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The Institute of Pacific Relations was established in 1925 to provide a forum for discussion of Asian problems and relations between Asia and the West. It was governed by an international body in which each nation interested in the Pacific was represented and had its own national council. The constituent nations were the United States, United Kingdom, the [[Soviet Union]], China, Australia, New Zealand, Canada, Netherland-Netherlands East Indies, Philippines and [[France]]. The overall international ruling body was called the Pacific Council. The IPR had two organs of expression. One was a quarterly journal called ''Pacific Affairs'', under the auspices of the International or Pacific Council. The other was ''Far Eastern Survey'', published by the American Council. [[Owen Lattimore]] was the editor of ''Pacific Affairs'' and Lawrence E. Salisbury was the editor of ''Far Eastern Survey''.  

The Institute of Pacific Relations was established in 1925 to provide a forum for discussion of Asian problems and relations between Asia and the West. It was governed by an international body in which each nation interested in the Pacific was represented and had its own national council. The constituent nations were the United States, United Kingdom, the [[Soviet Union]], China, Australia, New Zealand, Canada, Netherland-Netherlands East Indies, Philippines and [[France]]. The overall international ruling body was called the Pacific Council. The IPR had two organs of expression. One was a quarterly journal called ''Pacific Affairs'', under the auspices of the International or Pacific Council. The other was ''Far Eastern Survey'', published by the American Council. [[Owen Lattimore]] was the editor of ''Pacific Affairs'' and Lawrence E. Salisbury was the editor of ''Far Eastern Survey''.  

The executive secretary of the American Council was [[Frederick Vanderbilt Field]], a notorious professional Communist and popularly known as the "Millionaire Communist." Field was enlisted for the job by [[Edward C. Carter]] in 1928, when Field became assistant secretary and very soon after executive secretary. He remained a member of the governing executive committee until 1948 and executive secretary until 1940.<ref>''While You Slept : Our Tragedy in Asia and Who Made It'', John T. Flynn,  New York : The Devin - Adair Company, 1951, [http://www.mises.org/books/whileyouslept.pdf pg. 116 - 119] pdf.</ref> Edward C. Carter was also member of the board of directors of the [[American Russian Institute]] and a contributor to ''Soviet Russia Today'' in which Carter defended the infamous Moscow [[show trial]]s during the [[Stalinist terror]].<ref>''Soviet Russia Today'', May 1938.</ref> Carter tried to get Field, owner and chairman of the editorial board of ''[[Amerasia]]'' which recieved stolen classified documents from the [[U.S. Government]], a commission in Army Intelligence.

The executive secretary of the American Council was [[Frederick Vanderbilt Field]], a notorious professional Communist and popularly known as the "Millionaire Communist." Field was enlisted for the job by [[Edward C. Carter]] in 1928, when Field became assistant secretary and very soon after executive secretary. He remained a member of the governing executive committee until 1948 and executive secretary until 1940.<ref>''While You Slept : Our Tragedy in Asia and Who Made It'', John T. Flynn,  New York : The Devin - Adair Company, 1951, [http://www.mises.org/books/whileyouslept.pdf pg. 116 - 119] pdf.</ref> Edward C. Carter was also member of the board of directors of the [[American Russian Institute]] and a contributor to ''Soviet Russia Today'' in which Carter defended the infamous Moscow [[show trial]]s during the [[Stalinist terror]].<ref>''Soviet Russia Today'', May 1938.</ref> Carter tried to get Field, owner and chairman of the editorial board of ''[[Amerasia]]'' which received stolen classified documents from the [[U.S. Government]], a commission in Army Intelligence.

To promote greater knowledge of the Far East, the IPR established a large research program, which was supported by grants from the [[Rockefeller Foundation]], the [[Carnegie Corporation]], and other major corporations. Prof Quigley states there is considerable truth in the contention that the American experts on China were organized into an  interlocking group of a [[Leftish]] character. It is also true that this group, from its control of funds, academic recommendations, and research of publication opportunities, could favor persons who accepted their consensus and could injure, financial or in professional advancement, persons who did not. And this group, by its influence on book reviewing in the ''[[New York Times]]'', the ''Herald Tribune'' and the ''Saturday Review'', a few magazines and professional journals, could advance or hamper any specialist's career. Professor Quigley goes on to state it is true these things were done in the United States by the Institute of Pacific Relations, that this organization had been [[infiltrate]]d by Communists and Communist sympathizers, and that much of this group's influence arose from its access and control over the flow of funds from financial foundations to scholarly activities.<ref>''Tragedy and Hope'' Quigley, pg. 935.</ref>

To promote greater knowledge of the Far East, the IPR established a large research program, which was supported by grants from the [[Rockefeller Foundation]], the [[Carnegie Corporation]], and other major corporations. Prof Quigley states there is considerable truth in the contention that the American experts on China were organized into an  interlocking group of a [[Leftish]] character. It is also true that this group, from its control of funds, academic recommendations, and research of publication opportunities, could favor persons who accepted their consensus and could injure, financial or in professional advancement, persons who did not. And this group, by its influence on book reviewing in the ''[[New York Times]]'', the ''Herald Tribune'' and the ''Saturday Review'', a few magazines and professional journals, could advance or hamper any specialist's career. Professor Quigley goes on to state it is true these things were done in the United States by the Institute of Pacific Relations, that this organization had been [[infiltrate]]d by Communists and Communist sympathizers, and that much of this group's influence arose from its access and control over the flow of funds from financial foundations to scholarly activities.<ref>''Tragedy and Hope'' Quigley, pg. 935.</ref>

Lattimore recommended highly ''Challenge of Red China'', written by member of the [[Richard Sorge]] ring in Japan—[[Guenther Stein]]. Of [[Israel Epstein]]'s ''Unfinished Revolution in China'' Lattimore said: "When he pleads his case the arguments pile up like a wedge." When Lattimore resigned he was succeeded by [[Michael Greenberg]], a Communist Party member. Lattimore then became a member of the editorial board of another IPR organ, the notorious ''[[Amerasia]]'' magazine.  

