Changes

</blockquote>

</blockquote>

That is, the chance of life occurring by natural processes is 1 in 10 followed by 1018 zeros.  Koonin's intent was to show that short of postulating a [[multiverse|'''multiverse''']] of an infinite number of universes, the chance of life occuring on earth is vanishingly small, and we can understand the practical import to be that life by natural proceses in a ''uni''verse such as ours to be impossible.

That is, the chance of life occurring by natural processes is 1 in 10 followed by 1018 zeros.  Koonin's intent was to show that short of postulating a [[multiverse|'''multiverse''']] of an infinite number of universes, the chance of life occurring  on earth is vanishingly small, and we can understand the practical import to be that life by natural proceses in a ''uni''verse such as ours to be impossible.

Other prominent evolutionists agree that naturally occuring life from non-life is impossible.  Evolutionist and theoretical physicist [[Davies, Paul|'''Paul Davies''']], for example, considers random self-assembly of proteins to be “a nonstarter”.<ref>Paul Davies, ''The Fifth Miracle, The Search for the Origin of Life'' (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1999), p. 91).</ref> Davies recognizes that life as we know it requires hundreds of thousands of specialist proteins, not to mention the nucleic acids; the number of amino acids sequenced in a small protein is 10^130 (written as one followed by 130 zeros).  According to Davies, such an improbable sequence that is best explained by unconventional theories such as life has always existed. That is, there was no origin of life, because life is eternal, “spread around the universe … without having originated anywhere in particular”.<ref>Ibid., pp. 247-49).</ref>

Other prominent evolutionists agree that naturally occurring  life from non-life is impossible.  Evolutionist and theoretical physicist [[Davies, Paul|'''Paul Davies''']], for example, considers random self-assembly of proteins to be “a nonstarter”.<ref>Paul Davies, ''The Fifth Miracle, The Search for the Origin of Life'' (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1999), p. 91).</ref> Davies recognizes that life as we know it requires hundreds of thousands of specialist proteins, not to mention the nucleic acids; the number of amino acids sequenced in a small protein is 10^130 (written as one followed by 130 zeros).  According to Davies, such an improbable sequence that is best explained by unconventional theories such as life has always existed. That is, there was no origin of life, because life is eternal, “spread around the universe … without having originated anywhere in particular”.<ref>Ibid., pp. 247-49).</ref>

Davies also argues for a yet-to-be-discovered natural law, one that could be capable of abiogenesis:

Davies also argues for a yet-to-be-discovered natural law, one that could be capable of abiogenesis:

[[Image:BacterialFlagellum.jpg|thumb|300px|right|The bacterial flagellum exibits irreducible complexity]]

[[Image:BacterialFlagellum.jpg|thumb|300px|right|The bacterial flagellum exibits irreducible complexity]]

[[Behe, Michael|'''Michael Behe''']], Professor of Biological Sciences at Lehigh University, argues that the most convincing evidence for design is not to be found in the stars or the fossils, but in biochemical systems. Author of ''Darwin's Black Box: The Biochemical Challenge to Evolution'',<ref>http://www.amazon.com/Darwins-Black-Box-Biochemical-Challenge/dp/0743290313/ref=pd_bbs_sr_2/104-1803249-2067114?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1194232123&sr=1-2</ref> and ''The Edge of Evolution: The Search for the Limits of Darwinism'',<ref>http://www.amazon.com/s/ref=nb_ss_b/103-4254630-6741457?url=search-alias%3Dstripbooks&field-keywords=behe</ref> Behe has posed a scientific response to [[Darwin, Charles|'''Charles Darwin's''']] challenge in ''Origin of Species'':<br /><blockquote>

[[Behe, Michael|'''Michael Behe''']], Professor of Biological Sciences at Lehigh University, argues that the most convincing evidence for design is not to be found in the stars or the fossils, but in biochemical systems. Author of ''Darwin's Black Box: The Biochemical Challenge to Evolution'',<ref>http://www.amazon.com/Darwins-Black-Box-Biochemical-Challenge/dp/0743290313/ref=pd_bbs_sr_2/104-1803249-2067114?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1194232123&sr=1-2</ref> and ''The Edge of Evolution: The Search for the Limits of Darwinism'',<ref>http://www.amazon.com/s/ref=nb_ss_b/103-4254630-6741457?url=search-alias=stripbooks&field-keywords=behe</ref> Behe has posed a scientific response to [[Darwin, Charles|'''Charles Darwin's''']] challenge in ''Origin of Species'':<br /><blockquote>

''If it could be demonstrated that any complex organ existed which could not possibly have been formed by numerous, successive, slight modifications, my theory would absolutely break down.''

''If it could be demonstrated that any complex organ existed which could not possibly have been formed by numerous, successive, slight modifications, my theory would absolutely break down.''

'''''The Evolution Controversy: Understanding the Basic Issues in the Debate Between Biological Evolution and Intelligent Design'''''.<ref>http://www.sciohio.org/EvolutionWeb.pdf</ref>By Jody F. Sjogren, Robert P. Lattimer, and Douglas D. Rudy, and presented by Science Excellence for all Ohioans (SEAO).<ref>http://www.sciohio.org/start.htm</ref> Read and understand this and you will, as the title says, understand the basic issues.

'''''The Evolution Controversy: Understanding the Basic Issues in the Debate Between Biological Evolution and Intelligent Design'''''.<ref>http://www.sciohio.org/EvolutionWeb.pdf</ref>By Jody F. Sjogren, Robert P. Lattimer, and Douglas D. Rudy, and presented by Science Excellence for all Ohioans (SEAO).<ref>http://www.sciohio.org/start.htm</ref> Read and understand this and you will, as the title says, understand the basic issues.

'''''Intelligent Design: The Origin of Biological Information and the Higher Taxonomic Categories.'''''<ref>http://www.discovery.org/scripts/viewDB/index.php?command=view&program=CSC%20-%20Scientific%20Research%20and%20Scholarship%20-%20Science%20-%20MainPage&id=2177</ref> By Stephen C. Meyer of the Center for Science & Culture,<ref>http://www.discovery.org/csc/</ref> this article first appeared in the peer reviewed Proceeding of the Biological Society of Washington, August 20, 2005. Dr. Meyer argues that no current materialistic theory of evolution can account for the origin of the information necessary to build novel animal forms. He proposes intelligent design as an alternative explanation for the origin of biological information and the higher taxa.

'''''Intelligent Design: The Origin of Biological Information and the Higher Taxonomic Categories.'''''<ref>http://www.discovery.org/scripts/viewDB/index.php?command=view&program=CSC - Scientific Research and Scholarship - Science - MainPage&id=2177</ref> By Stephen C. Meyer of the Center for Science & Culture,<ref>http://www.discovery.org/csc/</ref> this article first appeared in the peer reviewed Proceeding of the Biological Society of Washington, August 20, 2005. Dr. Meyer argues that no current materialistic theory of evolution can account for the origin of the information necessary to build novel animal forms. He proposes intelligent design as an alternative explanation for the origin of biological information and the higher taxa.