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In 1947 no single individual in the US Government realized that evidence of massive Soviet espionage in the U.S. government was developing on twin tracks.  There was an FBI counterintelligence investigation which empanelled a grand jury in New York, and the Army Signal Intelligence Service at Arlington Hall reading Soviet cipher decrypts.  It was a case of one hand not knowing what the other was doing.  So when McCarthy later made charges that the Truman administration knowingly protected Soviet agents, on the surface, this appeared to large sectors of the American public as true.

In 1947 no single individual in the US Government realized that evidence of massive Soviet espionage in the U.S. government was developing on twin tracks.  There was an FBI counterintelligence investigation which empanelled a grand jury in New York, and the Army Signal Intelligence Service at Arlington Hall reading Soviet cipher decrypts.  It was a case of one hand not knowing what the other was doing.  So when McCarthy later made charges that the Truman administration knowingly protected Soviet agents, on the surface, this appeared to large sectors of the American public as true.

*Beginning  24 June 1948 the first major crisis of the [[Cold War]] exposed the rift in the [[Alliance of World War II]] which had defeated Germany, when Soviet troops blockaded access points to Berlin, sparking the first Berlin Crisis, and lasting a year.

*Beginning  24 June 1948 the first major crisis of the [[Cold War]] exposed the rift in the [[Allied Powers|Alliance of World War II]] which had defeated Germany, when Soviet troops blockaded access points to Berlin, sparking the first Berlin Crisis, and lasting a year.

*On 16 August [[Harry Dexter White]], the first head of the International Monetary Fund, a keystone post war institution, died of a heart attack three days after denying involvement with KGB during [[World War II]] before the [[House Unamerican Activities Committee]] (HUAC). His involvement was later positively determined by the FBI through evidence gathered by the Venona project as a Soviet agent code named "Jurist".[http://en.wikisource.org/wiki/FBI_Memorandum_identifying_Harry_Dexter_White_as_agent_Jurist]

*On 16 August [[Harry Dexter White]], the first head of the International Monetary Fund, a keystone post war institution, died of a heart attack three days after denying involvement with KGB during [[World War II]] before the [[House Unamerican Activities Committee]] (HUAC). His involvement was later positively determined by the FBI through evidence gathered by the Venona project as a Soviet agent code named "Jurist".[http://en.wikisource.org/wiki/FBI_Memorandum_identifying_Harry_Dexter_White_as_agent_Jurist]

*On 21 January 1950, [[Alger Hiss]], the General Secretary of the [[United Nations]] Charter meeting, was convicted of perjury for testimony before HUAC regarding espionage on behalf of the Soviet Union.  That same month, physicist [[Klaus Fuchs]] confessed in Great Britain to espionage on behalf of the Soviet Union while working on the [[Manhattan Project]] at Los Alamos National Laboratory during the War.

*On 21 January 1950, [[Alger Hiss]], the General Secretary of the [[United Nations]] Charter meeting, was convicted of perjury for testimony before HUAC regarding espionage on behalf of the Soviet Union.  That same month, physicist [[Klaus Fuchs]] confessed in Great Britain to espionage on behalf of the Soviet Union while working on the [[Manhattan Project]] at Los Alamos National Laboratory during the War.

*On 25 June, the [[Korean War]] began when North Korea invaded South Korea; [[President Truman]] authorized deployment of American troops while the [[Allied Powers]] provided little or no assistance. The United States essentially stood alone in a confrontation that had the prospect of nuclear weapons being used — nuclear weapons technology that had been given to the enemy by US citizens, some within the government. Three weeks later, on 17 July, [[Julius Rosenberg]] was arrested on charges of espionage regarding the transfer of technology to the Soviet Union to build the atomic weapon.

*On 25 June, the [[Korean War]] began when North Korea invaded South Korea; [[President Truman]] authorized deployment of American troops while the Allied Powers provided little or no assistance. The United States essentially stood alone in a confrontation that had the prospect of nuclear weapons being used — nuclear weapons technology that had been given to the enemy by US citizens, some within the government. Three weeks later, on 17 July, [[Julius Rosenberg]] was arrested on charges of espionage regarding the transfer of technology to the Soviet Union to build the atomic weapon.

