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'''Title IX''' is a section of the [[Civil Rights Act]] which mandates that no one "be excluded from participation in, be denied the benefits of, or be subjected to discrimination under any education program or activity receiving Federal financial assistance" on account of sex.  [[20 U.S.C. § 1681(a)]].  Title IX became law in 1972.
 
'''Title IX''' is a section of the [[Civil Rights Act]] which mandates that no one "be excluded from participation in, be denied the benefits of, or be subjected to discrimination under any education program or activity receiving Federal financial assistance" on account of sex.  [[20 U.S.C. § 1681(a)]].  Title IX became law in 1972.
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Congress expressly prohibited quotas:<ref>20 U.S.C. § 1681(b).</ref>
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:Nothing contained in . . . this section shall be interpreted to require any educational institution to grant preferential or disparate treatment to the members of one sex on account of an imbalance which may exist with respect to the total number or percentage of persons of that sex participating in or receiving the benefits of any federal program or activity, in comparison with the total number or percentage of persons of that sex in any community, State, section, or other area.
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The author of Title IX, Representative Edith Green, later lamented that:<ref>Edith Green, "The Road Is Paved With Good Intentions," Address at Brigham Young University (Jan. 25, 1977).</ref>
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:In 1972 when we enacted the Higher Education Act--including Title IX--to end discrimination against women, we sought to be exceedingly explicit so that the establishment of quotas would be prohibited. I was surprised and dismayed when complaints from colleges and universities came in stating that the Department of Labor was requiring them to meet quotas. . . . Title IX was not designed to do away with intercollegiate sports.
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== Proportionality Test ==
    
Title IX is controversial not for what it says, but how it is applied.  Under informal regulations adopted by the [[Democratic]] Administrations of Presidents [[Jimmy Carter]] and [[Bill Clinton]], a [[gender]] [[proportionality test]] may be applied to schools that receive any federal money concerning.  This test causes these institutions to attempt to have the same proportion of boys and girls on sports teams as are enrolled in the school, regardless of interest in sports.  Some seek to apply this proportionality test to [[math]] and [[science]] programs also.
 
Title IX is controversial not for what it says, but how it is applied.  Under informal regulations adopted by the [[Democratic]] Administrations of Presidents [[Jimmy Carter]] and [[Bill Clinton]], a [[gender]] [[proportionality test]] may be applied to schools that receive any federal money concerning.  This test causes these institutions to attempt to have the same proportion of boys and girls on sports teams as are enrolled in the school, regardless of interest in sports.  Some seek to apply this proportionality test to [[math]] and [[science]] programs also.
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