee]] (SISS) reviewed some 20,000 documents from the files of IPR, including letters, memoranda, minutes and reports  The finding was beyond all doubt, that the IPR was a vehicle for pro-Communist leverage on American policy in China, a strikingly different conclusion than that reached by the [[Tydings Committee]].

The SISS discovered IPR was run by a circle of insiders, Edward Carter, Owen Lattimore, Frederick Field, and a few others. They were in constant communication, discussing lines of policy, materials to appear in newspapers, magazines and books, or the agenda for some impending conference. Connected to this inner cadre was a far-flung network of writers, researchers, speakers and policy experts, including a substantial number who moved back and forth among the IPR, the press corps, the academy, and the government.  Also revealed in the investigation was an extremely large number of Communists.  

The SISS discovered IPR was run by a circle of insiders, Edward Carter, Owen Lattimore, Frederick Field, and a few others. They were in constant communication, discussing lines of policy, materials to appear in newspapers, magazines and books, or the agenda for some impending conference. Connected to this inner cadre was a far-flung network of writers, researchers, speakers and policy experts, including a substantial number who moved back and forth among the IPR, the press corps, the academy, and the government.  Also revealed in the investigation was an extremely large number of Communists.  

:''"The IPR has been considered by the American Communist Party and by Soviet officials as an instrument of Communist policy, propaganda and [[military intelligence]]. The IPR disseminated and sought to popularize false information including information originating from Soviet and Communist sources. . . . Members of the small core of officials and staff members who controlled IPR were either Communist or pro-Communist. . . . Over a period of years, John Carter Vincent was the principal fulcrum of IPR pressure and influence in the State Department. . . . The IPR was a vehicle used by the Communists to orientate American far eastern policies toward Communist objectives. . ."

:''"The IPR has been considered by the American Communist Party and by Soviet officials as an instrument of Communist policy, propaganda and [[military intelligence]]. The IPR disseminated and sought to popularize false information including information originating from Soviet and Communist sources. . . . Members of the small core of officials and staff members who controlled IPR were either Communist or pro-Communist. . . . Over a period of years, John Carter Vincent was the principal fulcrum of IPR pressure and influence in the State Department. . . . The IPR was a vehicle used by the Communists to orientate American far eastern policies toward Communist objectives. . ."

It should be noted Ozaki Hozumi was a member of [[Richard Sorge]]'s Soviet espionage ring in Tokyo during [[World War II]]. Maj. Gen. Charles A. Willoughby who was Gen. [[Douglas MacArthur]]'s chief of Intelligence in the Pacific, wrote in ''Shanghai Conspiracy'' that Guenther Stein was also a member of this ring, as was the well-known Communist writer [[Agnes Smedley]], also involved in the ''Amerasia Affair''.  

It should be noted Ozaki Hozumi was a member of [[Richard Sorge]]'s Soviet espionage ring in Tokyo during [[World War II]]. Maj. Gen. Charles A. Willoughby who was Gen. [[Douglas MacArthur]]'s chief of Intelligence in the Pacific, wrote in ''Shanghai Conspiracy'' that Guenther Stein was also a member of this ring, as was the well-known Communist writer [[Agnes Smedley]], also involved in the ''Amerasia Affair''.

==References==

==References==