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The '''Institute of Pacific Relations''' ('''IPR''') was a private association of ten independent national councils in ten countries concerned with affairs in the Pacific in the second quarter of the twentieth century. <ref>[http://sandiego.indymedia.org/media/2006/10/119975.pdf ''Tragedy and Hope: A History of the World in Our Time''], Carroll Quigley, Collier-Macmillan, 1966, pg. 946. ISBN 0-945001-10-X</ref> Professor [[Carroll Quigley]] has said of the IPR and persons associated with it, "Many of these experts which were favored by the Far East "establishment" in the Institute of Pacific Relations were captured by [[Communist]] ideology. Under its influence, they propagandized, as experts, erroneous ideas and sought to influence policy in mistaken directions.<ref>''Tragedy and Hope'' Quigley, pg. 935.</ref> ...the whole subject is of major importance in understanding the twentieth century." <ref>''Tragedy and Hope'' Quigley, pg. 935.</ref>

The '''Institute of Pacific Relations''' ('''IPR''') was a private association of ten independent national councils in ten countries concerned with affairs in the Pacific in the second quarter of the twentieth century. <ref>[http://sandiego.indymedia.org/media/2006/10/119975.pdf ''Tragedy and Hope: A History of the World in Our Time''], Carroll Quigley, Collier-Macmillan, 1966, pg. 946. ISBN 0-945001-10-X</ref> It was identified in a unanimous 1952 report of the [[Senate Internal Security Subcommittee]] (SISS), chaired by Democrat Pat McCarran of Nevada, as "a vehicle used by Communists to orientate American Far Eastern policy toward Communist objectives."<ref>''Institute of Pacific Relations'', report of the Senate Internal Security subcommittee, 1952, p. 223-225</ref>

 

Professor [[Carroll Quigley]] has said of the IPR and persons associated with it, "Many of these experts which were favored by the Far East 'establishment' in the Institute of Pacific Relations were captured by [[Communist]] ideology. Under its influence, they propagandized, as experts, erroneous ideas and sought to influence policy in mistaken directions.<ref>''Tragedy and Hope'' Quigley, pg. 935.</ref> ...the whole subject is of major importance in understanding the twentieth century." <ref>''Tragedy and Hope'' Quigley, pg. 935.</ref>

==Organization and influence on the public and policymaking==

==Organization and influence on the public and policymaking==

In July of 1938 IPR had a grant of $90,000 from the Rockefeller Foundation to make a study. Carter was managing it. Lattimore wrote to Carter, “I think you were pretty cagey to turn over so much of the China section of the inquiry to Asiaticus, Han-seng and Chi. They will bring out the essential [[radical]] aspects, but can be depended upon to do it with the right touch!” Lattimore went on to say "my hunch is that it will pay to keep behind the official Chinese Communist position, "  and  "as for the USSR—back their international policy in general, but without using their slogans, and above all without giving them or anybody else the impression of subservience." <ref>United States Senate Subcommittee on Internal Security Hearings, July 26, 1951.</ref> Carter appointed the three persons named by Lattimore to the study commission and defended his decision to knowingly employ Soviet communists by claiming the Soviet Union was an American ally. A [[U.S. Senate Internal Security Subcommittee]] questioner needed to point out to Carter that this particular case occurred in 1940, when the Soviet Union, by virtue of the [[Communazi Peace pact]], was not an ally of the United States, but an ally of [[Hitler]].<ref>United States Senate Subcommittee on Internal Security Hearings, July 25, 1951.</ref>

In July of 1938 IPR had a grant of $90,000 from the Rockefeller Foundation to make a study. Carter was managing it. Lattimore wrote to Carter, “I think you were pretty cagey to turn over so much of the China section of the inquiry to Asiaticus, Han-seng and Chi. They will bring out the essential [[radical]] aspects, but can be depended upon to do it with the right touch!” Lattimore went on to say "my hunch is that it will pay to keep behind the official Chinese Communist position, "  and  "as for the USSR—back their international policy in general, but without using their slogans, and above all without giving them or anybody else the impression of subservience." <ref>United States Senate Subcommittee on Internal Security Hearings, July 26, 1951.</ref> Carter appointed the three persons named by Lattimore to the study commission and defended his decision to knowingly employ Soviet communists by claiming the Soviet Union was an American ally. A [[U.S. Senate Internal Security Subcommittee]] questioner needed to point out to Carter that this particular case occurred in 1940, when the Soviet Union, by virtue of the [[Communazi Peace pact]], was not an ally of the United States, but an ally of [[Hitler]].<ref>United States Senate Subcommittee on Internal Security Hearings, July 25, 1951.</ref>

