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The "Four Horsemen" were four conservative Supreme Court Justices during the 1932-1937 terms of the Court, during the Administration of President [[Franklin D. Roosevelt]]. These four Justices were [[Pierce Butler]], [[James McReynolds]], [[George Sutherland]] and [[Willis Van Devanter]]. In the middle of the Court were Chief Justice [[Charles Evans Hughes]] and Justice [[Owen J. Roberts]]. On the liberal side were Justices [[Louis Brandeis]], [[Benjamin Cardozo]], and [[Harlan Fiske Stone]], Hughes often sided with the liberals, while Roberts often agreed with the Four Horsemen.
The Court unanimously invalidated the [[National Industrial Recovery Act]] in May 1935.<ref>''Schechter Poultry Corp. v. United States'', 295 U.S. 495 (1935)</ref> But the following fall, the [[liberal]] Justices moved in favor of upholding other aspects of the [[New Deal]].
The Four Horsemen, together with Roberts and Hughes, invalidated key parts of the [[New Deal]] during the 1935 term. They struck down the [[Agricultural Adjustment Act of 1933]],<ref>''United States v. Butler'', 297 U.S. 1 (1936)</ref> regulations of the coal industry,<ref>''Carter v. Carter Coal'', 298 U.S. 238 (1936)</ref> and the New York minimum wage law for women and children. and in , the Four together with Roberts voided legislation regulating the coal industry, and the same line-up voided a New York minimum wage law for women and children.<ref>''Morehead v. New York'', 298 U.S. 587 (1936)</ref>
The Four Horsemen were known to commute to the Court together as they worked out their arguments.
President Roosevelt's response was to propose his [[court-packing scheme]], which Congress and the American public rejected. This cost Roosevelt much in credibility. But the retirement of Van Devanter in June 1937 and President Roosevelt's replacement of him by the liberal Justice [[Hugo Black]] termiknated the power of the Four Horsemen.
The four horsemen were named after the four horsemen of the apocalypse because they were doing satan's bidding.
== References ==
<references/>
The Court unanimously invalidated the [[National Industrial Recovery Act]] in May 1935.<ref>''Schechter Poultry Corp. v. United States'', 295 U.S. 495 (1935)</ref> But the following fall, the [[liberal]] Justices moved in favor of upholding other aspects of the [[New Deal]].
The Four Horsemen, together with Roberts and Hughes, invalidated key parts of the [[New Deal]] during the 1935 term. They struck down the [[Agricultural Adjustment Act of 1933]],<ref>''United States v. Butler'', 297 U.S. 1 (1936)</ref> regulations of the coal industry,<ref>''Carter v. Carter Coal'', 298 U.S. 238 (1936)</ref> and the New York minimum wage law for women and children. and in , the Four together with Roberts voided legislation regulating the coal industry, and the same line-up voided a New York minimum wage law for women and children.<ref>''Morehead v. New York'', 298 U.S. 587 (1936)</ref>
The Four Horsemen were known to commute to the Court together as they worked out their arguments.
President Roosevelt's response was to propose his [[court-packing scheme]], which Congress and the American public rejected. This cost Roosevelt much in credibility. But the retirement of Van Devanter in June 1937 and President Roosevelt's replacement of him by the liberal Justice [[Hugo Black]] termiknated the power of the Four Horsemen.
The four horsemen were named after the four horsemen of the apocalypse because they were doing satan's bidding.
== References ==
<references/>