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Line 1: − + − Relativity is essential for massive or fast-moving bodies; for electromagnetism; for light and other radiation; for quantum field theory; for spin; and for nuclear energy. Particles at low mass and low speed can be accurately approximated by [[classical mechanics]] (such as [[Isaac Newton]]'s laws of motion). At the two extremes, modeling the behavior of electrons requires that relativistic effects be taken into account (the chemically significant phenomenon of [[electron spin]] arises from relativity), and the course light passing through a region containing many massive bodies such as galaxies will be distorted ([[classical mechanics]], in which light travels with infinite speed in straight lines, does not predict this). These are both experimentally confirmed ([[electron spin]] was known before relativity arose, and telescopic observations confirm that galactic clusters distort the paths of the light passing through them).+ + + − == General Relativity == − General Relativity is a mathematical extension of Special Relativity. GR proposes that space-time is curved by massive bodies, so that near any massive body, the sum of the angles in a triangle is not exactly 180 degrees. − The GR field equations are − :<math> G_{uv} = 8\pi\, T_{uv} </math> − where ''G<sub>uv</sub>'' is the [[Einstein curvature tensor]], and ''T<sub>uv</sub>'' is the [[stress-energy tensor]], ''G<sub>uv</sub>'' and ''T<sub>uv</sub>'' are both rank 2 symmetric tensors. The GR field equations is a system of [[partial differential equations]] that relates the curvature of space to the mass occupying the space. − General relativity provides one explanation for the seemingly anomalous precession of Mercury's perihelion. There are other explanations based in Newtonian gravity, such as factoring in the pull of the other planets on Mercury's orbit. One Newtonian explanation requires a slight alternation to the precise inverse-square relation of Newtonian gravity to distance, which is disfavored by mathematicians due to its inelegance in integrating.
no edit summary
'''Relativity''' refers to two closely-related theories in [[physics]], and to a principle which led to the first theory. Special relativity (SR) is a theory which describes the laws of motion for non-accelerating bodies traveling at a significant fraction of the speed of light. At speeds approaching zero, Special Relativity is identical to Newton's Laws of Motion. Special Relativity was developed by [[Hendrik Lorentz]], [[Henri .ucr.edu/home/baez/physics/ParticleAndNuclear/tachyons.html] However, some question whether the Theory of Special Relativity really restricts faster-than-light communication of information.</ref>
'''Relativity''' refers to two closely-related theories in [[physics]], and to a principle which led to the first theory. Special relativity (SR) is a theory which describes the laws of motion for non-accelerating bodies traveling at a significant fraction of the speed of light. At speeds approaching zero, Special Relativity is identical to Newton's Laws of Motion. Special Relativity was developed by [[Hendrik Lorentz]], [[Henri .ucr.edu/home/baez/physics/ParticleAndNuclear/tachyons.html] However, some question whether the Theory of Special Relativity really restricts faster-than-light communication of information.</ref>
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# The laws ofDNFSAIUHF9238709YYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYNCWIHNVKUDAFHCN97EY
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British Historian Paul Johnson declares the turning point in 20th century to have been when fellow Briton Sir [[Arthur Eddington]], an esteemed English astronomer, ventured out on a boat off Africa in 1919 with a local Army unit to observe the bending of starlight around the sun during a total eclipse. Upon his return to England declared that his observations proven the theory of relativity. In fact recent analysis of Eddington's work revealed that he was biased in selecting his data, and that overall his data were inconclusive about the theory of relativity. The prediction was later confirmed by more rigorous experiments, such as those performed by the [[Hubble Space Telescope]] <ref>http://www.spaceimages.com/gravlen.html</ref> <ref> http://csep10.phys.utk.edu/astr162/lect/galaxies/lensing.html </ref> <ref> http://www.iam.ubc.ca/~newbury/lenses/glgallery.html </ref>. Lorentz has this to say on the discrepancies between the empirical eclipse data and Einstein's predictions.
British Historian Paul Johnson declares the turning point in 20th century to have been when fellow Briton Sir [[Arthur Eddington]], an esteemed English astronomer, ventured out on a boat off Africa in 1919 with a local Army unit to observe the bending of starlight around the sun during a total eclipse. Upon his return to England declared that his observations proven the theory of relativity. In fact recent analysis of Eddington's work revealed that he was biased in selecting his data, and that overall his data were inconclusive about the theory of relativity. The prediction was later confirmed by more rigorous experiments, such as those performed by the [[Hubble Space Telescope]] <ref>http://www.spaceimages.com/gravlen.html</ref> <ref> http://csep10.phys.utk.edu/astr162/lect/galaxies/lensing.html </ref> <ref> http://www.iam.ubc.ca/~newbury/lenses/glgallery.html </ref>. Lorentz has this to say on the discrepancies between the empirical eclipse data and Einstein's predictions.