Lattimore recommended highly ''Challenge of Red China'', written by member of the [[Richard Sorge]] ring in Japan—[[Guenther Stein]]. Of [[Israel Epstein]]'s ''Unfinished Revolution in China'' Lattimore said: "When he pleads his case the arguments pile up like a wedge." When Lattimore resigned he was succeeded by [[Michael Greenberg]], a Communist Party member. Lattimore then became a member of the editorial board of another IPR organ, the notorious ''[[Amerasia]]'' magazine.  

In 1944, Lattimore told Dr. [[Karl Wittfogel]] that the the emperor of Japan should be removed and that as far as Korea was concerned "the best solution would be to let Russia take it over." At a State Department conference later he submitted a ten-point program which included recognizing the Chinese Communist government, turning over Formosa and Hong Kong to them and stating that no aid should be sent Chiang's forces.<ref> United States Senate Subcommittee on Internal Security Hearings, August 7 and October 1, 1951.</ref>

In 1944, Lattimore told Dr. [[Karl Wittfogel]] that the emperor of Japan should be removed and that as far as Korea was concerned "the best solution would be to let Russia take it over." At a State Department conference later he submitted a ten-point program which included recognizing the Chinese Communist government, turning over Formosa and Hong Kong to them and stating that no aid should be sent Chiang's forces.<ref> United States Senate Subcommittee on Internal Security Hearings, August 7 and October 1, 1951.</ref>

==Amerasia==

==Amerasia==

:''Main article: [[Amerasia]]''

:''Main article: [[Amerasia]]''

Frederick Vanderbilt Field testified that he had discussed with associates in the IPR the project of starting ''Amerasia'' in 1937. Amerasia was established with the full approval of the Institute leaders. This property belonged to Fredrick Field and Philip Jaffe, with Field holding the controlling interest. Field testified that he owned 50 per cent of the stock, while Jaffe owned 49 per cent. A good many of Field's associates in IPR were on the editorial board of ''Amerasia''. Field named Owen Lattimore, Kate Mitchell, Harriet Moore, T. A. Bisson, Benjamin Kizer, a trustee of the Institute, and Philip Jaffe, who also was a member of the Institute and a contributor to its periodical. When Field made his effort to get into Army Intelligence, it was writen on the letterhead of ''Amerasia'', showing Field as chairman of the editorial board with Owen Lattimore and William T. Stone as members of the board. There was no change in ownership of this magazine from 1937 to 1943, when Field resigned and Jaffe took over.<ref>United States Senate Subcommittee on Internal Security Hearings, July 25 and 26, 1951.</ref>

Frederick Vanderbilt Field testified that he had discussed with associates in the IPR the project of starting ''Amerasia'' in 1937. Amerasia was established with the full approval of the Institute leaders. This property belonged to Fredrick Field and Philip Jaffe, with Field holding the controlling interest. Field testified that he owned 50 per cent of the stock, while Jaffe owned 49 per cent. A good many of Field's associates in IPR were on the editorial board of ''Amerasia''. Field named Owen Lattimore, Kate Mitchell, Harriet Moore, T. A. Bisson, Benjamin Kizer, a trustee of the Institute, and Philip Jaffe, who also was a member of the Institute and a contributor to its periodical. When Field made his effort to get into Army Intelligence, it was written on the letterhead of ''Amerasia'', showing Field as chairman of the editorial board with Owen Lattimore and William T. Stone as members of the board. There was no change in ownership of this magazine from 1937 to 1943, when Field resigned and Jaffe took over.<ref>United States Senate Subcommittee on Internal Security Hearings, July 25 and 26, 1951.</ref>

There appeared in ''Amerasia'' a long account which was recognized by General [[William Donovan]]'s [[Office of Strategic Services]] (the OSS) as a verbatim reproduction of a top secret government document.  On June 6, 1945 the [[FBI]] raided the offices of ''Amerasia''. Six persons, [[Philip Jaffe]], [[Mark Gayn]], [[Kate Mitchell]] and three others who were U.S. government officials, [[Andrew Roth]], [[Emmanuel Larsen]], [[John S. Service]], were arrested on conspiracy and espionage charges related to the  possession of over 1,000 stolen classified government documents.  Documents from Military Intelligence, [[Naval Intelligence]], [[Bureau of Censorship]], [[British Intelligence]], Office of Strategic Services and the [[U.S. State Department]] were confiscated. Among these documents were military reports giving secret information on the position and disposition of [[Chinese Nationalist]] armies of Gen. [[Chiang Kai-shek]].

There appeared in ''Amerasia'' a long account which was recognized by General [[William Donovan]]'s [[Office of Strategic Services]] (the OSS) as a verbatim reproduction of a top secret government document.  On June 6, 1945 the [[FBI]] raided the offices of ''Amerasia''. Six persons, [[Philip Jaffe]], [[Mark Gayn]], [[Kate Mitchell]] and three others who were U.S. government officials, [[Andrew Roth]], [[Emmanuel Larsen]], [[John S. Service]], were arrested on conspiracy and espionage charges related to the  possession of over 1,000 stolen classified government documents.  Documents from Military Intelligence, [[Naval Intelligence]], [[Bureau of Censorship]], [[British Intelligence]], Office of Strategic Services and the [[U.S. State Department]] were confiscated. Among these documents were military reports giving secret information on the position and disposition of [[Chinese Nationalist]] armies of Gen. [[Chiang Kai-shek]].