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'''Outline of Lecture: '''

'''Outline of Lecture: '''

 

==Introduction==

'''I. Introduction'''

As Christianity continued to grow in the 1700s, many around the world came to the same conclusion: we want our own country rather than taking orders from a king.  But kings resisted these demands for independence by the people, and revolutions became necessary to overthrow kings.

As Christianity continued to grow in the 1700s, many around the world came to the same conclusion: we want our own country rather than taking orders from a king.  But kings resisted these demands for independence by the people, and revolutions became necessary to overthrow kings.

Although Britain dominated the world in economically from 1776 to World War I, the United States began to grow in world influence in the early 1800s.  But the Civil War (1861-65) set the United States back and it took decades for it to recover fully.

Although Britain dominated the world in economically from 1776 to World War I, the United States began to grow in world influence in the early 1800s.  But the Civil War (1861-65) set the United States back and it took decades for it to recover fully.

'''II. Religious Conflict in England'''

==Religious Conflict in England==

In the 1600s, the major European countries adhered to the “divine right of kings,” such that the authority of a king came from God.  But in England, unlike the countries in continental Europe, there was a constitutional monarchy that required the king to obey the law and share power with the Parliament.  In all the other countries the king (or queen) simply did what he wanted.

In the 1600s, the major European countries adhered to the “divine right of kings,” such that the authority of a king came from God.  But in England, unlike the countries in continental Europe, there was a constitutional monarchy that required the king to obey the law and share power with the Parliament.  In all the other countries the king (or queen) simply did what he wanted.

William and Mary agreed in 1689 to a new Bill of Rights proposed by Parliament, which prevented a monarch from:

William and Mary agreed in 1689 to a new Bill of Rights proposed by Parliament, which prevented a monarch from:

(1) denying citizens the right to petition (complaint to) the monarch

# denying citizens the right to petition (complaint to) the monarch

(2) infringing on freedom of speech in Parliament

# infringing on freedom of speech in Parliament

(3) suspending a law of Parliament

# suspending a law of Parliament

(4) imposing taxes without the consent of Parliament.

# imposing taxes without the consent of Parliament.

'''III. Age of Revolution'''

==Age of Revolution==

The Age of Revolution is a general time period when revolutions swept the world to overthrow kings (monarchies) and establish constitutional forms of government.  Some historians, focusing on the major revolutions that overthrew monarchies, consider the late 1700s to be the Age of Revolution, including the American (1776-1783) and French Revolutions (1789) and its subsequent Reign of Terror (1793-94).  Other historians, seeing continued occurrence of revolutions worldwide after 1800, describe the period as being from 1776 to 1848, a year in which there were many unsuccessful revolutions and Karl Marx wrote the inspiration for future revolutions, The Communist Manifesto.

The Age of Revolution is a general time period when revolutions swept the world to overthrow kings (monarchies) and establish constitutional forms of government.  Some historians, focusing on the major revolutions that overthrew monarchies, consider the late 1700s to be the Age of Revolution, including the American (1776-1783) and French Revolutions (1789) and its subsequent Reign of Terror (1793-94).  Other historians, seeing continued occurrence of revolutions worldwide after 1800, describe the period as being from 1776 to 1848, a year in which there were many unsuccessful revolutions and Karl Marx wrote the inspiration for future revolutions, The Communist Manifesto.

Revolutions continue even to this day.  The most famous revolution in recent history was the Islamic Shiite revolution that overthrew the Shah of Iran and took control of that country in 1979, and holding American diplomats hostage for about a year.

Revolutions continue even to this day.  The most famous revolution in recent history was the Islamic Shiite revolution that overthrew the Shah of Iran and took control of that country in 1979, and holding American diplomats hostage for about a year.

