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Benedict de Spinoza, or Baruch d'Espinoza, lived (1632-1677) in [[Amsterdam]].  He was a glass grinder whose philosophical work caused his excommunication from the Jewish synagogue.  

'''Benedict de Spinoza''', or Baruch d'Espinoza, lived (1632-1677) in [[Amsterdam]].  He was a glass grinder whose philosophical work caused his excommunication from the Jewish synagogue.  

Spinozism includes the belief that all existence consists of only one substance, such as [[God]] or nature. Under this view, everything from mind to matter is merely a manifestation of the one true reality.  Evil has only a fleeting existence in the mind or heart, and is extinguished in due course by the divine Whole.

Spinozism includes the belief that all existence consists of only one substance, such as [[God]] or nature. Under this view, everything from mind to matter is merely a manifestation of the one true reality.  Evil has only a fleeting existence in the mind or heart, and is extinguished in due course by the divine Whole.