Changes

==History==

==History==

While [[fallout shelter]]s have been advocated since the 1950s, dedicated self-sufficient survivalist retreats have been advocated only since the mid-1970s, The survival retreat concept has been touted by a number of influential Survivalist writers including [[Ragnar Benson]], [[Bruce D. Clayton]], [[Jeff Cooper (colonel)|Jeff Cooper]], [[Cresson Kearny]], [[James Wesley Rawles]], [[Howard Ruff]], [[Kurt Saxon]], [[Joel Skousen]], [[Don Stephens]], and [[Mel Tappan]].

While fallout shelters have been advocated since the 1950s, dedicated self-sufficient survivalist retreats have been advocated only since the mid-1970s, The survival retreat concept has been touted by a number of influential Survivalist writers including [[Ragnar Benson]], Bruce D. Clayton, Jeff Cooper, Cresson Kearny, [[James Wesley Rawles]], Howard Ruff, Kurt Saxon, [[Joel Skousen]], Don Stephens, and Mel Tappan.

===1960s===

===1960s===

===1970s===

===1970s===

In 1975, [[Kurt Saxon]] began publishing a newsletter called ''The Survivor'', which advocated moving to lightly-populated regions to "lay low" during a socio-economic collapse, and setting up fortified enclaves for defense against what he termed "killer karavans"<ref>http://www.textfiles.com/survival/caravans</ref> of looters from urban areas.   

In 1975, Kurt Saxon began publishing a newsletter called ''The Survivor'', which advocated moving to lightly-populated regions to "lay low" during a socio-economic collapse, and setting up fortified enclaves for defense against what he termed "killer karavans"<ref>http://www.textfiles.com/survival/caravans</ref> of looters from urban areas.   

In 1976, survival bookseller and author [[Don Stephens]] in [[Washington]] (author of ''The Survivor's Primer & Up-dated Retreater's Bibliography'', 1976) popularized the term "retreater" and advocated relocating to a rural retreat when society breaks down.   

In 1976, survival bookseller and author Don Stephens in Washington (author of ''The Survivor's Primer & Up-dated Retreater's Bibliography'', 1976) popularized the term "retreater" and advocated relocating to a rural retreat when society breaks down.   

Writers such as [[Howard Ruff]] warned about socio-economic collapse and recommended moving to lightly-populated farming regions, most notably in his 1979 book ''How to Prosper During the Coming Bad Years'', a best-seller in [[1979]].

Writers such as Howard Ruff warned about socio-economic collapse and recommended moving to lightly-populated farming regions, most notably in his 1979 book ''How to Prosper During the Coming Bad Years'', a best-seller in 1979.

For a time in the 1970s, the terms "survivalist" and "retreater" were used interchangeably.  The term "retreater" eventually fell out of favor.<ref>[http://www.aussurvivalist.com/whatissurvivalismsaxon.htm AusSurvivalist - What is Survivalism?<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref>

For a time in the 1970s, the terms "survivalist" and "retreater" were used interchangeably.  The term "retreater" eventually fell out of favor.<ref>[http://www.aussurvivalist.com/whatissurvivalismsaxon.htm AusSurvivalist - What is Survivalism?<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref>

Perhaps the most important newsletter on survivalism and survivalist retreats in the 1970s was the ''Personal Survival ("P.S.") Letter'' (circa 1977-1982) published by [[Mel Tappan]], who also authored the books ''Survival Guns'' and ''Tappan on Survival''. The newsletter included columns from Tappan himself as well from [[Jeff Cooper (colonel)|Jeff Cooper]], Al J. Venter, Bill Pier, [[Bruce D. Clayton]], Rick Fines, Nancy Mack Tappan, J.B. Wood, Dr. Carl Kirsch, Charles Avery, [[Karl Hess]], Eugene A. Barron, Janet Groene, [[Dean Ing]], Bob Taylor, [[Reginald Bretnor]], C.G. Cobb, and several other writers, some under [[pen name]]s. The majority of this newsletter revolved around selecting, constructing and logistically equipping survival retreats.<ref>[http://www.frfrogspad.com/persurv.htm Magazine Articles By Jeff Cooper(<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> Following Tappan's death in 1980, [[Karl Hess]] took over publishing the newsletter, eventually renaming it ''Survival Tomorrow''.

