Changes

Cleveland was best known in his time for his honesty and courage, his leadership of the business-oriented [[Bourbon Democrats]],  and his opposition to the leftist forces that were overwhelming the Democratic party.  In the 21st century some conservatives praise his values. Cleveland supported the gold standard and lower tariffs, and opposed imperialism, corruption, patronage, veterans' pensions, high taxes and silver-based inflation. It has been said that Cleveland was the last small government president the Democrats ever elected. <ref>Larry Schweikart and Michael Allen, "A Patriot's History of the United States" (Sentinel 2007)</ref>

Cleveland was best known in his time for his honesty and courage, his leadership of the business-oriented [[Bourbon Democrats]],  and his opposition to the leftist forces that were overwhelming the Democratic party.  In the 21st century some conservatives praise his values. Cleveland supported the gold standard and lower tariffs, and opposed imperialism, corruption, patronage, veterans' pensions, high taxes and silver-based inflation. It has been said that Cleveland was the last small government president the Democrats ever elected. <ref>Larry Schweikart and Michael Allen, "A Patriot's History of the United States" (Sentinel 2007)</ref>

Cleveland's first term (1885-1889) was uneventful, but his second term (1893-97) was fillled with economic crises and political upheavals. Cleveland was famous for breaking the Pullman strike of 1894, which was paralyzing much of the nationaal transportation grid west of Detroit.  He was repudiated by his Democratic Party in 1896, as it nominated [[William Jennings Bryan]] in 1896, 1900 and 1908; Bryan lost each time.  However the Democrats nominated Cleveland supporters Alton Parker in 1904 (he lost), and Wilson in 1912 (he won).  

Cleveland's first term (1885-1889) was uneventful, but his second term (1893-97) was filled with economic crises and political upheavals. Cleveland was famous for breaking the Pullman strike of 1894, which was paralyzing much of the national transportation grid west of Detroit.  He was repudiated by his Democratic Party in 1896, as it nominated [[William Jennings Bryan]] in 1896, 1900 and 1908; Bryan lost each time.  However the Democrats nominated Cleveland supporters Alton Parker in 1904 (he lost), and Wilson in 1912 (he won).  

==Early Career ==

==Early Career ==

Cleveland was born in Caldwell, New Jersey on March 18, 1837; he had five brothers and four sisters. His father Richard Falley Cleveland was a Yale graduate and a [[Presbyterian]] clergyman, of Yankee descent. Cleveland's Puritan ancestors had moved to Massachusetts from England in 1635. Grover's mother, Ann Neal Cleveland, was the daughter of a Baltimore publisher. In 1841 the parents moved to Fayetteville, N.Y., and later to Clinton, N.Y., where Richard Cleveland died in 1853. Young Grover Cleveland was a mediocre student; he graduated from high school but never attended college. He worked for a time in a general store and then in an asylum for the blind. He moved to the growing lake city of Buffalo, N.Y. clerked in a law office and after a few years of tutorials was admitted to the Buffalo bar in 1859. He was the chief support for his widowed mother, so when he was drafted during the Civil War he hired a substitute; it later proved a political embarrassment.  

Cleveland was born in Caldwell, New Jersey on March 18, 1837; he had five brothers and four sisters. His father Richard Falley Cleveland was a Yale graduate and a [[Presbyterian]] clergyman, of Yankee descent. Cleveland's Puritan ancestors had moved to Massachusetts from England in 1635. Grover's mother, Ann Neal Cleveland, was the daughter of a Baltimore publisher. In 1841 the parents moved to Fayetteville, N.Y., and later to Clinton, N.Y., where Richard Cleveland died in 1853. Young Grover Cleveland was a mediocre student in high school; he never attended college. He worked for a time in a general store and then in an asylum for the blind. He moved to the growing lake city of Buffalo, N.Y. clerked in a law office and after a few years of tutorials was admitted to the Buffalo bar in 1859. He was the chief support for his widowed mother, so when he was drafted during the Civil War he hired a substitute; it later proved a political embarrassment.