   

   

'''A. America'''

===America===

The American Revolution, beginning with the Declaration of Independence in 1776, was led by a small minority of colonists.  Amazingly, there were just as many Loyalists (pro-British) as Patriots (pro-revolutionaries).  Like the French Revolution discussed below, the American Revolution was instigated by an educated middle class.  The ideas in the Declaration of Independence, drafted by 33-year-old Thomas Jefferson with help by other Founders, were very powerful.  Invoking the authority of God frequently throughout the document, the Declaration contains the most striking legal statement of all time:  “We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal, that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable Rights, that among these are Life, Liberty and the Pursuit of Happiness.”  The phrase “that all men are created equal” was original to the Declaration of Independence and was quoted frequently by Abraham Lincoln (e.g., in the Gettysburg Address) and by other future Americans.

The American Revolution, beginning with the Declaration of Independence in 1776, was led by a small minority of colonists.  Amazingly, there were just as many Loyalists (pro-British) as Patriots (pro-revolutionaries).  Like the French Revolution discussed below, the American Revolution was instigated by an educated middle class.  The ideas in the Declaration of Independence, drafted by 33-year-old Thomas Jefferson with help by other Founders, were very powerful.  Invoking the authority of God frequently throughout the document, the Declaration contains the most striking legal statement of all time:  “We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal, that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable Rights, that among these are Life, Liberty and the Pursuit of Happiness.”  The phrase “that all men are created equal” was original to the Declaration of Independence and was quoted frequently by Abraham Lincoln (e.g., in the Gettysburg Address) and by other future Americans.

just powers from the consent of the governed,—That whenever any Form of Government becomes destructive of these ends, it is the Right of the People to alter or to abolish it, and to institute new Government ….”  And the Patriots did “abolish” English rule here.

just powers from the consent of the governed,—That whenever any Form of Government becomes destructive of these ends, it is the Right of the People to alter or to abolish it, and to institute new Government ….”  And the Patriots did “abolish” English rule here.

'''B. France'''

===B. France===

The French Revolution is the most famous in all of world history.  It started out with the hope and promise of the American Revolution, but ended up with nearly everyone being executed by the guillotine.  There was a “Reign of Terror” which was exactly what it name implies:  terrifying chaos when anyone and everyone could be killed at any time.

The French Revolution is the most famous in all of world history.  It started out with the hope and promise of the American Revolution, but ended up with nearly everyone being executed by the guillotine.  There was a “Reign of Terror” which was exactly what it name implies:  terrifying chaos when anyone and everyone could be killed at any time.

The influence of the French Revolution was immense throughout the western hemisphere, as other peoples felt that they, too, could rise up against their rulers and defeat them.  Historians credit the French Revolution with spreading the ideas of the Enlightenment, limiting the power of nobility and clergy, and ending an absolute monarchy.  But many who supported the French Revolution in its beginning were horrified by where it led, including numerous executions and terror.  Some would say that France never fully recovered, as the French Revolution unleashed an hostility towards Christianity that continues to this day in France.  Islam has recently risen in power there.

The influence of the French Revolution was immense throughout the western hemisphere, as other peoples felt that they, too, could rise up against their rulers and defeat them.  Historians credit the French Revolution with spreading the ideas of the Enlightenment, limiting the power of nobility and clergy, and ending an absolute monarchy.  But many who supported the French Revolution in its beginning were horrified by where it led, including numerous executions and terror.  Some would say that France never fully recovered, as the French Revolution unleashed an hostility towards Christianity that continues to this day in France.  Islam has recently risen in power there.

'''C. Napoleon’s Empire'''

===Napoleon’s Empire===

Napoleon was smart, ambitious, and a tremendous leader.  Quickly, by 1802, Napoleon had signed peace treaties with all his major enemies in the Second Coalition against France, including Great Britain, Russia and Austria.  He then improved France immensely with reformed taxation, improved finance through use of a national bank, a successful system of laws known as the Napoleonic Code, and even a public school system.  But all was not for the better.  Napoleon repealed a ban on slavery in the French Caribbean, restricted freedom of speech and the press, and did not allow women to have the same property rights as men.

Napoleon was smart, ambitious, and a tremendous leader.  Quickly, by 1802, Napoleon had signed peace treaties with all his major enemies in the Second Coalition against France, including Great Britain, Russia and Austria.  He then improved France immensely with reformed taxation, improved finance through use of a national bank, a successful system of laws known as the Napoleonic Code, and even a public school system.  But all was not for the better.  Napoleon repealed a ban on slavery in the French Caribbean, restricted freedom of speech and the press, and did not allow women to have the same property rights as men.

