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Line 16: − ===Evidence from Thutmose III=== − Thutmose III was known as a great builder who used employed large numbers of slaves in his building projects; this number included large numbers of Semites, who were hated by Thutmose as a result of the Hyksos period. The powerful 18th Dynasty was founded by Amenhotep I (1546-1525 B.C.), who came to power after a campaign to drive the Hyksos from Egypt had succeeded about 1570 B.C. Remaining Semites who stayed behind were treated brutally by the next several kings (Thutmose I and Thutmose II), culminating in Thutmose III, who ''"...made their lives bitter with hard bondage, in mortar, and in brick, and in all manner of service in the field..."'' (''Exodus'' 1:14). Archaeologist and historian W.F. Albright confirmed that the Hyksos invasion of Egypt was led by a Semetic people, not Hurrians or Indo-Aryans as some scholars contend; the fact that the remaining population was Semetic help fuel the hatred that many Egyptians felt for the Hebrew slaves remaining in Goshen. (Albright, pg. 44) − − Rekhmire, the vizier to Thutmose III, left behind splended wall paintings in his tomb in which scenes of the making of bricks and other tasks are being carried out, similar to the scene in ''Exodus'' 5:6-19. Found among the figures in the paintings are Semitic foreigners engaged in brick-making, with the hyroglyphic text having them say ''"He supplies us with bread, beer, and every good thing,"'' while they get a stern warning from the task-masters: ''"The rod is in my hand; be not idle!'' (Unger, pg. 333)
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[[Image:Nomads1895.JPG|thumb|200px|right|Egyptian wall relief of Semitic nomads, c. 1800 B.C.]]
[[Image:Nomads1895.JPG|thumb|200px|right|Egyptian wall relief of Semitic nomads, c. 1800 B.C.]]
The '''Exodus''' was the event described in the [[Bible]] when the Hebrews left Egyptian slavery for the Promised Land under the leadership of [[Moses]]. The actual date with which this event took place has been the subject of serious study, speculation, and controversy. Currently, debate has centered on two dates: an early date of 1441 B.C.; and a late date of 1290 B.C.
The '''Exodus''' was the event described in the [[Bible]] when the Hebrews left Egyptian slavery for the Promised Land under the leadership of [[Moses]]. The actual date with which this event took place has been the subject of serious study, speculation, and controversy. Currently, debate has centered on two dates: an early date of 1441 B.C.; and a late date of 1290 B.C.
==Evidence for pre-Exodus slavery==
Thutmose III was known as a great builder who used employed large numbers of slaves in his building projects; this number included large numbers of Semites, who were hated by Thutmose as a result of the Hyksos period. The powerful 18th Dynasty was founded by Amenhotep I (1546-1525 B.C.), who came to power after a campaign to drive the Hyksos from Egypt had succeeded about 1570 B.C. Remaining Semites who stayed behind were treated brutally by the next several kings (Thutmose I and Thutmose II), culminating in Thutmose III, who ''"...made their lives bitter with hard bondage, in mortar, and in brick, and in all manner of service in the field..."'' (''Exodus'' 1:14). Archaeologist and historian W.F. Albright confirmed that the Hyksos invasion of Egypt was led by a Semetic people, not Hurrians or Indo-Aryans as some scholars contend; the fact that the remaining population was Semetic help fuel the hatred that many Egyptians felt for the Hebrew slaves remaining in Goshen. (Albright, pg. 44)
Rekhmire, the vizier to Thutmose III, left behind splended wall paintings in his tomb in which scenes of the making of bricks and other tasks are being carried out, similar to the scene in ''Exodus'' 5:6-19. Found among the figures in the paintings are Semitic foreigners engaged in brick-making, with the hyroglyphic text having them say ''"He supplies us with bread, beer, and every good thing,"'' while they get a stern warning from the task-masters: ''"The rod is in my hand; be not idle!'' (Unger, pg. 333)
==Early date of 1441 B.C.==
==Early date of 1441 B.C.==
Contemporary history of Egyptian events also supports the 1441 B.C. date. The pharaoh who refused to allow the Hebrews to leave most certainly would have been Amenhotep II, who reigned c. 1450-1425 B.C. He was the son of the empire builder and conqueror Thutmose III, and Amenhotep lived off his father's largesse. It is also clear from Egyptian inscriptions that the son who succeeded him to the throne, Thutmose IV, was not his first born; this was indicated by the inscription on a slab known as the [[Dream Stele]] at the foot of the Great Sphinx which states that the god Amun would give him the throne if he cleared away the sand from the feet of the Sphinx and restore it:
Contemporary history of Egyptian events also supports the 1441 B.C. date. The pharaoh who refused to allow the Hebrews to leave most certainly would have been Amenhotep II, who reigned c. 1450-1425 B.C. He was the son of the empire builder and conqueror Thutmose III, and Amenhotep lived off his father's largesse. It is also clear from Egyptian inscriptions that the son who succeeded him to the throne, Thutmose IV, was not his first born; this was indicated by the inscription on a slab known as the [[Dream Stele]] at the foot of the Great Sphinx which states that the god Amun would give him the throne if he cleared away the sand from the feet of the Sphinx and restore it:
*''"One of those days it came to pass that the king's son, Thutmose, came, coursing at the time of midday, and he rested in the shadow of this great god. A vision of sleep seized him at the hour (when) the sun was in the zenith, and he found the majesty of this revered god speaking with his own mouth, as a father speaks with his son, saying: "Behold thou me! See thou me! My son Thutmose. I am thy father, Harmakhis-Khepri-Re-Atum, who will give to thee my kingdom on earth at the head of the living. Thou shalt wear the white crown and the red crown upon the throne of Keb, the hereditary prince. The land shall be thine in its length and breadth, that which the eye of the All-Lord shines upon. The food of the Two Lands shall be thine, the great tribute of all countries, the duration of a long period of years."'' [http://www.kent.net/DisplacedDynasties/Menkheperure.html]
*''"One of those days it came to pass that the king's son, Thutmose, came, coursing at the time of midday, and he rested in the shadow of this great god. A vision of sleep seized him at the hour (when) the sun was in the zenith, and he found the majesty of this revered god speaking with his own mouth, as a father speaks with his son, saying: "Behold thou me! See thou me! My son Thutmose. I am thy father, Harmakhis-Khepri-Re-Atum, who will give to thee my kingdom on earth at the head of the living. Thou shalt wear the white crown and the red crown upon the throne of Keb, the hereditary prince. The land shall be thine in its length and breadth, that which the eye of the All-Lord shines upon. The food of the Two Lands shall be thine, the great tribute of all countries, the duration of a long period of years."'' [http://www.kent.net/DisplacedDynasties/Menkheperure.html]
===The Amarna Letters===
===The Amarna Letters===