In 1948, ex-Communist Louis F. Budenz, former managing editor of the Communist Party organ ''The Daily Worker'' told Federal Bureau of Investigation agents that the Communist Party had "very great influence" in the IPR and "at times controlled its policy."<ref>FBI report: "Institute of Pacific Relations, Internal Security - C," [http://Ultra-Secret.info/PDFs/IPR04.pdf FBI file: Institute of Pacific Relations, Section 4], p. 5 (PDF p. 7)</ref> General Alexander Barmine, former Soviet chargé d'affaires of the Soviet Legation at Athens, told FBI investigators that prior to Barmine's 1937 defection, General Ian Berzin, head of Soviet Military Intelligence (GRU), told him that IPR was  a Soviet intelligence network in China. Barmine also stated that in 1937, General Walter Krivitsky, former head of the Soviet Military Intelligence in Western Europe, told him that the IPR was a "cover" for Soviet Military Intelligence in the United States.<ref>J. Edgar Hoover to James M. McInerney, "Institute of Pacific Relations, Espionage - R," April 10, 1950, [http://Ultra-Secret.info/PDFs/IPR04.pdf FBI file: Institute of Pacific Relations, Section 4], PDF p. 150</ref> Ex-Communist Freda Utley, a former researcher at Moscow's Institute of World Economy and Politics (which would become the Soviet Council of the IPR), told Bureau investigators that it was her impression that the IPR was governed by Soviet policies, and that when officials of the American Council of IPR visited Moscow in the 1930s, it was to receive orders on IPR policies. She added her opinion that the Far Eastern section of the U.S. Department of State was influenced and guided by the policies and representation of the IPR.<ref>FBI teletype, [http://Ultra-Secret.info/PDFs/IPR05.pdf FBI file: Institute of Pacific Relations, Section 5], PDF p. 6</ref>

In 1948, ex-Communist Louis F. Budenz, former managing editor of the Communist Party organ ''The Daily Worker'' told Federal Bureau of Investigation agents that the Communist Party had "very great influence" in the IPR and "at times controlled its policy."<ref>FBI report: "Institute of Pacific Relations, Internal Security - C," [http://Ultra-Secret.info/PDFs/IPR04.pdf FBI file: Institute of Pacific Relations, Section 4], p. 5 (PDF p. 7)</ref> General Alexander Barmine, former Soviet chargé d'affaires of the Soviet Legation at Athens, told FBI investigators that prior to Barmine's 1937 defection, General Ian Berzin, head of Soviet Military Intelligence (GRU), told him that IPR was  a Soviet intelligence network in China. Barmine also stated that in 1937, General Walter Krivitsky, former head of the Soviet Military Intelligence in Western Europe, told him that the IPR was a "cover" for Soviet Military Intelligence in the United States.<ref>J. Edgar Hoover to James M. McInerney, "Institute of Pacific Relations, Espionage - R," April 10, 1950, [http://Ultra-Secret.info/PDFs/IPR04.pdf FBI file: Institute of Pacific Relations, Section 4], PDF p. 150</ref> Ex-Communist Freda Utley, a former researcher at Moscow's Institute of World Economy and Politics (which would become the Soviet Council of the IPR), told Bureau investigators that it was her impression that the IPR was governed by Soviet policies, and that when officials of the American Council of IPR visited Moscow in the 1930s, it was to receive orders on IPR policies. She added her opinion that the Far Eastern section of the U.S. Department of State was influenced and guided by the policies and representation of the IPR.<ref>FBI teletype, [http://Ultra-Secret.info/PDFs/IPR05.pdf FBI file: Institute of Pacific Relations, Section 5], PDF p. 6</ref> Former Communist courier Elizabeth Bentley testified that her Party superior, veteran NKVD "handler" Jacob Golos, told her to stay away from the IPR because it was "as red as a rose, and you shouldn't touch it with a 10-foot pole."<ref>Senate Internal Security Committee, Hearings on the Institute of Pacific Relations, p. 437</ref>