By 1813 Napoleon’s army was weak enough for the Fourth Coalition to defeat it, at the Battle of Leipzig.  By 1814 Napoleon could see that he would have to give up his throne, and his opponents sent him off to an island in Mediterranean known as Elba.  Napoleon remained banished there for a year, but escaped in March 1815 to grab power over France again for “The Hundred Days.”  But in June 1815, the Prussia and Great Britain defeated Napoleon at the Battle of Waterloo, and this time Napoleon was shipped to the distant island of St. Helena in the South Atlantic, where he died in 1821.  About six years ago scientists analyzed hair samples from Napoleon’s corpse and found arsenic, and concluded that he died from poisoning.  But then other scientists said that the arsenic was from hair tonic, not poisoning, and that no one had murdered Napoleon after all.

By 1813 Napoleon’s army was weak enough for the Fourth Coalition to defeat it, at the Battle of Leipzig.  By 1814 Napoleon could see that he would have to give up his throne, and his opponents sent him off to an island in Mediterranean known as Elba.  Napoleon remained banished there for a year, but escaped in March 1815 to grab power over France again for “The Hundred Days.”  But in June 1815, the Prussia and Great Britain defeated Napoleon at the Battle of Waterloo, and this time Napoleon was shipped to the distant island of St. Helena in the South Atlantic, where he died in 1821.  About six years ago scientists analyzed hair samples from Napoleon’s corpse and found arsenic, and concluded that he died from poisoning.  But then other scientists said that the arsenic was from hair tonic, not poisoning, and that no one had murdered Napoleon after all.

'''D. Congress of Vienna'''

===Congress of Vienna===

In the aftermath of Napoleon’s defeat, European nations convened in Vienna, Austria to hold the “Congress of Vienna.”  Prussia, Austria, Great Britain, Russia and France were all there.  Austrian Prince Klemens von Metternich, who was chairman of the proceeding, proposed establishing a “balance of power” among rival nations to ensure that no single nation could threaten the others.  Metternich established a set of alliances between nations that required them to assist others if war broke out.  This would protect all the nations against revolution or invasion, as the balance of power would shift in response to such threats.  These alliances were called the Concert of Europe.

In the aftermath of Napoleon’s defeat, European nations convened in Vienna, Austria to hold the “Congress of Vienna.”  Prussia, Austria, Great Britain, Russia and France were all there.  Austrian Prince Klemens von Metternich, who was chairman of the proceeding, proposed establishing a “balance of power” among rival nations to ensure that no single nation could threaten the others.  Metternich established a set of alliances between nations that required them to assist others if war broke out.  This would protect all the nations against revolution or invasion, as the balance of power would shift in response to such threats.  These alliances were called the Concert of Europe.

In addition to the Concert of Europe described above, the Congress also adopted these specific changes to the map of Europe:

In addition to the Concert of Europe described above, the Congress also adopted these specific changes to the map of Europe:

(1) Gave legitimacy to the monarchies (royal families)

# Gave legitimacy to the monarchies (royal families)

(2) Recognized Switzerland as an independent nation

# Recognized Switzerland as an independent nation

(3) Required France to return territories conquered by Napoleon

# Required France to return territories conquered by Napoleon

(4) Created the German Confederation

# Created the German Confederation

(5) Created the Kingdom of the Netherlands

# Created the Kingdom of the Netherlands

(6) Allowed the Kingdom of Sardinia to include Genoa

# Allowed the Kingdom of Sardinia to include Genoa

The impact of the new balance of power, the legitimacy of the monarchies and the specific nation-building was enormous throughout the West.  A lasting peace in Europe resulted.  France lost power, while Great Britain and Prussia gained it.  Latin American governments established as colonies of European powers felt confident to declare their independence.  Finally, and perhaps most of all, nationalism grew in Europe.  A century later, this nationalism would result in the worst wars in the history of the world.

