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[[Image:Geneva_Bible.jpg|thumb|300px|right|1599 Geneva Bible original frontispiece]]
'''The Geneva Bible''' was the first full-length [[Bible]] to be published in the [[English]] language. Its original compilers and publishers produced 144 separate editions between 1560 and 1644 AD, beyond which time King [[Charles I]] and [[Archbishop of Canterbury|Archbishop]] [[William Laud]] forbade its printing in the [[United Kingdom]]. The Geneva Bible virtually disappeared until modern times. The Geneva Bible is now available in a hardcover edition published in 2006 by Tolle Lege Press.<ref name=Bible>Lillback, Peter A., DeMar, Gary D., Federer, William J., ''et al.'' ''1599 Geneva Bible: The Holy Scriptures Contained in the Old and New Testaments.'' White Hall, [[West Virginia|WV]], [[United States of America|USA]]: Tolle Lege Press, 2006. 1400 pp., cloth. ISBN: 0975484699</ref>
== History ==
=== Tyndale's New Testament ===
The [[Roman Catholic Church]] had spread throughout the territory that was once part of the Western [[Roman Empire]]. Yet the Church reserved for its own clergy the right to own the written text of the [[Bible]]--and no European monarch permitted any of his subjects actually to possess a copy of the Bible printed in any language other than [[Latin]].<ref name=Foster>Foster, Marshall. "The History and Impact of the Geneva Bible." ''1599 Geneva Bible'', ''op. cit.'', pp. xxiii to xxvi.</ref>
In 1526, [[William Tyndale]] began his first efforts to translate the Bible into [[English]]. For this defiance of the royal edicts then in force, the authorities pursued him. He fled to [[Germany]], where he met [[Martin Luther]], and from there to [[Belgium]]. There he produced a mechanically printed edition of the [[New Testament]], and his friends smuggled 6,000 copies of it into England. Authorities in Belgium hunted him, arrested him, and imprisoned him in Vilvoorde, and on March 6, 1536, he was executed.<ref name=Foster/>
Tyndale's New Testament did not reach the common man in England. It did, however, influence the English clergy and might have been an impetus behind the Reformation in England.<ref name=Foster/> Significantly, [[Anne Boleyn]] was executed in the same year as was Tyndale--and subsequent to this, King [[Henry VIII]] began his sweeping purge of the monasteries in his realm.
=== Bloody Mary ===
In 1553, Queen [[Mary I]] acceded to the throne upon the death of her half-brother, [[Edward VI]]. This Catholic queen quickly earned the nickname "Bloody Mary" by her ruthless persecution of the English Reformers and her execution of 300 of them. Another 800 Reformers fled to the continent, where they gathered in [[Geneva]], [[Switzerland]], then known as [[John Calvin]]'s "Protestant Rome."<ref name=Calvin>Authors unknown. "[http://switzerland.isyours.com/E/guide/religion/christianism/john.calvin.html John Calvin (1509-1564)]" ''Switzerland Is Yours'', Micheloud and Cie, 2006. Retrieved November 2, 2007.</ref> There they set about creating an English-language version of the entire Bible, and one that would have no ties to any monarch, whether in England or elsewhere in Europe. Among the men involved in this project were [[William Whittingham]], [[Miles Coverdale]], [[Christopher Goodman]], [[Anthony Gilby]], [[John Knox]], and [[Thomas Sampson]].<ref name=Foster/>
=== The First Edition ===
The Geneva translators avoided the Latin [[Vulgate]] and sought access to the oldest and most authentic [[Hebrew]] and [[Greek]] manuscripts they could find. Their research benefited, ironically, from the Fall of the [[Byzantine Empire]] in 1453, an event that had forced many Christian clerics to flee the fallen city of [[Istanbul|Constantinople]] with their manuscripts in hand.
