| − | In '''Malley v. Briggs''', 475 U.S. 335 (1996), the [[U.S. Supreme Court]] concluded that "§ 1983 should be read against the background of tort [[liability]]," including causation principles.<ref>475 U.S. at 344-345 n.7 (internal quotation marks and citation omitted).</ref> | + | In '''''Malley v. Briggs''''', 475 U.S. 335 (1996), the [[U.S. Supreme Court]] concluded that "§ 1983 should be read against the background of tort [[liability]]," including causation principles.<ref>475 U.S. at 344-345 n.7 (internal quotation marks and citation omitted).</ref> |