Changes

==Influence on public and policymaking==

==Influence on public and policymaking==

The Institute of Pacific Relations was established in 1925 to provide a forum for discussion of Asian problems and relations between Asia and the West. To promote greater knowledge of the Far East, the IPR established a large research program, which was supported financially by grants from the [[Rockefeller Foundation]], the [[Carnegie Corporation]], and other major corporations.  

The Institute of Pacific Relations was established in 1925 to provide a forum for discussion of Asian problems and relations between Asia and the West. To promote greater knowledge of the Far East, the IPR established a large research program, which was supported financially by grants from the [[Rockefeller Foundation]], the [[Carnegie Corporation]], and other major corporations. Prof Quigley states there is considerable truth in the contention that the American experts on China were organized into an  interlocking group of a [[Leftish]] character. It is also true that this group, from its control of funds, academic recommendations, and research of publication opportunities, could favor persons who accepted their consensus and could injure, financial or in professional advancement, persons who did not. And this group, by its influence on book reviewing in the ''[[New York Times]]'', the ''Herald Tribune'' and the ''Saturday Review'', a few magazines and professional journals, could advance or hamper any specialist's career. Porfessor Quigley goes on to state it is true these things were done in the United States by the Institute of Pacific Relations, that this organization had been [[infiltrate]]d by Communists and Communist sympathizers, and that much of this group's influence arose from its access and control over the flow of funds from financial foundations to scholarly activities.<ref>''Tragedy and Hope'' Quigley, pg. 935.</ref>

Prof Quigley states there is considerable truth in the contention that the American experts on China were organized into an  interlocking group of a [[Leftish]] character. It is also true that this group, from its control of funds, academic recommendations, and research of publication opportunities, could favor persons who accepted their consensus and could injure, financial or in professional advancement, persons who did not. And this group, by its influence on book reviewing in the ''[[New York Times]]'', the ''Herald Tribune'' and the ''Saturday Review'', a few magazines and professional journals, could advance or hamper any specialist's career. Porfessor Quigley goes on to state it is true these things were done in the United States by the Institute of Pacific Relations, that this organization had been [[infiltrate]]d by Communists and Communist sympathizers, and that much of this group's influence arose from its access and control over the flow of funds from financial foundations to scholarly activities.<ref>''Tragedy and Hope'' Quigley, pg. 935.</ref>

An IPR resource packet was adopted by 1300 public school systems, and the [[War Department]] purchased over three quarters of a million IPR pamphlets for instructing military personnel. <ref>Anthony Kubek, ''How the Far East Was Lost'', Chicago 1963, pgs. 350-351.</ref>

 

The IPR was a private association of ten independent national councils in ten countries concerned with affairs in the Pacific. <ref>''Tragedy and Hope'' Quigley, pg. 946.</ref>

==OWI disinformation==

==OWI disinformation==

==SISS investigation==

==SISS investigation==

The 1952 [[Senate Internal Security Subcommittee]] (SISS) reviewed some 20,000 documents from the files of IPR, including letters, memoranda, minutes and reports. <ref>[http://www.archives.gov/legislative/guide/senate/chapter-13-judiciary-1947-1968.html#SISS National Archives and Records Administration, Senate Internal Security Subcommittee]</ref>  The finding was beyond all doubt, that the IPR was a vehicle for pro-Communist leverage on American policy in China, a strikingly different conclusion than that reached by the [[Tydings Committee]].

The 1952 [[Senate Internal Security Subcommittee]] (SISS) reviewed some 20,000 documents from the files of IPR, including letters, memoranda, minutes and reports. <ref>[http://www.archives.gov/legislative/guide/senate/chapter-13-judiciary-1947-1968.html#SISS National Archives and Records Administration, Senate Internal Security Subcommittee]</ref>  During the Senate hearings on the IPR, 46 persons connected with the IPR were

identified as Communist Party members. <ref>U.S. Senate Committee on the Judiciary, Report on the Institute of Pacific Relations, Washington 1952, pg. 11.</ref>  The finding was beyond all doubt, that the IPR was a vehicle for pro-Communist leverage on American policy in China, a strikingly different conclusion than that reached by the [[Tydings Committee]].

The SISS discovered IPR was run by a circle of insiders, Edward Carter, Owen Lattimore, Frederick Field, and a few others. They were in constant communication, discussing lines of policy, materials to appear in newspapers, magazines and books, or the agenda for some impending conference. Connected to this inner cadre was a far-flung network of writers, researchers, speakers and policy experts, including a substantial number who moved back and forth among the IPR, the press corps, the academy, and the government.  Also revealed in the investigation was an extremely large number of Communists. <ref>[http://www.humanevents.com/article.php?print=yes&id=455 McCarthyism: Waging the Cold War in America], by M. Stanton Evans, ''Human Events'', 05/30/1997. Updated 05/08/2003.</ref>

The SISS discovered IPR was run by a circle of insiders, Edward Carter, Owen Lattimore, Frederick Field, and a few others. They were in constant communication, discussing lines of policy, materials to appear in newspapers, magazines and books, or the agenda for some impending conference. Connected to this inner cadre was a far-flung network of writers, researchers, speakers and policy experts, including a substantial number who moved back and forth among the IPR, the press corps, the academy, and the government.  Also revealed in the investigation was an extremely large number of Communists. <ref>[http://www.humanevents.com/article.php?print=yes&id=455 McCarthyism: Waging the Cold War in America], by M. Stanton Evans, ''Human Events'', 05/30/1997. Updated 05/08/2003.</ref>