In 1557, Whittingham produced a revised edition of Tyndale's original New Testament. Then in 1560 the reformers produced the first edition of the Geneva Bible. This they dedicated to Queen [[Elizabeth I]], who by then had succeeded to the throne after the death of her sister, "Bloody Mary." Under Elizabeth's patronage, the Geneva Bible became the Bible of choice not merely for clergy but also for laity.<ref name=Foster/>
=== Later Editions ===
From the beginning, the Geneva Bible was a study Bible, richly annotated and illustrated. The 1599 edition had the most extensive annotations of any of the Geneva Bibles, and a table of interpretations of (mainly [[Old Testament]]) proper names.
The Geneva Bible was highly popular in England, and indeed the [[Jamestown]] expeditionaries carried it to America in 1607. Likewise, the [[Pilgrims]] carried it with them to the [[Netherlands]], where they had fled, and then to what later became their [[Plymouth colony]] (in modern [[Massachusetts]]) in 1620.
In 1604, shortly after his own accession to the throne, King [[James I]] commissioned [[King James Bible|his own version]] of the Bible, that would later come to be known as "The Bishop's Bible" or, more commonly, the '''Authorized Version'''. James' motive for promulgating his own version was simple: he did not want the people to have in hand a Bible with all the marginal notes that the Geneva Bible had. The reason was equally simple: those marginal notes might encourage lay readers not to credit James' overriding dogma of "the divine right of kings" that was central to his authority.<ref name=Brown>Brown, Michael H. "[http://www.reformedreader.org/gbn/igb.htm Introduction to the Geneva Bible for the historic Baptist faith.]" ''The Reformed Reader'', 1988. Retrieved November 2, 2007. Brown's essay is a bitter, almost vitriolic indictment of Kings James and Charles and of the [[Church of England]] that they headed. At the time of his writing, the Geneva Bible remained out of print, and this might have informed his bitterness. Whether he would have employed a more refined tone had he known that the Geneva Bible would one day be published once again, is perhaps impossible to determine.</ref>
This version was first published in 1611. A later king ([[Charles I]]) would take the first steps toward suppression of the Geneva Bible toward the end of his reign. In 1644, the Geneva Bible went out of print and would remain out of print for more than four hundred fifty years.
=== Modern Editions ===
In 2003, L. L. Brown and Company published an edition of the 1599 Geneva Bible.<ref name=LLBrown>''The 1599 Geneva Bible''. Ozark, [[Missouri|MO]]: L. L. Brown Publishing, 2003. Cited in Preface, ''1599 Geneva Bible'', Tolle Lege Press, ''op. cit.'', pp. xix-xx.</ref> This edition included the [[Apocrypha]] and a metrical rendition of the Book of Psalms originally intended to encourage their recitation in church.
In January of 2004 a group of concerned American individuals and organizations formed the 1599 Geneva Bible Restoration Project to restore and republish the richly annotated 1599 edition. Seventeen organizations and 270 individuals and families contributed funds for the project.<ref name=partners>"1599 Geneva Bible Restoration Project," ''1599 Geneva Bible'', ''op. cit.'', pp. v to xvii.</ref> The Project acquired the rights to the L. L. Brown copy, but omitted the Apocrypha and metrical Psalms and sought as much as possible to authenticate the original text as printed in 1599. The Tolle Lege edition makes no attempt to "modernize" the text, other than to update some of the spelling. Instead of "translating" the many out-dated words, it includes a glossary intended more as a guide than as a hard-and-fast body of rules. The editors state in their front matter that they wished to deliver an edition as close in meaning to the original as practicable.
== Differences from Other Versions ==
The Geneva Bible is often called the "Breeches Bible" because of its rendition of {{Bible ref|book=Genesis|chap=3|verses=7|version=KJV}}. The Geneva text<ref name=Gen37>''1599 Geneva Bible'', Tolle Lege Press, ''op. cit.'', p. 6</ref> reads as follows:{{Cquote|Then the eyes of them both were opened, and they knew that they were naked, and they sewed fig tree leaves together, and made themselves breeches.}}
In fact, if any version of the Bible, printed or electronic, does ''not'' translate Genesis 3:7 in the words quoted above, then it is ''not'' a Geneva Bible.