Perhaps the most important newsletter on survivalism and survivalist retreats in the 1970s was the ''Personal Survival ("P.S.") Letter'' (circa 1977-1982) published by Mel Tappan, who also authored the books ''Survival Guns'' and ''Tappan on Survival''. The newsletter included columns from Tappan himself as well from Jeff Cooper, Al J. Venter, Bill Pier, [[Bruce D. Clayton]], Rick Fines, Nancy Mack Tappan, J.B. Wood, Dr. Carl Kirsch, Charles Avery, Karl Hess, Eugene A. Barron, Janet Groene, Dean Ing, Bob Taylor, Reginald Bretnor, C.G. Cobb, and several other writers, some under [[pen name]]s. The majority of this newsletter revolved around selecting, constructing and logistically equipping survival retreats.<ref>[http://www.frfrogspad.com/persurv.htm Magazine Articles By Jeff Cooper(<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> Following Tappan's death in 1980, [[Karl Hess]] took over publishing the newsletter, eventually renaming it ''Survival Tomorrow''.

In addition to hard copy newsletters, in the 1970s survivalists got their first online presence with [[BBS]]<ref>[http://www.survivalbill.ca Survival Bill<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> and [[Usenet]] forums dedicated to survivalism and survival retreats.

In addition to hard copy newsletters, in the 1970s survivalists got their first online presence with BBS<ref>[http://www.survivalbill.ca Survival Bill<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> and [[Usenet]] forums dedicated to survivalism and survival retreats.

===1980s===

===1980s===

Survivalist retreat books of the 1980s were typified by the 1980 book ''Life After Doomsday''<ref>''Life After Doomsday'', by Bruce D. Clayton, [[Dial Press]], ISBN 0-8037-4752-7</ref> by [[Bruce D. Clayton]] advocating survival retreats in locales that would minimize fallout and specially-constructing [[Blast shelter]]s and/or [[Fallout shelter]]s that would provide [[Fallout Protection]] in the event of a [[Nuclear warfare|nuclear war]].

Survivalist retreat books of the 1980s were typified by the 1980 book ''Life After Doomsday''<ref>''Life After Doomsday'', by Bruce D. Clayton, [[Dial Press]], ISBN 0-8037-4752-7</ref> by Bruce D. Clayton advocating survival retreats in locales that would minimize fallout and specially-constructing [[Blast shelter]]s and/or Fallout shelters that would provide Fallout Protection in the event of a [[Nuclear warfare|nuclear war]].

===1990s===

===1990s===

In recent years, advocacy of survivalist retreats has had a strong resurgence after the [[terrorist]] attacks on the [[World Trade Center]] in [[New York]] in [[2001]] and similar attacks in [[Bali]], [[Spain]], and [[London]].

In recent years, advocacy of survivalist retreats has had a strong resurgence after the [[terrorist]] attacks on the [[World Trade Center]] in [[New York]] in [[2001]] and similar attacks in [[Bali]], [[Spain]], and [[London]].

Several  books published since 2000 advocate survival retreats and relocation. Some that have been particularly influential in survivalist circles are ''How to Implement a High Security Shelter in the Home '' by [[Joel Skousen]],  ''Rawles on Retreats and Relocation'' by [[James Wesley Rawles]], and ''Life After Terrorism: What You Need to Know to Survive in Today's World'' by [[Bruce D. Clayton]].<ref>[http://www.paladin-press.com/detail.aspx?ID=476 ''Life After Terrorism: What You Need to Know to Survive in Today's World''] by [[Bruce D. Clayton]]. [[Paladin Press]], 2002, ISBN 1-58160-326-6</ref>   

Several  books published since 2000 advocate survival retreats and relocation. Some that have been particularly influential in survivalist circles are ''How to Implement a High Security Shelter in the Home '' by [[Joel Skousen]],  ''Rawles on Retreats and Relocation'' by [[James Wesley Rawles]], and ''Life After Terrorism: What You Need to Know to Survive in Today's World'' by [[Bruce D. Clayton]].<ref>[http://www.paladin-press.com/detail.aspx?ID=476 ''Life After Terrorism: What You Need to Know to Survive in Today's World''] by Bruce D. Clayton. Paladin Press, 2002, ISBN 1-58160-326-6</ref>   

Online survival websites, forums, and blogs discuss the  best locales for survival retreats, how to build, fortify, and equip them, and how to form survivalist retreat groups.<ref>[http://groups.yahoo.com/search?query=survivalist&submit=Search Yahoo! Groups : Search Results<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref>

Online survival websites, forums, and blogs discuss the  best locales for survival retreats, how to build, fortify, and equip them, and how to form survivalist retreat groups.<ref>[http://groups.yahoo.com/search?query=survivalist&submit=Search Yahoo! Groups : Search Results<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref>