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New page: '''Samaritans''' are a people who live in Israel, who practice a religion, similar to, the Jewish faith. They accept as their canon the Torah and the Book of Joshua. They a...
'''Samaritans''' are a people who live in [[Israel]], who practice a religion, similar to, the [[Jewish faith]]. They accept as their canon the [[Torah]] and the [[Book of Joshua]]. They are mentioned several times in the [[Gospels]] by [[Jesus]], one of the most famous references to Samaritans in the New Testament is in the [[Parable of the Good Samaritan]].
==Origin of the Samaritans==
On the separation of Israel and Judah, the ancient city of [[Shechem]], which had been from the first so intimately connected with the history of Israel, became naturally the religious center of the Northern Kingdom.<ref name="JE">Jewish Encyclopedia'a article on Samaritans</ref> The political capital, however, was transferred by [[Omri]] to his newly built city of [[Samaria]] about 883 B.C., and the Israelitish kingdom continued to exist there until it fell before [[Assyria]].<ref name="JE"/> In the fourth year of [[Hezekiah]] "[[Shalmaneser]], King of Assyria, came up against Samaria, and besieged it. And at the end of three years they took it" <ref>(II Kings xviii. 9)</ref><ref name="JE"/> The inhabitants were deported to various parts of [[Assyria]] and to "the cities of the Medes"; and colonists were sent to take their place.<ref name="JE"/> The colonists were soon after troubled by [[lions]], which they regarded as a divine visitation due to their ignorance of the "manner of the god of the land."<ref name="JE"/> At their request an Israelitish priest was sent to them, who settled at Beth-el <ref>(II Kings xvii. 28)</ref>, with the result that a mixed form of religion was established, partly Israelitish and partly idolatrous.<ref name="JE"/>
The next reference to the people of Samaria, regarded as the remnant of Israel, is when Josiah suppressed the high places among them <ref>(II Kings xxiii. 15, 19 et seq.)</ref> and collected money to repair the house of the Lord, from "Manasseh and Ephraim, and of all the remnant of Israel" (II Chron. xxxiv. 9).<ref name="JE"/> That the Israelitish element still held its own in the north, is shown by the incidental mention "That there came certain from Shechem, from Shiloh, and from Samaria," in the time of Jeremiah, desiring to join in the offerings at the Temple <ref>(Jeremiah xli. 5)</ref><ref name="JE"/> Later on (and this is the last mention of the Samaritans in the Old Testament), their claim to a participation in the building of the Temple was rejected by Zerubbabel, no doubt on the ground of their mixed origin.<ref name="JE"/>
==Anthropology==
===Preponderance of Males===
Most noticeable is the great preponderance of males over females; indeed, this is one of the most serious problems confronting the Samaritans at the present time.<ref name="JE"/> Trustworthy evidence points to the fact that in modern times there has been but little if any intermarrying with the other peoples of Syria.<ref name="JE"/> The Samaritans themselves claim the perfect purity of their stock.<ref name="JE"/> Only as a last resort would they seek wives outside their own sect; and in this case they would naturally wish to marry among the people of the most closely allied religion, the [[Jews]].<ref name="JE"/> The Jews hate and despise the Samaritans with the greatest bitterness, and would do all in their power to prevent marriages between the two groups.<ref name="JE"/> Syrian Christians and Muslims would be equally averse to intermarrying with the Samaritans, both on account of their natural antipathy to this sect, and on account of the hardships which women must endure according to the rules of the Samaritan religion.<ref name="JE"/> These two factors, the natural inclination of the Samaritans to marry strictly among themselves, and the difficulty of forming marriages with other religious groups of Syria, would combine to preserve the purity of the stock, and at the same time to promote degeneracy by close interbreeding.<ref name="JE"/>
==Physical characteristics==
The Samaritans are by no means an exclusively brunette type.<ref name="JE"/> As seen by the presence of blue eyes and light hair or beards in a considerable percentage of the individuals examined, there is, on the contrary, a distinct blond type noticeable in the group.<ref name="JE"/>
The general type of physiognomy of the Samaritans is distinctly Jewish.<ref name="JE"/>
==Samaritan Language==
The Samaritan language proper is a Palestinian Aramaic dialect, differing only slightly from the other dialects of Aramaic spoken in Syria, but preserving an archaic script.<ref name="JE"/> The confusion, or rather neglect, of the gutturals in pronunciation may be compared with a similar peculiarity of the Galilean dialect.<ref name="JE"/> The language must be studied in connection especially with that of the Jerusalem Talmud and the remains of Christian Palestinian Syriac.<ref name="JE"/> After the Arab conquest of Syria in 632, the Samaritan vernacular gradually gave way to Arabic, and probably by the eleventh century, if not earlier, it was no longer popularly understood.<ref name="JE"/> From that time the literature is either in Arabic or, chiefly for liturgical purposes, in Hebrew, which becomes more and more corrupt as time goes on.<ref name="JE"/>
==References==
{{Reflist}}
==Origin of the Samaritans==
On the separation of Israel and Judah, the ancient city of [[Shechem]], which had been from the first so intimately connected with the history of Israel, became naturally the religious center of the Northern Kingdom.<ref name="JE">Jewish Encyclopedia'a article on Samaritans</ref> The political capital, however, was transferred by [[Omri]] to his newly built city of [[Samaria]] about 883 B.C., and the Israelitish kingdom continued to exist there until it fell before [[Assyria]].<ref name="JE"/> In the fourth year of [[Hezekiah]] "[[Shalmaneser]], King of Assyria, came up against Samaria, and besieged it. And at the end of three years they took it" <ref>(II Kings xviii. 9)</ref><ref name="JE"/> The inhabitants were deported to various parts of [[Assyria]] and to "the cities of the Medes"; and colonists were sent to take their place.<ref name="JE"/> The colonists were soon after troubled by [[lions]], which they regarded as a divine visitation due to their ignorance of the "manner of the god of the land."<ref name="JE"/> At their request an Israelitish priest was sent to them, who settled at Beth-el <ref>(II Kings xvii. 28)</ref>, with the result that a mixed form of religion was established, partly Israelitish and partly idolatrous.<ref name="JE"/>
The next reference to the people of Samaria, regarded as the remnant of Israel, is when Josiah suppressed the high places among them <ref>(II Kings xxiii. 15, 19 et seq.)</ref> and collected money to repair the house of the Lord, from "Manasseh and Ephraim, and of all the remnant of Israel" (II Chron. xxxiv. 9).<ref name="JE"/> That the Israelitish element still held its own in the north, is shown by the incidental mention "That there came certain from Shechem, from Shiloh, and from Samaria," in the time of Jeremiah, desiring to join in the offerings at the Temple <ref>(Jeremiah xli. 5)</ref><ref name="JE"/> Later on (and this is the last mention of the Samaritans in the Old Testament), their claim to a participation in the building of the Temple was rejected by Zerubbabel, no doubt on the ground of their mixed origin.<ref name="JE"/>
==Anthropology==
===Preponderance of Males===
Most noticeable is the great preponderance of males over females; indeed, this is one of the most serious problems confronting the Samaritans at the present time.<ref name="JE"/> Trustworthy evidence points to the fact that in modern times there has been but little if any intermarrying with the other peoples of Syria.<ref name="JE"/> The Samaritans themselves claim the perfect purity of their stock.<ref name="JE"/> Only as a last resort would they seek wives outside their own sect; and in this case they would naturally wish to marry among the people of the most closely allied religion, the [[Jews]].<ref name="JE"/> The Jews hate and despise the Samaritans with the greatest bitterness, and would do all in their power to prevent marriages between the two groups.<ref name="JE"/> Syrian Christians and Muslims would be equally averse to intermarrying with the Samaritans, both on account of their natural antipathy to this sect, and on account of the hardships which women must endure according to the rules of the Samaritan religion.<ref name="JE"/> These two factors, the natural inclination of the Samaritans to marry strictly among themselves, and the difficulty of forming marriages with other religious groups of Syria, would combine to preserve the purity of the stock, and at the same time to promote degeneracy by close interbreeding.<ref name="JE"/>
==Physical characteristics==
The Samaritans are by no means an exclusively brunette type.<ref name="JE"/> As seen by the presence of blue eyes and light hair or beards in a considerable percentage of the individuals examined, there is, on the contrary, a distinct blond type noticeable in the group.<ref name="JE"/>
The general type of physiognomy of the Samaritans is distinctly Jewish.<ref name="JE"/>
==Samaritan Language==
The Samaritan language proper is a Palestinian Aramaic dialect, differing only slightly from the other dialects of Aramaic spoken in Syria, but preserving an archaic script.<ref name="JE"/> The confusion, or rather neglect, of the gutturals in pronunciation may be compared with a similar peculiarity of the Galilean dialect.<ref name="JE"/> The language must be studied in connection especially with that of the Jerusalem Talmud and the remains of Christian Palestinian Syriac.<ref name="JE"/> After the Arab conquest of Syria in 632, the Samaritan vernacular gradually gave way to Arabic, and probably by the eleventh century, if not earlier, it was no longer popularly understood.<ref name="JE"/> From that time the literature is either in Arabic or, chiefly for liturgical purposes, in Hebrew, which becomes more and more corrupt as time goes on.<ref name="JE"/>
==References==
{{Reflist}}