The impact of the new balance of power, the legitimacy of the monarchies and the specific nation-building was enormous throughout the West.  A lasting peace in Europe resulted.  France lost power, while Great Britain and Prussia gained it.  Latin American governments established as colonies of European powers felt confident to declare their independence.  Finally, and perhaps most of all, nationalism grew in Europe.  A century later, this nationalism would result in the worst wars in the history of the world.

'''IV. Other Revolutions'''

==Other Revolutions==

There were many revolutions in addition to the American and French Revolutions, as the world threw off the yoke of monarchs and replaced them with more representative governments.  The most successful of these was the Haitian Revolution (1791-1804) in Latin America.  Revolutions in South America from 1810 to 1824 did bring independence from Spain, but failed to lead to prosperity in South America.  Mexico won its independence from Spain in a Mexican Revolution that lasted from 1810 to 1821.  A century later, from 1910 to 1919, the Mexican Revolution led to a constitution that advanced land reform, education and workers rights; historians also credit it for bringing some rights to women.

There were many revolutions in addition to the American and French Revolutions, as the world threw off the yoke of monarchs and replaced them with more representative governments.  The most successful of these was the Haitian Revolution (1791-1804) in Latin America.  Revolutions in South America from 1810 to 1824 did bring independence from Spain, but failed to lead to prosperity in South America.  Mexico won its independence from Spain in a Mexican Revolution that lasted from 1810 to 1821.  A century later, from 1910 to 1919, the Mexican Revolution led to a constitution that advanced land reform, education and workers rights; historians also credit it for bringing some rights to women.

'''A. Haiti'''

===Haiti===

The first Spanish colony in the New World was the island of Hispaniola in the Caribbean, which was one of Christopher Columbus’s first discoveries.  Today Hispaniola has two countries separated by mountains:  its eastern two thirds is the Dominican Republic, while its western one-third is Haiti.  The Dominican Republic has produced many great baseball players today, including Albert Pujols, Sammy Sosa, Pedro Martinez, Jose Reyes and Manny Ramirez.

The first Spanish colony in the New World was the island of Hispaniola in the Caribbean, which was one of Christopher Columbus’s first discoveries.  Today Hispaniola has two countries separated by mountains:  its eastern two thirds is the Dominican Republic, while its western one-third is Haiti.  The Dominican Republic has produced many great baseball players today, including Albert Pujols, Sammy Sosa, Pedro Martinez, Jose Reyes and Manny Ramirez.

The Haitian Revolution began when an African priest sparked an uprising by 100,000 slaves, led by Toussaint L’Ouverture in 1791.  French troops eventually arrived in 1802 to suppress the revolution, and tricked L’Ouverture into boarding a French ship where he thought he would be able to sign a peace treaty granting the colony independence from France.  Instead he was captured and returned to France, where he died in 1803 in a French prison (France has always had the worst prison conditions in Europe).  But Dessalines, a general under L’Ouverture, fought on for freedom on the island, and Haiti successfully declared its independence on Jan. 1, 1804.

The Haitian Revolution began when an African priest sparked an uprising by 100,000 slaves, led by Toussaint L’Ouverture in 1791.  French troops eventually arrived in 1802 to suppress the revolution, and tricked L’Ouverture into boarding a French ship where he thought he would be able to sign a peace treaty granting the colony independence from France.  Instead he was captured and returned to France, where he died in 1803 in a French prison (France has always had the worst prison conditions in Europe).  But Dessalines, a general under L’Ouverture, fought on for freedom on the island, and Haiti successfully declared its independence on Jan. 1, 1804.

'''B. South America'''

===South America===

In the Spanish colonies, creoles (pronounced KREE-oles, and meaning Europeans born in the colonies) were leading revolutions to gain independence from their Spanish rulers.  Creole Generals Simon Bolivar and Jose de San Martin led Venezuela, Ecuador, and Argentina to independence and with the help of Bernardo O’Higgins, Chile was also freed in 1818.  Bolivar freed the rest of the colonies at the Battle of Ayacucho in 1824, and attempted to establish the unified nations of “Gran Colombia” and “United Provinces of Central America”, but both collapsed after only a few years.  