 

Cleveland, a Democrat active in local affairs, in 1863 was appointed assistant district attorney of Erie County, N.Y., which included the city of Buffalo. In 1865 he lost the election for District Attorney and became a partner in a private law practice, earning an about $10,000 a year (triple the average for lawyers).  In 1871 he was elected Erie County sheriff and established a reputation as an honest and capable public official. In 1881, as the reform candidate for mayor of Buffalo, Cleveland was easily elected. He instituted numerous reforms, emphasizing efficiency and economy in his administration. Friends called him the "veto mayor" because of his repeated use of the veto power to slow the spending by the city council.  

==Election of 1884==

==Election of 1884==

The election of 1884 saw a very close contest that turned on the electoral vote of New York. Cleveland crusaded against the corruptions represented by long-time Washington insider [[James G, Blaine]], the GOP candidate. The discovery that Cleveland -- a bachelor--was paying child support gave the GOP a moralistic issue of its own. Blaine had made inroads into the Irish Catholic vote, normally 90+% Democratic, but lost it at the last minute. Cleveland's narrow margin in New York proved decisive.

The election of 1884 saw an intensely fought very close contest that turned on the electoral vote of New York. Cleveland crusaded against the corruptions represented by long-time Washington insider [[James G. Blaine]], the GOP candidate. Part of Blaine's problem centered around a suspicious letter which terminated with the words, "burn this letter."  Blaine's detractors would march and chant "Burn, Burn, Burn this letter!"  The discovery that Cleveland -- a bachelor--was paying child support gave the GOP a moralistic issue of its own, and a chant, “Ma! Ma! Where’s my Pa?”<ref> Several men could have been the father; Cleveland, the wealthiest, paid the child support perhaps was not the father. </ref> Blaine had made inroads into the Irish Catholic vote, normally 90+% Democratic, but lost it at the last minute. Cleveland's narrow margin in New York proved decisive and gave Democrats a new response, "Gone to the White House! Ha Ha Ha!"   

 

Part of Blaine's problem centered around a suspicious letter which terminated with the words, "burn this letter."  Blaine's detractors would march and chant "Burn, Burn, Burn this letter!"

 

Cleveland opponents sought to use the fact that he had an illegitimate child against him.  However Cleveland, nicknamed "Grover the Good," proved himself to be a man of integrity; rather than denying the allegations, he owned up to the fact that he had an illegitimate child.  Even though Cleveland's opponents would shout, "Ma, Ma, where's my Pa?", his supporters had a trenchant rejoinder, "Gone to the White House! Ha Ha Ha!"   

===Personal life===

===Marriage===

Grover Cleveland in June 1886 was married to Frances Folsom Cleveland in the [[White House]]. This was the second President married in office, and also married in the White House itself. Some were offended that Celveland was marrying somebody who was 21 years old and his legal guardian too. The Clevelands had many children while in office.

Grover Cleveland in June 1886 married Frances Folsom Cleveland in the [[White House]]. This was the second time a president had married while in office. The Clevelands had three children while in office.

===Actions as President===

===Actions as President===

Cleveland voted against many spending bills and Government ideas, making him the first modern [[Conservative]]. He vetoed a bill to give $10,000 to distribute seed grain among drought-stricken farmers in Texas, and said: "Federal aid in such cases encourages the expectation of paternal care on the part of the Government and weakens the sturdiness of our national character...." He also blocked funding to Civil War veterans, which some said was good but some said went too far. Cleveland used the veto a lot but said he did not like Presidential power and thought the best thing he could do was to stop congress from doing bad things.

Cleveland faced a Republican congress, and energetically vetoed hundreds of private pension bills based on dubious wartime claims. He vetoed a bill to give $10,000 to distribute seed grain among drought-stricken farmers in Texas, and said: "Federal aid in such cases encourages the expectation of paternal care on the part of the Government and weakens the sturdiness of our national character."  

