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Line 1: − '''Mary I''' (18 February 1516 – 17 November 1558), was Queen of [[England]] and Queen of [[Ireland]] from 19 July 1553 until her death.+ − − Mary, the fourth [[Tudor]] monarch, is remembered for restoring England from the [[Protestantism]] of her father to [[Roman Catholicism]]. She executed 300 Protestants in her reign, including the [[Archbishop of Canterbury]]<ref>http://departments.kings.edu/womens_history/marytudor.html</ref> leading to the nickname Bloody Mary. She was succeeded by her half-sister [[Elizabeth I]]. − − == Childhood == − − Mary was the only surviving offspring of [[Henry VIII]] and his first wife [[Catherine of Aragon]].Through her mother, she was a granddaughter of Ferdinand II of Aragon and Isabella of Castile. She was born at the Palace of Placentia in Greenwich, [[London]], on Monday 18 February 1516. − − Mary was educated by the Spanish scholar Juan Luis Vives in [[Latin]], [[Greek language|Greek]], [[science]], and [[music]]. When Mary was nine years old, Henry gave her her own court at Ludlow Castle and the title of Princess of Wales, usually only reserved for male heirs. In 1526, Mary was sent to [[Wales]] to preside over the Council of Wales and the Marches. − − Henry tried to have his marriage to Catherine of Aragon annulled by the Church when no male heirs were produced, but Pope Clement VII refused. In 1533, Henry married [[Anne Boleyn]], and Thomas Cranmer, the [[Archbishop of Canterbury]], formally declared the marriage with Catherine void and the marriage with Anne valid. Henry then broke with the [[Roman Catholic Church]] and declared himself head of the [[Church of England]]. Catherine lost the dignity of being queen and became Princess Dowager of Wales. Mary was deemed illegitimate, and her place in the line of succession transferred to her half-sister, the future Elizabeth I, daughter of Anne Boleyn. She was styled "Lady Mary" rather than princess because of her illegitimate status. − − Mary was expelled from Court, her servants dismissed from her service, and she was forced to serve as a lady-in-waiting to Elizabeth. Mary was not permitted to see her mother Catherine, nor attend her funeral in 1536. − − Anne Boleyn lost royal favour and was beheaded in 1536. Within two weeks of Anne Boleyn's execution, Henry married [[Jane Seymour]], who died shortly after giving birth to a son, the future Edward VI of England. Mary was godmother to her half-brother Edward and chief mourner at Jane Seymour's funeral. In return, Henry agreed to grant her a household, and Mary was allowed to reside in Hatfield House, the Palace of Beaulieu and Richmond,. She was later awarded the Palace of Beaulieu as her own. When Mary reminded Henry VIII of Catherine of Aragon, he banished her to Beaulieu. − − In 1547, Henry died and was succeeded by his son, [[Edward VI]]. Since Edward was still a child, rule passed to a regency council of Protestants, who attempted to establish [[Protestantism]] throughout the country. It was only after Mary appealed to her cousin [[Charles V]] that she was allowed to worship the Roman Catholic faith. − − == Accession == − − Edward did not want the crown to go to Mary, who would restore the Catholic faith; he planned to exclude her from the line of succession. Edward VI instead devised that he should be succeeded by [[Lady Jane Grey]], a granddaughter of Henry VIII's younger sister. It was during this time that Lady Mary stayed in the country to hold off a siege of the attacking armies. After nine days, however, a popular upwelling of support for Mary who was living at Framlingham Castle in [[Suffolk]] resulted in her being procliamed Queen, and Lady jane Grey was imprisoned in the [[Tower of London]]. She was crowned Queen Mary I on 1 October 1553. − − === Marriage === − − Mary next turned her attention to finding a husband and producing an heir to prevent the Protestant Elizabeth from succeeding to the throne. Her cousin Charles V suggested she marry his only son, [[Prince Philip]] of [[Spain]]. Their marriage at Winchester Cathedral on 25 July 1554 took place just two days after their first meeting. Mary was already 37 years of age. − − === Pregnancy === − − Mary, thinking she was pregnant, had thanksgiving services at the diocese of London in November 1554. This turned out to be the first of two phantom pregancies. Philip persuaded his wife to permit Elizabeth's release from house arrest, probably so that he would be viewed favourably by her in case Mary died during childbirth. After only fourteen months, Philip found an excuse to leave for Spain. Mary was thereafter alone for most of her reign. − − === Religion === − − As Queen, Mary was very concerned about religious issues. She had always rejected the break with Rome instituted by her father and the establishment of Protestantism by Edward VI. She had England reconcile with Rome and Edward's religious laws were abolished by Mary. Numerous Protestant leaders were executed in the Marian Persecutions. Many rich Protestants chose exile, and around 800 left the country. The persecution lasted for almost four years. − − === Foreign Policy === − − Having inherited the throne of Spain upon his father's abdication, Philip returned to England from March to July 1557 to persuade Mary to support Spain in a war against [[France]] (the Italian Wars). As a result of her agreement to declare war, England became full of factions and Protestant pamphlets inflaming the country against the Spaniards. English forces fared badly in the conflict and as a result lost [[Calais]], England's sole remaining continental possession, on 13 January 1558. − − == Death == − − Mary died at age 42 at St. James's Palace on 17 November, 1558. She was succeeded by her half-sister, who became Elizabeth I of England. Although her will stated that she wished to be buried next to her mother, Mary was interred in [[Westminster Abbey]] on 14 December in a tomb she eventually shared with Elizabeth. − − {{Nb_english_monarchs}}
Replacing page with 'Mary Agreed CONSERVAPEDIA IS CRAP!!!'
Mary Agreed CONSERVAPEDIA IS CRAP!!!