The differences in the actual text between the Geneva and Authorized Versions are minor. Nevertheless they are critical to distinguishing the Geneva Bible from the Authorized Version or any other version.
The copious marginal notes are the key difference. The controversy they caused is arguably the very reason why an Authorized Version even exists. Those notes were controversial because they contained sentiments that James I must have regarded as by turns anti-Catholic and seditious.
For example, the note for {{Bible ref|book=Exodus|chap=1|verses=19|version=KJV}} says the following of the [[Hebrew]] midwives who disobeyed the Pharaoh in refusing to kill Hebrew boy-children at birth:<ref name=Ex119>''1599 Geneva Bible'', Tolle Lege Press, ''op. cit.'', p. 60</ref> {{Cquote|Their disobedience herein was lawful, but their dissembling evil.}} The very notion that the disobedience of a royal command might be a lawful act would be anathema to a king who believed that he ruled by divine right and answered only to [[God]] and not to any of his subjects.<ref name=Brown/> The footnote for {{Bible ref|book=Exodus|chap=1|verses=22|version=KJV}} would surely have been worse:{{Cquote|When tyrants cannot prevail by craft, they burst forth into open rage.}}
The firm belief of the editors of the Tolle Lege edition is that these marginal notes were the catalyst not only for the furtherance (such as it was) of the reformation in England, but also, and more to the point, for the political revolutions in the English-speaking world<ref name=Foster/>--presumably beginning with the [[Glorious Revolution]] of 1688 and continuing with the [[American Revolution]] of 1776-83.
== References ==
<references/>
== External Links ==
* [http://www.tollelegepress.com/ Tolle Lege Press] (Company site)
* [http://www.1599genevabible.com/ 1599 Geneva Bible] (Official site)
* [http://www.genevabible.org/ Geneva Bible 1599] (Unofficial site)
[[Category:Bible]]
'''The Geneva Bible''' was the first full-length [[Bible]] to be published in the [[English]] language. Its original compilers and publishers produced 144 separate editions between 1560 and 1644 AD, beyond which time King [[Charles I]] and [[Archbishop of Canterbury|Archbishop]] [[William Laud]] forbade its printing in the [[United Kingdom]]. The Geneva Bible virtually disappeared until modern times. The Geneva Bible is now available in a hardcover edition published in 2006 by Tolle Lege Press.<ref name=Bible>Lillback, Peter A., DeMar, Gary D., Federer, William J., ''et al.'' ''1599 Geneva Bible: The Holy Scriptures Contained in the Old and New Testaments.'' White Hall, [[West Virginia|WV]], [[United States of America|USA]]: Tolle Lege Press, 2006. 1400 pp., cloth. ISBN: 0975484699</ref>
== History ==
=== Tyndale's New Testament ===
The [[Roman Catholic Church]] had spread throughout the territory that was once part of the Western [[Roman Empire]]. Yet the Church reserved for its own clergy the right to own the written text of the [[Bible]]--and no European monarch permitted any of his subjects actually to possess a copy of the Bible printed in any language other than [[Latin]].<ref name=Foster>Foster, Marshall. "The History and Impact of the Geneva Bible." ''1599 Geneva Bible'', ''op. cit.'', pp. xxiii to xxvi.</ref>
In 1526, [[William Tyndale]] began his first efforts to translate the Bible into [[English]]. For this defiance of the royal edicts then in force, the authorities pursued him. He fled to [[Germany]], where he met [[Martin Luther]], and from there to [[Belgium]]. There he produced a mechanically printed edition of the [[New Testament]], and his friends smuggled 6,000 copies of it into England. Authorities in Belgium hunted him, arrested him, and imprisoned him in Vilvoorde, and on March 6, 1536, he was executed.<ref name=Foster/>
Tyndale's New Testament did not reach the common man in England. It did, however, influence the English clergy and might have been an impetus behind the Reformation in England.<ref name=Foster/> Significantly, [[Anne Boleyn]] was executed in the same year as was Tyndale--and subsequent to this, King [[Henry VIII]] began his sweeping purge of the monasteries in his realm.