 

 

Critics criticizing Cleveland criticize him for signing the Interstate Commerce Act this term, the first critical attempt at Federal regulation.

In 1886 Geronimo was captured by the Army, ending the Indian wars.  In October 1886, Cleveland dedicated the [[Statue of Liberty]], a project for which he asked some federal funding.  In 1887 he signed the Interstate Commerce Act, passed unanimously by Congress in response to demands for some form of railroad regulation.  The Act had little or no regulatory impact, but did tend to bury the issue.  

===Lowering the tariff===

===Lowering the tariff===

In 1887 Cleveland began to battle the tariff, as a bad combination of corruption, inefficiency, and unnecessary taxation. [[Republicans]] claimed a high tariff made for high wages, high profits, and fast economic expansion. Cleveland was not able to kill the tariff, and was defeated in 1888 because of it. The lower Mills Bill of 1888 failed to pass and the high tariff remained. In 1890 the Republicans raised rates again in the [[McKinley Tariff]], which proved politically disasterous for the GOP.

In 1887 Cleveland began to crusade against the high protective tariff, as an evil combination of corruption, inefficiency, and unnecessary taxation. He wanted a lower tariff “for revenue only” (it funded most of the federal government).  Republicans, in alliance with industry, argued that a high tariff made for high wages, high profits, and faster economic expansion. Cleveland failed to lower the tariff in 1888 when the Mills Bill was defeated. In 1890 the Republicans raised rates again in the [[McKinley Tariff]], which proved politically disastrous for the GOP.<ref> Tariff bills were usually named after the chief author, the chairman of the House Ways and Means Committee, and sometimes also the chairman of the Senate Finance Committee.</ref>  Historians conclude that the tariff made a difference in the woolen industry (where Britain was a lower-cost provider), and possibly in steel,  In other areas the U.S. was the world-wide low-cost produced and tariffs made little economic difference.  American wages were higher, but efficiency was greater and so prices were lower.<ref> See [http://www.econlib.org/library/Taussig/tsgSTQtoc.html Taussig, F. W. ''Some Aspects of the Tariff Question: An Examination of the Development of American Industries Under Protection'' (1931)], and Taussig, ''The Tariff History of the United States''. [http://www.mises.org/etexts/taussig.pdf  5th edition 1910  online] </ref> The tariff was an important political issue because it symbolized the Republican dedication to rapid industrialization and GOP support from factory owners and factory workers.<ref> Irish Catholic textile mill workers were Democrats and opposed the tariff, but other factory workers voted republican and supported high tariffs.</ref>

 

===Navy Buildup===

===Navy Buildup===

Cleveland did not think the United States should invade another country for any reason. However, Cleveland also was in favor of having a strong national defense, and built up the U.S. Navy.  

The U.S. Navy was in deplorable condition by 1884, and Cleveland supported a systematic rebuilding of modern steel ships.  The new warships proved highly effective against Spain in the war of 1898.  

==1888 campaign==

==1888 campaign==

Cleveland lost the [[United States presidential election, 1888|1888 Presidential Election]] to Republican [[Benjamin Harrison|Benjamin Harrison]]. There were no majorissues, as both parties rallied their armies of voters and the GOP did a slightly better job. Harrison won the Electoral College by a 204-197 margin, but Cleveland won the popular vote. Out of office, moved to New York City, joining the prestigious Bangs, Stetson, Tracy and MacVeagh law firm; he enjoyed a busy practice, chiefly as a referee appointed by the courts.  

Cleveland lost the [[United States presidential election, 1888|1888 Presidential Election]] to Republican [[Benjamin Harrison|Benjamin Harrison]]. Apart from endless discussions of the tariff, there were no major issues, as both parties rallied their armies of voters and the GOP did a slightly better job. Harrison won the Electoral College by a 204-197 margin, but Cleveland won the popular vote. Out of office, he moved to New York City, joining the prestigious Bangs, Stetson, Tracy and McVeigh law firm. Cleveland enjoyed a busy, lucrative practice, chiefly as a referee appointed by the courts.  