In the Spanish colonies, creoles (pronounced KREE-oles, and meaning Europeans born in the colonies) were leading revolutions to gain independence from their Spanish rulers.  Creole Generals Simon Bolivar and Jose de San Martin led Venezuela, Ecuador, and Argentina to independence and with the help of Bernardo O’Higgins, Chile was also freed in 1818.  Bolivar freed the rest of the colonies at the Battle of Ayacucho in 1824, and attempted to establish the unified nations of “Gran Colombia” and “United Provinces of Central America”, but both collapsed after only a few years.  

A Mexican constitution was established as a result of the Revolution, which increased the rights of workers and in some cases, women, and, strengthened the land redistribution system.  In 1920, the Institutional Revolutionary Party (in Spanish, the Partido Revolucionario Institucional or PRI) was organized.  It came to power in 1929 and was the most prominent party in Mexico for the next century.  The IRP gave politicians in Mexico City control, and many of the Mexican constitutional provisions were disregarded by PRI presidents.

A Mexican constitution was established as a result of the Revolution, which increased the rights of workers and in some cases, women, and, strengthened the land redistribution system.  In 1920, the Institutional Revolutionary Party (in Spanish, the Partido Revolucionario Institucional or PRI) was organized.  It came to power in 1929 and was the most prominent party in Mexico for the next century.  The IRP gave politicians in Mexico City control, and many of the Mexican constitutional provisions were disregarded by PRI presidents.

'''C. China'''

===China===

The movements towards revolution and nationalism spread to China.  [[Sun Yixian]] was just one of the many Chinese inspired by the unified nations arising in Europe.  A rebellion arose in 1911, which ended the rules of the Qing (also known as Manchu) dynasty.  Confucianism was rejected by the reformers, who viewed it as old-fashioned, and reforms were sought to give more rights to workers and the poor.  The revolutions did not resolve much, but marked the beginning of a period of strife and unrest for China in the early 1900s, which would lead to its establishment as a Communist nation in later decades.

The movements towards revolution and nationalism spread to China.  [[Sun Yixian]] was just one of the many Chinese inspired by the unified nations arising in Europe.  A rebellion arose in 1911, which ended the rules of the Qing (also known as Manchu) dynasty.  Confucianism was rejected by the reformers, who viewed it as old-fashioned, and reforms were sought to give more rights to workers and the poor.  The revolutions did not resolve much, but marked the beginning of a period of strife and unrest for China in the early 1900s, which would lead to its establishment as a Communist nation in later decades.

'''V. Revolutionary Art and Literature'''

==Revolutionary Art and Literature==

In the early 1800s, art (including music) and literature underwent “revolutions” similar to the political ones.  Romanticism was the major artistic movement, reflecting an emphasis on thoughts, feelings and nature.  Lord Byron was a leading romanticist who fought for the independence of Greece.  This emphasis on feelings mirrored a political romanticism that promoted democracy and the needs of the “common man” or everyday person.

In the early 1800s, art (including music) and literature underwent “revolutions” similar to the political ones.  Romanticism was the major artistic movement, reflecting an emphasis on thoughts, feelings and nature.  Lord Byron was a leading romanticist who fought for the independence of Greece.  This emphasis on feelings mirrored a political romanticism that promoted democracy and the needs of the “common man” or everyday person.

Realism was the new form of literature that told the dark side of the industrial revolution: the overcrowded, filthy conditions in which many workers struggled.

Realism was the new form of literature that told the dark side of the industrial revolution: the overcrowded, filthy conditions in which many workers struggled.

'''VI. Nationalism'''

==Nationalism==

Nationalism was a concept that arose at the same time as Romanticism.  Nationalists believed loyalty to one’s nation was of utmost importance.  They felt that society should be viewed as a whole, rather than as being made up of individuals.  In Germany and Italy, nationalism inspired unification.  The Congress of Vienna had left the independent city-states of Italy under Austrian control in the north and Spanish control in the south.  It had established Germany as a weak confederation of 39 states.

