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→Swedish Language
# Long consonants after short vowels. This reflects the so called syllabic balance (see below). The actual behavior is implied in any consonant doubled and said long after a short stressed vowel: hiss /his:/ (elevator), finna /`fin:a/ (to find).
# Long consonants after short vowels. This reflects the so called syllabic balance (see below). The actual behavior is implied in any consonant doubled and said long after a short stressed vowel: hiss /his:/ (elevator), finna /`fin:a/ (to find).
# Tonic accent as a phonologically relevant factor. Simply saying, the tonic accent is changes in pitch in different syllables in a word. The pitch itself can be high and low, and the combination of pitches forms the tonic accent. This should not sound intimidating as there are only two tones in Swedish. However, sometimes, the meaning of a word depends on the tone (see below).
# Tonic accent as a phonologically relevant factor. Simply saying, the tonic accent is changes in pitch in different syllables in a word. The pitch itself can be high and low, and the combination of pitches forms the tonic accent. This should not sound intimidating as there are only two tones in Swedish. However, sometimes, the meaning of a word depends on the tone (see below).
'''Vowels:'''
* /i:/ is a long close front unrounded vowel. It means, the tongue goes up and forward, and the lips stay calm or smile. This sound therefore resembles English /i:/ in “team”, but it is tenser and closer. vi /’vi:/ (we), lika /`li:ka/ (the same as).
* /i:/ is a long close front unrounded vowel. It means, the tongue goes up and forward, and the lips stay calm or smile. This sound therefore resembles English /i:/ in “team”, but it is tenser and closer. vi /’vi:/ (we), lika /`li:ka/ (the same as).
* /ʉ/ is a short mid middle rounded vowel. It is even more retracted than /ʉ:/, and the lips are rounded, but not so tense. hund /’hʉnd/ (dog), lugn /’lʉŋn/ (calm).
* /ʉ/ is a short mid middle rounded vowel. It is even more retracted than /ʉ:/, and the lips are rounded, but not so tense. hund /’hʉnd/ (dog), lugn /’lʉŋn/ (calm).
'''Consonants:'''
* /p/ is a bilabial (formed with both lips) voiceless aspirated stop. It is similar to English “p”. panna /`phanna/ (forehead), spel /’spe:l/ (game).
* /b/ is a bilabial voiced stop. This sound is similar to English “b”. bi /’bi:/ (bee), barn /’bɑ:ɳ/ (child).
* /m/ is a bilabial voiced nasal (the air goes through the nose) consonant. It is no different from English “m”. mamma /`mam:a/ (mom), matta /`mat:a/ (carpet).
* /f/ is a labio-dental (formed with the lower lip and the upper teeth) fricative voiceless consonant. The air goes through a narrow gap between the lip and the teeth. This sound is said like “f” in English. fira /`fi:ra/ (to celebrate), fram /’fram:/ (forward).
* /v/ is the voiced equivalent for /f/ and is like “v” in English. vila /`vi:la/ (to rest), vänta /`vɛnta/ (to wait).
* /t/ is a dental (formed on the upper teeth) voiceless aspirated stop. In English, “t” is said by pressing the tip of the tongue to the alveolar ridge behind the upper teeth. In Swedish, you have to go all way down to the teeth and say the sound there. The alveolar English /t/ is a totally different sound in Swedish. Practice “t” a lot to hear the difference. timme /`thim:ə/ (hour), tår /’tho:r/ (tear).
* /d/ is a dental voiced stop. döma /`døm:a/ (to judge), de /’di:/ (they).
* /n/ is a dental nasal voiced consonant. Again, simple say “n” making sure that the tip of the tongue is pressed to the upper teeth. nöje /`nøj:ə/ (pleasure), när /’næ:r/ (when).
* /l/ is a dental voiced lateral consonant. Like you did before, press the tip of the tongue to the upper teeth to prevent confusion with the other “l”. lampa /`lampa/ (lamp), älg /’ɛlj/ (elk).
* /s/ is a fricative dental voiceless consonant. There are two things about this sound. The first (and the most important) one is that this consonant is dental, which mean you should again apply the well known rule. The other point is that this sound has no voice parallel in Swedish, and the letter “s” is never pronounced like “z”. sorg /’sɔrj/ (misery), saga /`sɑ:ga/ (story).
* /r/ is a tongue tip trill. The tip of the tongue must hit the alveolar ridge a few times as you say this sound. rita /`ri:ta/ (to draw), ropa /`ru:pa/ (to call for; to cry).
* /ʈ/ is an alveolar voiceless stop. Now, you can relax and remember you native language. This sounds is the same as the English t-sound. kort /’kɔʈh:/ (short), fort /’fu:ʈh/ (fast).
* /ɖ/ is an alveolar voiced stop. This sound is like “d” in English. bord /’bu:ɖ/ (table, board), gjorde /`ju:ɖə/ (did, made).
* /ɳ/ is an alveolar voiced nasal vowel. kvarn /’kvɑ:ɳ/ (mill), örn /’œ:ɳ/ (eagle).
* /ɭ/ is an alveolar lateral consonant. This sound resembles English “l” a lot. pärla /`phæ:ɭa/ (pearl).
* /ʂ/ is a fricative alveolar voiceless consonant. This sounds resembles “s” in English, but is slightly similar to //, like in “sheep”. norska /`nɔʂka/ (Norwegian language).
* /ɕ/ is a fricative palatal (tongue comes close to the palate) voiceless consonant. To say this sound, bring the tongue close to the hard palate (as if you were going to start saying “y-y-y-y-es”) and say a voiceless “y”. If you know German, you can remember a similar sound in “ich”. tjock /’ɕɔkh:/ (thick), kirurg /ɕi’rʉrj/ (surgeon).
* /j/ is the voiceless variant for /ɕ/. Thus, this sound resembles “y” in “yield”, but it is a bit more fricative (which means that the noise must be harsher). djur /’jʉ:r/ (animal), jaga /`jɑ:ga/ (to hunt).
* /ɧ/ is a fricative back voiceless sound. It is actually very difficult to say. The lips are rounded quite a lot. The best way to learn this sound is listening and repeating. skjuta /`ɧʉ:ta/ (to shoot), skälla /`ɧɛl:a/ (to bark).
* /k/ is a back voiceless aspirated stop. kalla /`khal:a/ (to call), kunna /`khʉn:a/ (can, to be able).
* /g/ is a back voiced stop like “g” in English. gå /’go:/ (to go), gåva /`go:va/ (gift).
* /ŋ/ is a back voiced nasal consonant. It is actually nothing different from /ŋ/ (ng) in English. hänga /`hɛŋ:a/ (to hang), ring /riŋ:/ (a ring).
* /h/ is a fricative back voiceless consonant. It is said right the same way as “h” in English. hav /’hɑ:v/ (sea), het /’he:t/ (hot).
[[Category: Germanic languages]]
[[Category: Germanic languages]]