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Line 1: − {{for|the feature film|Jurassic Park (film)}}+ − {{otheruses|Jurassic Park (disambiguation)}} − {{Infobox Book + − | name = Jurassic Park − | title_orig = − | translator = − | image = [[Image:Jurassicpark.jpg|200px]] − | image_caption = Original paperback cover of ''Jurassic Park''. Design by [[Chip Kidd]]. − | author = [[Michael Crichton]] − | cover_artist = − | country = [[United States]] − | language = [[English language|English]] − | series = − | genre = [[Science fiction novel|Science fiction]] & [[Techno-thriller]] [[novel]] − | publisher = [[Alfred A. Knopf]] − | release_date = [[November]] [[1990 in literature#New books|1990]] − | mediatype = Print ([[Hardcover|Hardback]] & [[Paperback]]) − <br>Audio − | pages = 416 pp (original hardcover) − | isbn = ISBN 0-394-58816-9 (original hardcover) − | preceded_by = − | followed_by = [[The Lost World (Michael Crichton)|The Lost World]] − }} − '''''Jurassic Park''''' is a [[techno-thriller]] [[novel]] written by [[Michael Crichton]] that was published in [[1990 in literature#New books|1990]]. Often considered a [[cautionary tale]] on unconsidered biological tinkering in the same spirit as [[Mary Shelley]]'s ''[[Frankenstein]]'', it uses the mathematical concept of [[chaos theory]] and its philosophical implications to explain the collapse of an [[amusement park]] showcasing certain [[Genetic engineering|genetically recreated]] [[dinosaur]] [[species]]. It was adapted into a [[Jurassic Park (film)|film]] in [[1993 in film|1993]].+ + − The book has one sequel, ''[[The Lost World (Michael Crichton)|The Lost World]]'', in [[1995]], which was also adapted into a [[The Lost World: Jurassic Park|film]], in [[1997]].+ − == Plot ==+ − The novel, in an "introduction", is initially presented as a brief report on the consequences of "The [[InGen]] Incident", which occurred on August [[1989]]. This "[[False document|fiction as fact]]" presentation had been used by Crichton before, in ''[[Eaters of the Dead]]'' and ''[[The Andromeda Strain]]+ − − The narrative begins by slowly tying together a series of incidents involving strange animal attacks in [[Costa Rica]] and on Isla Nublar, the main setting for the story. After [[paleontologist]] [[Alan Grant (Jurassic Park character)|Alan Grant]] and his [[paleobotanist]] [[graduate student]] [[List of characters in Jurassic Park |Ellie Sattler]] enter the sequence of queried experts they are abruptly whisked off by billionaire [[List of characters in Jurassic Park |John Hammond]] (founder and [[CEO]] of International Genetic Bio-Engineering, or In-Gen) for a weekend visit to a "zoological preserve" he has established on an [[Isla Nublar|island]] 120 miles off the west coast of Costa Rica. − Recent events have spooked Hammond's considerable investors and, to placate them, he means for Grant and Sattler to act as fresh consultants. They stand in counterbalance to a rock-star-like [[mathematician]] and [[Chaos theory|chaos theorist]] [[Ian Malcolm (Jurassic Park)|Ian Malcolm]] and a [[lawyer]] representing the [[investor]]s, [[List of characters in Jurassic Park |Donald Gennaro]]. Both are pessimistic, but Malcolm, having been consulted before the park's creation, is emphatic in his prediction that the park will collapse, as it is an unsustainably simple structure bluntly forced upon a [[complex system]].+ − [[Image:Mosquito in amber.jpg|thumb|left|A [[mosquito]] in Baltic [[amber]].]]+ − Upon arrival the park is revealed to contain cloned [[dinosaurs]], which have been recreated from damaged dinosaur [[DNA]] (found in [[mosquitos]] that sucked [[Sauria]]n [[blood]] and were then trapped and preserved in [[amber]]) that have been spliced with reptilian, avian, or amphibian DNA to fill in the sequence gaps. Hammond proudly showcases InGen's secret advances in genetic engineering and parades them through the island's vast array of automated systems.+ − To counter Malcolm's dire prognostications with youthful energy, Hammond groups the consultants with his grandchildren, [[List of characters in Jurassic Park |Tim]] and [[List of characters in Jurassic Park |Alexis "Lex" Murphy]], who have been sent on vacation while their parents divorce. While touring the park with the children, Grant finds an eggshell seeming to prove Malcolm's earlier assertion that the dinosaurs have been breeding against the geneticists' design (the population graphs proudly introduced earlier were [[normal distribution|naturally distributed]], reflecting a breeding population, rather than displaying the distinct pattern that a population reared in batches ought to display).+ − − Malcolm suggests a flaw in their method of analyzing dinosaur populations (they did not bother to set their software to search the motion detectors for ''more'' than the expected number of creatures, only ''fewer'') and the park's controllers are reluctant to realize that the park has long been operating beyond their constraints. Malcolm also points out the height distribution of the ''[[Procompsognathus]]'' forms a [[Normal distribution|Gaussian distribution]], the curve of a ''breeding'' population. − − In the midst of this the chief [[Computer programmer|programmer]] of Jurassic Park's controlling [[Computer software|software]], [[List of characters in Jurassic Park |Dennis Nedry]], attempts some [[corporate espionage]] for [[List of characters in Jurassic Park |Lewis Dodgson]], a [[geneticist]] and agent of InGen's infamous archrival, [[Biosyn]]. By activating "trapdoors" he wrote into the system, Nedry manages to quickly steal 15 frozen [[embryo]]s from the laboratories without being detected by the island's security systems. He then attempts to smuggle them out to a contact waiting at the auxiliary dock deep in the park (use of the main dock would be noticed). But his plan goes awry: during a sudden [[tropical storm]] Nedry becomes lost inside the park and stops his stolen jeep at a dead end. He gets off the jeep to figure his location. He is then spat upon and blinded by a poisonous ''[[Dilophosaurus]]'' before being eaten. − − Nedry's plan called for him to secretly deliver the embryos and return to the park's control room within fifteen minutes but, without him to quietly patch the system, the park's security is left off, leaving the electrified fences deactivated. Without the barriers to contain them, dinosaurs begin to escape. A ''[[Tyrannosaurus rex]]'' and a juvenile tyrannosaurus attack the people on tour, destroying the vehicles, killing InGen [[public relations]] manager [[List of characters in Jurassic Park |Ed Regis]], and leaving Grant and the children lost in the park. − − Ian Malcolm is gravely injured during the incident but found by Gennaro and park [[game warden]] [[List of characters in Jurassic Park |Robert Muldoon]] and spends the remainder of the novel slowly dying as, in between lucid lectures and [[morphine]]-induced rants, he tries to help those in the main compound understand their predicament and survive. − − The park's upper management — [[engineer]] and park supervisor [[List of characters in Jurassic Park |John Arnold]], chief [[geneticist]] [[List of characters in Jurassic Park |Henry Wu]], Muldoon, and Hammond — struggle to maintain control over the situation and for a brief while they manage to get the park largely back in order. But a series of arrogant mistakes on their part plunge the park into greater disarray. The viciously intelligent ''[[Velociraptors]]'' that were locked away too close to the central compound finally escape and pick off Wu and Arnold in the ensuing carnage. Muldoon sprains an ankle, and Harding — the chief [[veterinarian]] — and Ellie Sattler are also injured. Finally, Grant and the kids slowly make their way back to the central compound, carrying news that several young raptors, bred and raised in the island's wilds, were onboard the ''Anne B'', the island's supply ship, when it departed for the mainland. − − With no social order left, the survivors organize themselves and eventually secure their own lives. Just when the crisis is largely over, Hammond, furious with being ignored and desperate to regain control, has an accident, is picked apart by [[Procompsognathus|compys]], and dies alone. Gennaro tries to order the island destroyed as a dangerous asset but Grant rejects his authority, claiming that even though they cannot control the island they have a responsibility to understand just what happened and how many dinosaurs have already escaped to the mainland. Finally Grant, Sattler, and Gennaro set out into the park to find the wild raptor nests and compare hatched eggs with the island's revised population tally. Cautious and nonviolent, they emerge unharmed. Word soon reaches them that the crew of the ''Anne B'' had discovered and killed the raptor stowaways. − − In the end the island is suddenly and violently razed by the fictional [[Air Force of Costa Rica|Costa Rican Air Force]]. The survivors of the incident are indefinitely detained by the [[United States]] and Costa Rican governments. − − == Dinosaurs and other extinct animals featured == − Dinosaurs and other extinct animals confirmed to be on