Nationalism was a concept that arose at the same time as Romanticism.  Nationalists believed loyalty to one’s nation was of utmost importance.  They felt that society should be viewed as a whole, rather than as being made up of individuals.  In Germany and Italy, nationalism inspired unification.  The Congress of Vienna had left the independent city-states of Italy under Austrian control in the north and Spanish control in the south.  It had established Germany as a weak confederation of 39 states.

'''A.  Italy'''

===Italy===

In Italy, a prominent nationalist named Giuseppe Mazzini began to argue strongly for the unification of Italy as one nation, and formed the “Brotherhood of Young Italy” in 1831.  Mazzini’s call for unification was premature, however; rulers of the various Italian city-states were not ready to unite.  But Mazzini’s efforts were not in vain.  Twenty years later, a fierce patriot and former member of the Brotherhood of Young Italy, Giuseppe Garibaldi, led a revolution in Southern Italy, while King Victor Emmanuel II of Sardinia-Piedmont and his prime minister Count Cavour led one in northern Italy.  Garibaldi zealously rallied an entirely volunteer army in Sicily and successfully overthrew the Spanish Bourbon king of the Kingdom of Two Sicilies.  Count Cavour eliminated Austrian control in northern Italy and the Italian people voted to unite their country in 1861.  Venice and Rome were both added by 1870.

In Italy, a prominent nationalist named Giuseppe Mazzini began to argue strongly for the unification of Italy as one nation, and formed the “Brotherhood of Young Italy” in 1831.  Mazzini’s call for unification was premature, however; rulers of the various Italian city-states were not ready to unite.  But Mazzini’s efforts were not in vain.  Twenty years later, a fierce patriot and former member of the Brotherhood of Young Italy, Giuseppe Garibaldi, led a revolution in Southern Italy, while King Victor Emmanuel II of Sardinia-Piedmont and his prime minister Count Cavour led one in northern Italy.  Garibaldi zealously rallied an entirely volunteer army in Sicily and successfully overthrew the Spanish Bourbon king of the Kingdom of Two Sicilies.  Count Cavour eliminated Austrian control in northern Italy and the Italian people voted to unite their country in 1861.  Venice and Rome were both added by 1870.

'''B. Germany'''

===Germany===

Germans were dissatisfied with the Confederation established by the Vienna settlement and the Frankfurt Assembly attempted unsuccessfully to unify in 1848.  Prussia, the strongest “German” state, established a “Customs Union”—which resembled a national market system—and parliament.  King Wilhelm I of Prussia chose Prime Minister Otto Van Bismarck in 1862.  Fiercely patriotic to his native Prussia, Bismarck believed in “realpolitick” (or reality politics) and sought to unify Germany under Prussian control.  He believed the only way this could be done was through a war.  Bismarck’s motto by which to wage this war was “by blood and iron,” and without Parliament’s approval he forced the northern states to join the Northern German Confederation.  When the southern city-states would not join, Bismarck tricked France into declaring the Franco-Prussian War, which Prussia won.  This accomplished Bismarck’s goal of attaining southern Germany, which was now willing to accept Prussian rule.  In 1871 the North and South were united into the new German Empire, the “Second Reich,” and Wilhelm was made “kaiser” (German word for “Caesar” or emperor, especially between 1871 to 1918).

Germans were dissatisfied with the Confederation established by the Vienna settlement and the Frankfurt Assembly attempted unsuccessfully to unify in 1848.  Prussia, the strongest “German” state, established a “Customs Union”—which resembled a national market system—and parliament.  King Wilhelm I of Prussia chose Prime Minister Otto Van Bismarck in 1862.  Fiercely patriotic to his native Prussia, Bismarck believed in “realpolitick” (or reality politics) and sought to unify Germany under Prussian control.  He believed the only way this could be done was through a war.  Bismarck’s motto by which to wage this war was “by blood and iron,” and without Parliament’s approval he forced the northern states to join the Northern German Confederation.  When the southern city-states would not join, Bismarck tricked France into declaring the Franco-Prussian War, which Prussia won.  This accomplished Bismarck’s goal of attaining southern Germany, which was now willing to accept Prussian rule.  In 1871 the North and South were united into the new German Empire, the “Second Reich,” and Wilhelm was made “kaiser” (German word for “Caesar” or emperor, especially between 1871 to 1918).