==1892 campaign==

==1892 campaign==

The Democrats won a landslide in the Congressional elections of 1890, attacking the McKinley Tariff, and the efforts of the GOP in Wisconsin and Illinois to shut down many religious schools.  Cleveland easily defeated Harrison in 1892, and the Democrats controlled both houses of Congress.  

The Democrats won a landslide in the Congressional elections of 1890, attacking the McKinley Tariff, and the efforts of the GOP in Wisconsin and Illinois to shut down many religious schools.  Cleveland easily defeated Harrison in 1892, and the Democrats took control of both houses of Congress.  

===Second term ===

===Second term ===

====Depression====

====Depression====

Within weeks after Cleveland took office on March 4, 1893, the economy went into a tailspin. Every sector was hurt—farming, manufacturing, railroads, retail trade, and banking.  

1894 was the year of the famous Pullman strike in Chicago, where workers tried to stop delivering the mail. He sent the army to Chicago to battle the unionizers, saying that "If it takes the entire army and navy of the United States to deliver a postcard in Chicago that card will be delivered."

====Silver and gold====

====Silver and gold====

The Sherman Silver Purchase Act of 1890 required the government to buy 4,500,000 ounces of silver each month, and to pay for it with the issue of new paper money. Conservatives denounced this as a wasteful subsidy to the silver miners and mine owners, and that it endangered the gold standard because there was not gold in the treasury to redeem all of the new government notes.  Using all his pwoers of persuasion and patronage, Cleveland forced the repeal of the law in October, 1893.   

The Sherman Silver Purchase Act of 1890 required the government to buy 4,500,000 ounces of silver each month, and to pay for it with the issue of new paper money. Conservatives denounced this as a wasteful subsidy to the silver miners and mine owners, and that it endangered the gold standard because there was not gold in the treasury to redeem all of the new government notes.  Using all his powers of persuasion and patronage, Cleveland forced the repeal of the law in October, 1893.   

The depression continued to worsened, reaching a nadir in mid-1894. Prices, trade and profits continued to fall, and unemployment reached 20%. Some 156 railroads with 30,000 miles of track went bankrupt along with 800 banks and many small businesses.<ref>  Samuel Rezneck, "Unemployment, Unrest and Relief in the United States during the Depression of 1893-1897," ''Journal of Political Economy'' 61 (1953): 324-45 [http://www.jstor.org/stable/1826883  in JSTOR]; Charles Hoffmann, "The Depression of the Nineties," ''Journal of Economic History'' 16 (1956): 137-64 [http://www.jstor.org/stable/2114113  in JSTOR]</ref>  

The depression continued to worsened, reaching a nadir in mid-1894. Prices, trade and profits continued to fall, and unemployment reached 20%. Some 156 railroads with 30,000 miles of track went bankrupt along with 800 banks and many small businesses.<ref>  Samuel Rezneck, "Unemployment, Unrest and Relief in the United States during the Depression of 1893-1897," ''Journal of Political Economy'' 61 (1953): 324-45 [http://www.jstor.org/stable/1826883  in JSTOR]; Charles Hoffmann, "The Depression of the Nineties," ''Journal of Economic History'' 16 (1956): 137-64 [http://www.jstor.org/stable/2114113  in JSTOR]</ref>  

====Wilson Gorman tariff====

====Wilson Gorman tariff====

Again he tried to lower the tariff in 1893. The House did vote much lower rates, but protectionist Democrats in the Senate raised them again, and added an income tax, leaving Cleveland's main campaign issue in shambles. He allowed the "Wilson-Gorman Tariff Act" to become law without his signature in 1894.  