Isla Nublar in the novels: − − * ''[[Apatosaurus]]'' (''[[Camarasaurus]]'' in some editions) − * ''[[Cearadactylus]]'' (''[[Pterosaurs]]'' in some editions) − * ''[[Dilophosaurus]]'' − * ''[[Euoplocephalus]]'' − * ''[[Hadrosaurus]]'' − * ''[[Hypsilophodon]]'' (''[[Dryosaurus]]'' was used in context to describe this animal) − * ''[[Maiasaura]]'' − * ''[[Microceratops]]'' (''[[Callovosaurus]]'' in some editions, and Microceratops was renamed to ''[[Graciliceratops]]'') − * ''[[Othnielia]]'' − * ''[[Procompsognathus]]''(Called Compys in the book for short) − * ''[[Stegosaurus]]'' − * ''[[Styracosaurus]]'' − * ''[[Triceratops]]'' − * ''[[Tyrannosaurus rex]]'' − * ''[[Velociraptor]] [[Deinonychus|antirrhopus]]'' − − * Later editions of the novel list ''[[Microceratops]]'' in place of ''[[Callovosaurus]]'' on the population tables presented in the book. ''Microceratops'', however, is observed by characters in the park whereas ''Callovosaurus'' is not. − * Later editions of the novel use ''[[Camarasaurus]]'' in place of ''[[Apatosaurus]]'', although ''Apatosaurus'' remains on the population tables presented in the book. − * A dinosaur presumed to be a ''[[Coelurosaurus]]'' had just begun the DNA extraction procedure at the time the story takes place. − * In addition to dinosaurs and pterosaurs, several prehistoric plants and at least one species of insect, ''[[Meganeura]]'', was also resurrected from extinction for the park. − − ==Biological issues== − {{main|Biological issues in Jurassic Park}} − Scientists have argued that much of the book's content is impossible for various reasons, most notably the suggested means of recovering dinosaur DNA from mosquitos trapped in fossilised tree sap. While this theory is largely a plot device by Chrichton, both novel and movie sparked debate on the feasibility of cloning dinosaurs. − − Four arguments why it would not be possible to obtain dinosaurs with this process are summarised thus:<ref>[http://www.shodor.org/ssep/lessons/jurassic/fact.html Jurassic Park: Is it possible]</ref> − − #Dinosaur DNA is very difficult to correctly sequence without a complete, intact DNA strand for comparison. − #Any gaps in the resulting DNA sequence must be filled with dinosaur DNA; using frog DNA as the story suggests would likely produce an organism that varied from the original animal. − #In order to clone a complete DNA sequence, an [[oocyte]] from the same organism is required. Since no dinosaurs are alive today, this would be impossible. − #A dinosaur embryo would not be able to develop correctly without an egg from its own species. − − Furthermore, it is likely that any prehistoric DNA obtained from a fossilized mosquito would be combined with the mosquito's own, again making it problematic to clone an 'accurate' and viable organism. − − A theme expressed throughout the story and its sequel is that of [[homeothermic]] (warm-blooded) dinosaurs, a recent theory popularized by [[paleontologist]] [[Bob Bakker]]. While the cinematic adaptation of ''Jurassic Park'' used ostrich eggs as vessels to facilitate expression, the novel described "a new plastic with the characteristics of an avian eggshell." The plastic was called 'millipore', invented by an eponymous company subsequently bought by [[InGen]]. − − Ironically, the dinosaurs featured in the movie are not from the Jurassic period; they are actually from the [[Cretaceous]] period. − − == Film adaptation == − {{main|Jurassic Park (film)}} − [[Universal Studios]] paid Michael Crichton $2 million for the rights to the novel in 1990, before it was even published. In 1993, the [[Steven Spielberg]]-directed film adaptation was released. Many plot points from the novel were changed or dropped. David Koepp wrote the screenplay for the film, with Crichton's assistance. − − Crichton also wrote a sequel to Jurassic Park, [[The Lost World (Michael Crichton)|The Lost World]], which was also made into [[The Lost World: Jurassic Park|a movie]]. [[Jurassic Park III]], a movie not based on a Crichton book, has also been produced. Many changes have been made from the original book to the movies, such as the swapping of identities of Lex and Tim; whereas in the books Tim is the eldest, although still into Dinosaurs and Lex is a young frightened Tomboy. − − − * Cano R.J., Poinar H.N., Pieniazek N.J., Acra A., Poinar G.O. Jr. (1993). [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?holding=npg&cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=8505978&dopt=Abstract Amplification and Sequencing of DNA from a 120–135-Million-Year-Old Weevil]. ''Nature'', 363:536–538 + − * Weaver, R. F. (2002). ''Molecular Biology''. McGraw-Hill, New York, p. 76. ISBN 0-07-234517-9 − * Noonan, J.P., et al. [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=15933159&query_hl=4 Genomic sequencing of Pleistocene cave bears]. ''Science'' 309(5734):597-9, July 2005. − − == Further reading == − ''The Science of Jurassic Park and The Lost World. Or How to Build a Dinosaur.'' Rob DeSalle and David Lindley. BasicBooks, New York, 1997. xxix, 194 pp., illus. $18 or C$25.50. ISBN 0-465-07379-4. − − == External links == − {{wikiquotepar | Jurassic Park (novel)}} − * [http://www.jurassicpark.com Official site] − * [http://michaelcrichton.com/jp/index.html ''Jurassic Park''] at the official Michael Crichton website − * [http://www.jplegacy.org/ Jurassic Park Legacy - A JP Encyclopedia] − * [http://www.jpdatabase.net/jurassic-park/ JPdb - Jurassic Park Database] − * [http://www.jptoys.com/ JPtoys - #1 source for JP toys/merchandise] − *[http://jurassicpark.wikia.com/wiki/Main_Page The ''Jurassic Park'' Wiki] − * [http://www.mansionbooks.com/BookDetail.php?bk=254 Photos of the first edition of Jurassic Park] − * [http://www.latephilosophers.com/jurassic.html Jurassic Park: Horizontal Evolution] by Harrison Mujica-Jenkins at [http://www.latephilosophers.com latephilosophers.com] − − {{Jurassic Park}} − {{Michael Crichton}} − − [[Category:1990 novels]] − [[Category:Novels by Michael Crichton]] − [[Category:Jurassic Park]] − [[Category:Science fiction novels]] − [[Category:Techno-thriller novels]] − − [[de:DinoPark]] − [[fr:Jurassic Park (livre)]] − [[it:Jurassic Park (romanzo)]] − [[lt:Juros periodo parkas]] − [[nl:Jurassic Park (boek)]] − [[fi:Dinosauruspuisto]] −
Undo revision 348340 by Special:Contributions/Paulieporkins (User talk:Paulieporkins)
Work done by American geneticist [[Barbara McClintock]] showed that [[gene|genes]] could jump between DNA strands. Biologists can now transfer genetic information from one organism to another. For example, genes that produce a protein that stops deep-water fish from freezing in the [[Antarctic]] can now be put into transgenic tomatoes, potatoes, and tobacco, to make them more resistant to frost.<ref>http://www.biobasics.gc.ca/english/View.asp?x=795</ref>
==Controversy==
*The shadow of [[eugenics]] hangs over today's debates about genetic engineering and enhancement. Critics of genetic engineering argue that human [[cloning]], enhancement, and the quest for [[designer children]] are nothing more than "privatized" or "free-market" eugenics. Defenders of enhancement reply that genetic choices freely made are not really eugenic-at least not in the pejorative sense. To remove the coercion, they argue, is to remove the very thing that makes eugenic policies repugnant.
*Sorting out the lesson of eugenics is another way of wrestling with the ethics of enhancement. The [[Nazis]] gave eugenics a bad name. But what, precisely, was wrong with it? Was the old eugenics objectionable only insofar as it was coercive? Or is there something inherently wrong with the resolve to deliberately design our progeny's traits? [http://72.14.209.104/search?q=cache:MoOFUWPq3V4J:web.mit.edu/writing/fee/2004_FEE_June_Readins.html]
===Opinions in favor of genetic engineering===
Some people believe that modifying food crops to improve the [[vitamin content]] or make them resist [[drought]] or herbicides will provide the world with more and better food.
Genetically engineered [[bacteria]] can produce human [[insulin]] for [[diabetes|diabetics]]. Scientists hope they will be able to use it in the future to cure DNA errors that cause illnesses such as [[muscular dystrophy]] and [[cystic fibrosis]]. Cures though, are not yet imminent.
===Opinions against genetic engineering===
Other people believe we know far too little about the consequences of altering plants in a way that is impossible in nature. They think it is too high a risk to let such plants loose in the environment where they might cross-breed with other plants and cannot be recalled if it is clear that the effects are harmful. There have been suggestions that one of the causes of the dramatic drop in the population of [[bee|bees]] is the use in the USA of genetically-modified crops that are resistant to herbicides.
Many people are worried that if people are ever designed genetically, the human race could change in ways we cannot foresee. Most countries still have laws to prevent scientists researching genetic engineering in humans.
==References==
== References ==
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[[category:science]]
[[vi:Công viên kỷ Jura]]