'''VII. The Industrial Revolution'''

==The Industrial Revolution==

The industrial revolution was the transformation of society from being based mostly on farming and handicrafts into an economy based mostly on manufacturing and industry.  England, which had the strongest economy in the world, was the first to undergo the industrial revolution, although some historians cite the iron industry in China under the Song dynasty and the textile industry in India as being forerunners to what happened in England.  Regardless, the real industrial revolution began in 1760 in England and then, aided by the economic insights of Adam Smith, England’s economy expanded and its industrial revolution lasted until 1840.

The industrial revolution was the transformation of society from being based mostly on farming and handicrafts into an economy based mostly on manufacturing and industry.  England, which had the strongest economy in the world, was the first to undergo the industrial revolution, although some historians cite the iron industry in China under the Song dynasty and the textile industry in India as being forerunners to what happened in England.  Regardless, the real industrial revolution began in 1760 in England and then, aided by the economic insights of Adam Smith, England’s economy expanded and its industrial revolution lasted until 1840.

'''A. Where, When and Why'''

===Where, When and Why===

The industrial revolution began in England in the cotton textile industry, with new machines for spinning and weaving fabrics.  England obtained much of its cotton from the South in the United States, picked by slaves on plantations.  When Eli Whitney invented the cotton gin in America, production of cotton soared and England’s factories bought up as much as the South could produce.  England also imported cotton from Egypt and India, however; India is famous for its brightly colored fabrics and it exported a colored cotton known as calico.  (The South overestimated England’s reliance on the South’s cotton when it made the decision to secede from the North in the Civil War; the South miscalculated that England would be economically required to help the South.)

The industrial revolution began in England in the cotton textile industry, with new machines for spinning and weaving fabrics.  England obtained much of its cotton from the South in the United States, picked by slaves on plantations.  When Eli Whitney invented the cotton gin in America, production of cotton soared and England’s factories bought up as much as the South could produce.  England also imported cotton from Egypt and India, however; India is famous for its brightly colored fabrics and it exported a colored cotton known as calico.  (The South overestimated England’s reliance on the South’s cotton when it made the decision to secede from the North in the Civil War; the South miscalculated that England would be economically required to help the South.)

If you are a businessman or investor, then you love the industrial revolution because it enables you to make money without being a farmer, and gives you access to all sorts of goods and products that might not otherwise be available, such as computers.  But some people, like Thomas Jefferson, felt that a farming lifestyle was important to the family unit and overall peace and well-being in society.  The industrial revolution did damage families and created a stressful lifestyle that exists today, such as commuting to work.

If you are a businessman or investor, then you love the industrial revolution because it enables you to make money without being a farmer, and gives you access to all sorts of goods and products that might not otherwise be available, such as computers.  But some people, like Thomas Jefferson, felt that a farming lifestyle was important to the family unit and overall peace and well-being in society.  The industrial revolution did damage families and created a stressful lifestyle that exists today, such as commuting to work.

'''B. The Effects'''

===The Effects===

Global effects of the industrial revolution included the growth of European nations in wealth and power and the increase of trade among nations.  Areas of the world participating in trade and industrialization grew closer together, and global interaction increased.  However, nations that resisted industrialization became increasingly isolated.  Colonization continued, with Japan joining Europe in the conquest of territories to obtain raw materials.  As aforementioned, the middle class increased and more people became interested in politics, which led to reforms and new policies.

Global effects of the industrial revolution included the growth of European nations in wealth and power and the increase of trade among nations.  Areas of the world participating in trade and industrialization grew closer together, and global interaction increased.  However, nations that resisted industrialization became increasingly isolated.  Colonization continued, with Japan joining Europe in the conquest of territories to obtain raw materials.  As aforementioned, the middle class increased and more people became interested in politics, which led to reforms and new policies.