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The distinction is found in the identity of the sovereign power and the means of its exercise.

The distinction is found in the identity of the sovereign power and the means of its exercise.

Republican form : People are sovereign, and directly exercise sovereignty.

'''Republican form''' : People are sovereign, and directly exercise sovereignty.

Democratic form : Whole body of free citizens (collectively) exercise sovereignty, indirectly.

 

'''Democratic form''' : Whole body of free citizens (collectively) exercise sovereignty, indirectly.

As you can see, the court cites AND the definition of the republican form are congruent. The U.S. governments, Federal and State, admit that the PEOPLE are sovereign.

As you can see, the court cites AND the definition of the republican form are congruent. The U.S. governments, Federal and State, admit that the PEOPLE are sovereign.

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"Government is not Sovereignty. Government is the machinery or expedient for expressing the will of the sovereign power."'' City of Bisbee v. Cochise County, 78 P. 2d 982, 986, 52 Ariz. 1

 

''Government is not Sovereignty. Government is the machinery or expedient for expressing the will of the sovereign power.''

City of Bisbee v. Cochise County, 78 P. 2d 982, 986, 52 Ariz. 1

WHO are sovereign?

WHO are sovereign?

''"People are supreme, not the state."''

''"People are supreme, not the state."''

Waring v. the Mayor of Savannah, 60 GA at 93.

Waring v. the Mayor of Savannah, 60 GA at 93.

''"The people of the state, as the successors of its former sovereign, are entitled to all the rights which formerly belonged to the king by his own prerogative."''

''"The people of the state, as the successors of its former sovereign, are entitled to all the rights which formerly belonged to the king by his own prerogative."''

Lansing v. Smith, (1829) 4 Wendell 9, (NY)

Lansing v. Smith, (1829) 4 Wendell 9, (NY)

   

   

''"At the Revolution, the sovereignty devolved on the people and they are truly the sovereigns of the country."''

''"At the Revolution, the sovereignty devolved on the people and they are truly the sovereigns of the country."''

Chisholm v. Georgia, 2 Dall. 440, 463

Chisholm v. Georgia, 2 Dall. 440, 463

''"It will be admitted on all hands that with the exception of the powers granted to the states and the federal government, through the Constitutions, the people of the several states are unconditionally sovereign within their respective states."''

''"It will be admitted on all hands that with the exception of the powers granted to the states and the federal government, through the Constitutions, the people of the several states are unconditionally sovereign within their respective states."''

Ohio L. Ins. & T. Co. v. Debolt 16 How. 416, 14 L.Ed. 997

Ohio L. Ins. & T. Co. v. Debolt 16 How. 416, 14 L.Ed. 997

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In Europe, the executive is almost synonymous with the sovereign power of a State; and generally includes legislative and judicial authority. When, therefore, writers speak of the sovereign, it is not necessarily in exclusion of the judiciary; and it will often be found that when the executive affords a remedy for any wrong, it is nothing more than by an exercise of its judicial authority. Such is the condition of power in that quarter of the world, where it is too commonly acquired by force or fraud, or both, and seldom by compact. In America, however, the case is widely different. Our government is founded upon compact. Sovereignty was, and is, in the people.''

In Europe, the executive is almost synonymous with the sovereign power of a State; and generally includes legislative and judicial authority. When, therefore, writers speak of the sovereign, it is not necessarily in exclusion of the judiciary; and it will often be found that when the executive affords a remedy for any wrong, it is nothing more than by an exercise of its judicial authority. Such is the condition of power in that quarter of the world, where it is too commonly acquired by force or fraud, or both, and seldom by compact. In America, however, the case is widely different. Our government is founded upon compact. Sovereignty was, and is, in the people.''

[Glass vs The Sloop Betsey, 3 Dall 6 (1794)]

 

Glass vs The Sloop Betsey, 3 Dall 6 (1794)

''"...While sovereign powers are delegated to ... the government, sovereignty itself remains with the people..."''

''"...While sovereign powers are delegated to ... the government, sovereignty itself remains with the people..."''

[Yick Wo vs Hopkins, 118 U.S. 356,370]

 

Yick Wo vs Hopkins, 118 U.S. 356,370

WHO are not sovereign?

WHO are not sovereign?