*In May 1951, two members of the [[Cambridge Five]] — [[Donald MacLean]], Second Secretary of the British Embassy in Washington, D.C., and [[Guy Burgess]] — defected to Moscow after it was discovered MacLean transmitted information on the atom bomb from the British Embassy to the Soviet Union during World War II.  

*In May 1951, two members of the [[Cambridge Five]] — [[Donald MacLean]], Second Secretary of the British Embassy in Washington, D.C., and [[Guy Burgess]] — defected to Moscow after it was discovered MacLean transmitted information on the atom bomb from the British Embassy to the Soviet Union during World War II.  

McCarthy sought to characterize President [[Truman]] and the Democratic party as soft on or even in league with the Communists.  McCarthy's allegations fell flat with Truman who, unaware of [[Venona project]] decrypts which corroborated [[Elizabeth Bentley]]'s debriefing after her defection from the Communists.

McCarthy sought to characterize President Truman and the Democratic party as soft on or even in league with the Communists.  McCarthy's allegations fell flat with Truman who, unaware of [[Venona project]] decrypts which corroborated [[Elizabeth Bentley]]'s debriefing after her defection from the Communists.

McCarthy made charges of Communist infiltration of the State Department, the administration of [[Harry Truman|President Truman]], [[Voice of America]], and a [[United States Army]] research laboratory. He tried to expose government employees as CPUSA members and security risks. With the highly publicized [[Army-McCarthy hearings]] of 1954, McCarthy's support and popularity began to fade due to the efforts of the mainstream media and his lack of actual evidence and defendant convictions. Later in 1954, a special Senate committee was appointed to study and evaluate McCarthy's methods and actions. The committee exonerated McCarthy on all substantive charges. Following the recommendations of this committee, the full Senate voted to censure Senator McCarthy by a vote of 65 to 22 (the votes for censure included all the Democratic senators and about half the Republican senators) for failing to cooperate with the subcommittee that was investigating him, and for insults to the committee that was trying to censure him<ref>Senate Report 104-137 - Resolution For Disciplinary Action. Library of Congress (1995). Retrieved on 2006-10-19.</ref>, making him one of the few senators ever to be disciplined in this fashion.[http://usinfo.state.gov/usa/infousa/facts/democrac/60.htm]  McCarthy died in [[Bethesda Naval Hospital]] on [[May 2]], [[1957]], at the age of 48. The cause of his death was acute [[hepatitis]] from smoking and drinking.[http://www.senatormccarthy.com/index.html]

McCarthy made charges of Communist infiltration of the State Department, the administration of [[Harry Truman|President Truman]], [[Voice of America]], and a [[United States Army]] research laboratory. He tried to expose government employees as CPUSA members and security risks. With the highly publicized [[Army-McCarthy hearings]] of 1954, McCarthy's support and popularity began to fade due to the efforts of the mainstream media and his lack of actual evidence and defendant convictions. Later in 1954, a special Senate committee was appointed to study and evaluate McCarthy's methods and actions. The committee exonerated McCarthy on all substantive charges. Following the recommendations of this committee, the full Senate voted to censure Senator McCarthy by a vote of 65 to 22 (the votes for censure included all the Democratic senators and about half the Republican senators) for failing to cooperate with the subcommittee that was investigating him, and for insults to the committee that was trying to censure him<ref>Senate Report 104-137 - Resolution For Disciplinary Action. Library of Congress (1995). Retrieved on 2006-10-19.</ref>, making him one of the few senators ever to be disciplined in this fashion.[http://usinfo.state.gov/usa/infousa/facts/democrac/60.htm]  McCarthy died in [[Bethesda Naval Hospital]] on May 2, 1957, at the age of 48. The cause of his death was acute hepatitis from smoking and drinking.

==VENONA files==

==VENONA files==