=== Bloody Mary ===
In 1553, Queen [[Mary I]] acceded to the throne upon the death of her half-brother, [[Edward VI]]. This Catholic queen quickly earned the nickname "Bloody Mary" by her ruthless persecution of the English Reformers and her execution of 300 of them. Another 800 Reformers fled to the continent, where they gathered in [[Geneva]], [[Switzerland]], then known as [[John Calvin]]'s "Protestant Rome."<ref name=Calvin>Authors unknown. "[http://switzerland.isyours.com/E/guide/religion/christianism/john.calvin.html John Calvin (1509-1564)]" ''Switzerland Is Yours'', Micheloud and Cie, 2006. Retrieved November 2, 2007.</ref> There they set about creating an English-language version of the entire Bible, and one that would have no ties to any monarch, whether in England or elsewhere in Europe. Among the men involved in this project were [[William Whittingham]], [[Miles Coverdale]], [[Christopher Goodman]], [[Anthony Gilby]], [[John Knox]], and [[Thomas Sampson]].<ref name=Foster/>
=== The First Edition ===
The Geneva translators avoided the Latin [[Vulgate]] and sought access to the oldest and most authentic [[Hebrew]] and [[Greek]] manuscripts they could find. Their research benefited, ironically, from the Fall of the [[Byzantine Empire]] in 1453, an event that had forced many Christian clerics to flee the fallen city of [[Istanbul|Constantinople]] with their manuscripts in hand.
In 1557, Whittingham produced a revised edition of Tyndale's original New Testament. Then in 1560 the reformers produced the first edition of the Geneva Bible. This they dedicated to Queen [[Elizabeth I]], who by then had succeeded to the throne after the death of her sister, "Bloody Mary." Under Elizabeth's patronage, the Geneva Bible became the Bible of choice not merely for clergy but also for laity.<ref name=Foster/>
=== Later Editions ===
From the beginning, the Geneva Bible was a study Bible, richly annotated and illustrated. The 1599 edition had the most extensive annotations of any of the Geneva Bibles, and a table of interpretations of (mainly [[Old Testament]]) proper names.
The Geneva Bible was highly popular in England, and indeed the [[Jamestown]] expeditionaries carried it to America in 1607. Likewise, the [[Pilgrims]] carried it with them to the [[Netherlands]], where they had fled, and then to what later became their [[Plymouth colony]] (in modern [[Massachusetts]]) in 1620.
In 1604, shortly after his own accession to the throne, King [[James I]] commissioned [[King James Bible|his own version]] of the Bible, that would later come to be known as "The Bishop's Bible" or, more commonly, the '''Authorized Version'''. James' motive for promulgating his own version was simple: he did not want the people to have in hand a Bible with all the marginal notes that the Geneva Bible had. The reason was equally simple: those marginal notes might encourage lay readers not to credit James' overriding dogma of "the divine right of kings" that was central to his authority.<ref name=Brown>Brown, Michael H. "[http://www.reformedreader.org/gbn/igb.htm Introduction to the Geneva Bible for the historic Baptist faith.]" ''The Reformed Reader'', 1988. Retrieved November 2, 2007. Brown's essay is a bitter, almost vitriolic indictment of Kings James and Charles and of the [[Church of England]] that they headed. At the time of his writing, the Geneva Bible remained out of print, and this might have informed his bitterness. Whether he would have employed a more refined tone had he known that the Geneva Bible would one day be published once again, is perhaps impossible to determine.</ref>
This version was first published in 1611. A later king ([[Charles I]]) would take the first steps toward suppression of the Geneva Bible toward the end of his reign. In 1644, the Geneva Bible went out of print and would remain out of print for more than four hundred fifty years.