Lattimore recommended highly ''Challenge of Red China'', written by member of the [[Richard Sorge]] ring in Japan—[[Guenther Stein]]. Of [[Israel Epstein]]'s ''Unfinished Revolution in China'' Lattimore said: "When he pleads his case the arguments pile up like a wedge." When Lattimore resigned he was succeeded by [[Michael Greenberg]], a Communist Party member. Lattimore then became a member of the editorial board of another IPR organ, the notorious ''[[Amerasia]]'' magazine.  

Lattimore recommended highly ''Challenge of Red China'', written by member of the [[Richard Sorge]] ring in Japan—[[Guenther Stein]]. Of [[Israel Epstein]]'s ''Unfinished Revolution in China'' Lattimore said: "When he pleads his case the arguments pile up like a wedge." When Lattimore resigned he was succeeded by [[Michael Greenberg]], a Communist Party member. Lattimore then became a member of the editorial board of another IPR organ, the notorious ''[[Amerasia]]'' magazine.  

Columbia University's Nathaniel Peffer, Owen Lattimore, Frederick Field and others, in the ''New York Times'' of May 14, 1944, wrote of China's "agrarian reformers."  Vice-President [[Henry Wallace]], celebrated July 4, 1944, in Chita, Soviet Siberia accompanied by John Hazard, Lattimore, and [[John Carter Vincent]], on an official fifty-two-day, twenty-seven-thousand-mile junket to Soviet Asia and China and was the guest of Sergei Arsenevich Goglidze and Ivan Nikoshov, masters of the Soviet Siberian [[gulag]]s.<ref>''Yalta Betrayal'', Wittmer, 1953, pg. 58. Retrieved from GELO.com [http://www.ogleo.com/search/ogleo-History_of_CzechoslovakiaHistory of Czechoslovakia] 05/08/07.</ref>

Columbia University's Nathaniel Peffer, Owen Lattimore, Frederick Field and others, in the ''New York Times'' of May 14, 1944, wrote of China's "agrarian reformers."  Vice-President [[Henry Wallace]], celebrated July 4, 1944, in Chita, Soviet Siberia accompanied by John Hazard, Lattimore, and [[John Carter Vincent]], on an official fifty-two-day, twenty-seven-thousand-mile junket to Soviet Asia and China and was the guest of Sergei Arsenevich Goglidze and Ivan Nikoshov, masters of the Soviet Siberian [[gulag]]s.<ref>''Yalta Betrayal'', Wittmer, 1953, pg. 58. Retrieved from GELO.com [http://www.ogleo.com/search/ogleo-History_of_CzechoslovakiaHistory of Czechoslovakia] 05/08/07.</ref>

Senator [[Joseph McCarthy]] of Wisconsin repeatedly criticized IPR and its former chairman [[Philip Jessup]]. McCarthy observed Frederick Field, [[T.A. Bisson]], and Owen Lattimore were very active in IPR and worked to turn American China policy in favor of the [[Communist Party of China]]. [[John Carter Vincent]], John Service, [[Alger Hiss]], and John Paton Davies all had links to IPR. Jessup in 1949 was the principal editor of the State Department "white paper" on China that abandoned Chiang Kai-chek and the Nationalist Chinese government.

Senator [[Joseph McCarthy]] of Wisconsin repeatedly criticized IPR and its former chairman [[Philip Jessup]]. McCarthy observed Frederick Field, [[T.A. Bisson]], and Owen Lattimore were very active in IPR and worked to turn American China policy in favor of the [[Communist Party of China]]. [[John Carter Vincent]], John Service, [[Alger Hiss]], and John Paton Davies all had links to IPR. Jessup in 1949 was the principal editor of the State Department "white paper" on China that abandoned Chiang Kai-chek and the Nationalist Chinese government.