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List of Dictators
: ''For a list of [[Ancient Rome|Roman]] dictators, see [[Roman dictator#Roman dictators|Roman dictator]].''
: ''For a list of [[Ancient Rome|Roman]] dictators, see [[Roman dictator#Roman dictators|Roman dictator]].''
: ''See also the [[#See also|related lists]] at the end of this article.''
: ''See also the [[#See also|related lists]] at the end of this article.''
The following is a list of national leaders ([[Head of state|heads of state]] and/or [[Head of government|heads of government]]) commonly regarded as modern [[dictator]]s. This usage usually carries a pejorative sense and refers to a ruler who:
The following is a list of national leaders ([[Head of state|heads of state]] and/or [[Head of government|heads of government]]) commonly regarded as modern [[dictator]]s. This usage usually carries a pejorative sense and refers to a ruler who:
* is an [[absolute ruler]] of a [[state|sovereign state]];
* is an [[absolute ruler]] of a [[state|sovereign state]];
* governs outside the otherwise accepted [[rule of law]];
* governs outside the otherwise accepted [[rule of law]];
* commonly (but not necessarily) gained power through [[fraud]] or a [[coup d'état]], or resorts to them to stay in power;
* commonly (but not necessarily) gained power through [[fraud]] or a [[coup d'état]], or resorts to them to stay in power;
* may develop a [[cult of personality]];
* may develop a [[cult of personality]];
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| align=center|[[José Gaspar Rodríguez de Francia]] || align=center|[[Paraguay]] || align=center|1813-1814 and 1814-1840 ||<small>gained power in election. Outlawed all opposition. Installed a police state. Cult of personality; citizens forced to raise their hats or a brim when he passed by; styled himself with the position name "El Supremo". </small>
| align=center|[[José Gaspar Rodríguez de Francia]] || align=center|[[Paraguay]] || align=center|1813-1814 and 1814-1840 ||<small>gained power in election. Outlawed all opposition. Installed a police state. Cult of personality; citizens forced to raise their hats or a brim when he passed by; styled himself with the position name "El Supremo". </small>
|-
| align=center| [[Simón Bolívar]] || align=center| [[Gran Columbia]] || align=center| 1821-1830 || <small>Though an admirer of classical liberal democracy, the founder and president of Gran Colombia proclaimed himself dictator in 1828 after an unsuccessful constitutional convention. Resigned eighteen months later.</small>
|-
|-
| align=center|[[Juan Manuel de Rosas]] || align=center|[[Argentina]] || align=center|1835–1852 || <small>Governor of Buenos Aires 1829-1832, 1835-1852; Supreme Chief of the Argentine Confederation 1851-1852. Assumed dictatorial powers; exiled opponents.</small>
| align=center|[[Juan Manuel de Rosas]] || align=center|[[Argentina]] || align=center|1835–1852 || <small>Governor of Buenos Aires 1829-1832, 1835-1852; Supreme Chief of the Argentine Confederation 1851-1852. Assumed dictatorial powers; exiled opponents.</small>
|-
|-
| align=center|[[Paul Magloire]] || align=center|[[Haiti]] || align=center|1950-1956 || <small>President of Haiti. Gained power in a coup; never elected.</small>
| align=center|[[Paul Magloire]] || align=center|[[Haiti]] || align=center|1950-1956 || <small>President of Haiti. Gained power in a coup; never elected.</small>
|-
| align=center| [[Fulgencio Batista]] || align=center| [[Cuba]] || align=center| 1952-1959 || <small>President of Cuba 1940-1944; 1952-1959. Gained power the second time in a coup; suppressed opposition violently. Use of torture and collective punishment. Mafia ties.</small>
|-
|-
| align=center|[[François Duvalier]] || align=center|[[Haiti]] || align=center|1957-1971 ||<small> President of Haiti. Elected in 1957, but banned opposition; declared himself [[President for Life]] in 1964; highly repressive.</small>
| align=center|[[François Duvalier]] || align=center|[[Haiti]] || align=center|1957-1971 ||<small> President of Haiti. Elected in 1957, but banned opposition; declared himself [[President for Life]] in 1964; highly repressive.</small>
| align=center| [[Konstantin Päts]] || align=center| [[Estonia]] || align=center| 1933–1940 || <small>State Elder 1933 - 1937; State Protector 1937 - 1938; President of Estonia 1938-1940. Established authoritarian rule following a coup. Allowed (and won) election in 1938.</small>
| align=center| [[Konstantin Päts]] || align=center| [[Estonia]] || align=center| 1933–1940 || <small>State Elder 1933 - 1937; State Protector 1937 - 1938; President of Estonia 1938-1940. Established authoritarian rule following a coup. Allowed (and won) election in 1938.</small>
|-
|-
| align=center| [[Adolf Hitler]] || align=center| [[Germany]] || align=center| 1933–1945 || <small>Chancellor of Germany 1933-1945; ''Führer'' (Leader) 1934-1945. The 1933 [[Enabling Act]] suspended most of the constitution and allowed Hitler to [[rule by decree]]. Heavily repressive; ordered imprisonment of millions of political opponents and members of ethnic minorities in concentration camps, where they were abused and killed.</small>
| align=center| [[Adolf Hitler]] || align=center| [[Greater German Reich]] || align=center| 1933–1945 || <small>Chancellor of Germany 1933-1945; ''Führer'' (Leader) 1934-1945. The 1933 [[Enabling Act]] suspended most of the constitution and allowed Hitler to [[rule by decree]]. Heavily repressive; ordered imprisonment of millions of political opponents and members of ethnic minorities in concentration camps, where they were abused and killed.</small>
|-
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| align=center| [[Kimon Georgiev]] || align=center| [[Bulgaria]] || align=center| 1934 || <small>Took power in coup. Overthrown by Tsar Boris III. </small>
| align=center| [[Kimon Georgiev]] || align=center| [[Bulgaria]] || align=center| 1934 || <small>Took power in coup. Overthrown by Tsar Boris III. </small>