Cleveland tried to lower the tariff in 1893-94 and result was a fiasco. The House did vote much lower rates, but protectionist Democrats in the Senate raised them again, and added an income tax, leaving Cleveland's main campaign issue in shambles. He allowed the "Wilson-Gorman Tariff Act" to become law without his signature in 1894.

Deep in the depression, in summer 1894 the Pullman strike, based in Chicago, was an attempt by workers tried to stop all trains, including those carrying the U.S. mail.  Noting that the mail is a constitutional duty of the federal government, Cleveland rejected the demands by Illinois Governor [[John Peter Altgeld]], a fellow Democrat, to stay out. Cleveland had the strike leaders arrested and sent the army to reopen the rail system.  "If it takes the entire army and navy of the United States to deliver a postcard in Chicago that card will be delivered," he roared.

====Hawaii====

====Hawaii====

At first Cleveland did not support the revolutionaries in Hawaii who in 1894 overthrew the queen and established a Democracy. In fact, he tried to discredit their actions via the controversial Blount Report issued by [[James Henderson Blount]] under his direction. Later, however, he supported the revolutionaries when the Queen demanded the death of every single one.

At first Cleveland did not support the revolutionaries in Hawaii who in 1894 overthrew the queen and established a Democracy. In fact, he tried to discredit their actions via the controversial Blount Report issued by [[James Henderson Blount]] under his direction. Later, however, he supported the revolutionaries when the Queen demanded the death of every single one.

==Retirement==

==Retirement==

 

Cleveland, nicknamed 'the Growler', retired to Princeton, New Jersey. Some people wanted him to run again in 1904, but he was too old. Sometimes President Theodore Roosevelt asked him for advice, but Cleveland refused to head Roosevelt’s Coal Commission in 1893 because it meant selling his railroad stocks.

Cleveland, nicknamed 'the Growler', retired to [[Princeton]]. There he became enemies with Woodrow Wilson, who was President of the school. Some people wanted him to run again in 1904, but he was too old. Sometimes President Theodore Roosevelt asked him for advice.

Cleveland died on June 24, 1908 from a heart and kidney disease, with his wife at his side. He is buried in the Princeton Cemetery.  <ref>Encyclopedia of Presidents by Zachary Kent, Chicago Press, 1988.  </ref>

Cleveland died on June 24, 1908 from a heart and kidney disease, with his wife at his side. He is buried in the Princeton Cemetery.  <ref>Encyclopedia of Presidents by Zachary Kent, Chicago Press, 1988.  </ref>

==Honors and memorials==

==Honors and memorials==

He will be on two dollar coins to be released in 2012 like every other president will, except one for each presidency.

He will be on two dollar coins to be released in 2012 like every other president will, except one for each presidency.

==Trivia==

==Trivia==

*The baseball player Grover Cleveland Alexander was named after him.

*The baseball player Grover Cleveland Alexander was named after him.

*Cleveland's grandson is a Presidential impersonator.

*Cleveland's grandson is a Presidential impersonator.

*Cleveland's granddaughter Foot is a philosopher at Oxford.

*Cleveland's granddaughter Foot is a philosopher at Oxford.

* Cleveland and Theodore Roosevelt were the only police officials to become president.

 

* Cleveland and Theodore Roosevelt were the only law enforcement officials to become president.

* Grover Cleveland's last words were "I have tried so hard to do right."

* Grover Cleveland's last words were "I have tried so hard to do right."

* Graff, Henry F. ''Grover Cleveland'' (2002), 155pp; short scholarly biography

* Graff, Henry F. ''Grover Cleveland'' (2002), 155pp; short scholarly biography

* Jeffers, H. Paul.  ''An Honest President: The Life and Presidencies of Grover Cleveland.'' 2000. 385 pp.   

* Jeffers, H. Paul.  ''An Honest President: The Life and Presidencies of Grover Cleveland.'' 2000. 385 pp.   

