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/* Polarity */
It is an arrangement of electrons and protons as basic particles of electricity that determines the electrical characteristics of substances. Although all matter has protons and electrons, most materials do not exhibit any evidence of electricity, because the number of protons and electrons are equal. The opposite electrical forces cancel each other out, and render materials like paper electrically neutral. In order to use electricity to do work, the protons and electrons must be separated. A battery can do electrical work because a chemical process separates electric charges to create an excess of of electrons at its negative terminal and conversely, an excess of protons at its positive terminal. With separate and opposite charges at two terminals, electric energy can be supplied to a circuit connected to the battery.
Although there are many possible ways protons and electrons could group themselves, they assemble in specific combinations that result in stable arrangement. Each stable arrangement of protons, [[neutron]]s and electrons makes one particular kind of atom, an [[element]]. [[Hydrogen]] consists of one proton and one electron; the proton is the the central mass called the [[nucleus]] and the electron outside. The proton in the nucleus gives hydrogen its mass and stability because a proton is 1840 times heavier than an electron.