=== Modern Editions ===
In 2003, L. L. Brown and Company published an edition of the 1599 Geneva Bible.<ref name=LLBrown>''The 1599 Geneva Bible''. Ozark, [[Missouri|MO]]: L. L. Brown Publishing, 2003. Cited in Preface, ''1599 Geneva Bible'', Tolle Lege Press, ''op. cit.'', pp. xix-xx.</ref> This edition included the [[Apocrypha]] and a metrical rendition of the Book of Psalms originally intended to encourage their recitation in church.
In January of 2004 a group of concerned American individuals and organizations formed the 1599 Geneva Bible Restoration Project to restore and republish the richly annotated 1599 edition. Seventeen organizations and 270 individuals and families contributed funds for the project.<ref name=partners>"1599 Geneva Bible Restoration Project," ''1599 Geneva Bible'', ''op. cit.'', pp. v to xvii.</ref> The Project acquired the rights to the L. L. Brown copy, but omitted the Apocrypha and metrical Psalms and sought as much as possible to authenticate the original text as printed in 1599. The Tolle Lege edition makes no attempt to "modernize" the text, other than to update some of the spelling. Instead of "translating" the many out-dated words, it includes a glossary intended more as a guide than as a hard-and-fast body of rules. The editors state in their front matter that they wished to deliver an edition as close in meaning to the original as practicable.
== Differences from Other Versions ==
The Geneva Bible is often called the "Breeches Bible" because of its rendition of {{Bible ref|book=Genesis|chap=3|verses=7|version=KJV}}. The Geneva text<ref name=Gen37>''1599 Geneva Bible'', Tolle Lege Press, ''op. cit.'', p. 6</ref> reads as follows:{{Cquote|Then the eyes of them both were opened, and they knew that they were naked, and they sewed fig tree leaves together, and made themselves breeches.}}
In fact, if any version of the Bible, printed or electronic, does ''not'' translate Genesis 3:7 in the words quoted above, then it is ''not'' a Geneva Bible.
The differences in the actual text between the Geneva and Authorized Versions are minor. Nevertheless they are critical to distinguishing the Geneva Bible from the Authorized Version or any other version.
The copious marginal notes are the key difference. The controversy they caused is arguably the very reason why an Authorized Version even exists. Those notes were controversial because they contained sentiments that James I must have regarded as by turns anti-Catholic and seditious.
For example, the note for {{Bible ref|book=Exodus|chap=1|verses=19|version=KJV}} says the following of the [[Hebrew]] midwives who disobeyed the Pharaoh in refusing to kill Hebrew boy-children at birth:<ref name=Ex119>''1599 Geneva Bible'', Tolle Lege Press, ''op. cit.'', p. 60</ref> {{Cquote|Their disobedience herein was lawful, but their dissembling evil.}} The very notion that the disobedience of a royal command might be a lawful act would be anathema to a king who believed that he ruled by divine right and answered only to [[God]] and not to any of his subjects.<ref name=Brown/> The footnote for {{Bible ref|book=Exodus|chap=1|verses=22|version=KJV}} would surely have been worse:{{Cquote|When tyrants cannot prevail by craft, they burst forth into open rage.}}
The firm belief of the editors of the Tolle Lege edition is that these marginal notes were the catalyst not only for the furtherance (such as it was) of the reformation in England, but also, and more to the point, for the political revolutions in the English-speaking world<ref name=Foster/>--presumably beginning with the [[Glorious Revolution]] of 1688 and continuing with the [[American Revolution]] of 1776-83.
== References ==
<references/>
== External Links ==
* [http://www.tollelegepress.com/ Tolle Lege Press] (Company site)
* [http://www.1599genevabible.com/ 1599 Geneva Bible] (Official site)
* [http://www.genevabible.org/ Geneva Bible 1599] (Unofficial site)
[[Category:Bible]]