* McElroy, Robert. ''Grover Cleveland, the Man and the Statesman: An Authorized Biography'' (1923) old, but useful [http://www.questia.com/read/813825?title=Grover%20Cleveland%2c%20the%20Man%20and%20the%20Statesman%3a%20An%20Authorized%20Biography%20-%20Vol.%201 online edition v 1]; [http://www.questia.com/read/25975582?title=Grover%20Cleveland%2c%20the%20Man%20and%20the%20Statesman%3a%20An%20Authorized%20Biography%20-%20Vol.%202 online edition vol 2]

* McElroy, Robert. ''Grover Cleveland, the Man and the Statesman: An Authorized Biography'' (1923) old, but useful [http://www.questia.com/read/813825?title=Grover%20Cleveland%2c%20the%20Man%20and%20the%20Statesman%3a%20An%20Authorized%20Biography%20-%20Vol.%201 online edition v 1]; [http://www.questia.com/read/25975582?title=Grover%20Cleveland%2c%20the%20Man%20and%20the%20Statesman%3a%20An%20Authorized%20Biography%20-%20Vol.%202 online edition vole 2]

* Merrill, Horace Samuel. ''Grover Cleveland and the Democratic Party'' (1957), short hostile biography by liberal scholar; generally hostile [http://www.questia.com/read/474332?title=Bourbon%20Leader%3a%20Grover%20Cleveland%20and%20the%20Democratic%20Party online edition]

* Merrill, Horace Samuel. ''Grover Cleveland and the Democratic Party'' (1957), short hostile biography by liberal scholar; generally hostile [http://www.questia.com/read/474332?title=Bourbon%20Leader%3a%20Grover%20Cleveland%20and%20the%20Democratic%20Party online edition]

* Nevins, Allan. ''Grover Cleveland: A Study in Courage'' (1932) Pulitzer prize biography; very well written and thorough

* Nevins, Allan. ''Grover Cleveland: A Study in Courage'' (1932) Pulitzer Prize biography; very well written and thorough

* Whittle, James Lowry. ''Grover Cleveland'' (1896) 240 pages; old but fairly reliable study by British expert [http://books.google.com/books?id=mFsTAAAAYAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=intitle:%22grover+cleveland%22&lr=&num=100&as_brr=1 online edition]

* Whittle, James Lowry. ''Grover Cleveland'' (1896) 240 pages; old but fairly reliable study by British expert [http://books.google.com/books?id=mFsTAAAAYAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=intitle:%22grover+cleveland%22&lr=&num=100&as_brr=1 online edition]

* Beito, David T.,  and Linda Royster Beito, "Gold Democrats and the Decline of Classical Liberalism, 1896-1900," ''Independent Review'' 4 (Spring 2000), 555-75. [http://www.independent.org/publications/tir/article.asp?issueID=22&articleID=261 online edition]

* Beito, David T.,  and Linda Royster Beito, "Gold Democrats and the Decline of Classical Liberalism, 1896-1900," ''Independent Review'' 4 (Spring 2000), 555-75. [http://www.independent.org/publications/tir/article.asp?issueID=22&articleID=261 online edition]

* Blake, Nelson M. "Background of Cleveland's Venezuelan Policy." ''American Historical Review'' 1942 47(2): 259-277. [http://www.jstor.org/stable/1841667  in Jstor]  

* Blake, Nelson M. "Background of Cleveland's Venezuelan Policy." ''American Historical Review'' 1942 47(2): 259-277. [http://www.jstor.org/stable/1841667  in Jstor]  

** LaFeber, Walter/ "The Background of Cleveland's Venezuelan Policy: A Reinterpretation," ''American Historical Review,''  Vol. 66, No. 4 (Jul., 1961), pp. 947-967 [http://www.jstor.org/stable/1845865 in JSTOR], left-wing view  

** LaFeber, Walter/ "The Background of Cleveland's Venezuelan Policy: A Reinterpretation," ''American Historical Review,’’ Vol. 66, No. 4 (Jul., 1961), pp. 947-967 [http://www.jstor.org/stable/1845865 in JSTOR], left-wing view  

* Blodgett, Geoffrey. "Ethno-cultural Realities in Presidential Patronage: Grover Cleveland's Choices" ''New York History'' 2000 81(2): 189-210. ISSN 0146-437X when a German American leader called for fewer appointments of Irish Americans, Cleveland instead appointed more Germans

* Blodgett, Geoffrey. "Ethno-cultural Realities in Presidential Patronage: Grover Cleveland's Choices" ''New York History'' 2000 81(2): 189-210. ISSN 0146-437X when a German American leader called for fewer appointments of Irish Americans, Cleveland instead appointed more Germans

* Dewey, Davis R. '' National Problems: 1880-1897'' (1907), survey of era [http://books.google.com/books?id=sgQOAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA3&dq=intitle:National+intitle:Problems+inauthor:dewey&num=30&as_brr=1 online edition]  

* Dewey, Davis R. '' National Problems: 1880-1897'' (1907), survey of era [http://books.google.com/books?id=sgQOAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA3&dq=intitle:National+intitle:Problems+inauthor:dewey&num=30&as_brr=1 online edition]  

* Doenecke, Justus. "Grover Cleveland and the Enforcement of the Civil Service Act" ''Hayes Historical Journal'' 1984 4(3): 44-58. ISSN 0364-5924  

* Doenecke, Justus. "Grover Cleveland and the Enforcement of the Civil Service Act" ''Hayes Historical Journal'' 1984 4(3): 44-58. ISSN 0364-5924  

* Hoffman, Karen S. "'Going Public' in the Nineteenth Century: Grover Cleveland's Repeal of the Sherman Silver Purchase Act" ''Rhetoric & Public Affairs'' 2002 5(1): 57-77. [http://muse.jhu.edu/journals/rhetoric_and_public_affairs/v005/5.1hoffman.html in Project Muse]

* Hoffman, Karen S. "'Going Public' in the Nineteenth Century: Grover Cleveland's Repeal of the Sherman Silver Purchase Act" ''Rhetoric & Public Affairs'' 2002 5(1): 57-77. [http://muse.jhu.edu/journals/rhetoric_and_public_affairs/v005/5.1hoffman.html in Project Muse]

* Jensen, Richard. ''The Winning of the Midwest: Social and Political Conflict, 1888-1896'' (1971)

* Jensen, Richard. ''The Winning of the Midwest: Social and Political Conflict, 1888-1896'' (1971)

* Kelley, Robert. "Presbyterianism, Jacksonianism and Grover Cleveland." ''American Quarterly'' 1966 18(4): 615-636. [http://www.jstor.org/stable/2711386  Jstor]  

* Kelley, Robert. "Presbyterianism, Jacksonianism and Grover Cleveland." ''American Quarterly'' 1966 18(4): 615-636. [http://www.jstor.org/stable/2711386  Jstor], on Cleveland’s religion and its political implications

* Klinghard, Daniel P. "Grover Cleveland, William McKinley, and the Emergence of the President as Party Leader." ''Presidential Studies Quarterly,'' Vol. 35, 2005 [http://www.questia.com/read/5012022855?title=Grover%20Cleveland%2c%20William%20McKinley%2c%20and%20the%20Emergence%20of%20the%20President%20as%20Party%20Leader online edition]

* Klinghard, Daniel P. "Grover Cleveland, William McKinley, and the Emergence of the President as Party Leader." ''Presidential Studies Quarterly,'' Vol. 35, 2005 [http://www.questia.com/read/5012022855?title=Grover%20Cleveland%2c%20William%20McKinley%2c%20and%20the%20Emergence%20of%20the%20President%20as%20Party%20Leader online edition]

* McCarthy, G. Michael. "The Forest Reserve Controversy: Colorado under Cleveland and McKinley," ''Journal of Forest History,'' Vol. 20, No. 2 (Apr., 1976), pp. 80-90 [http://www.jstor.org/stable/3983446 in JSTOR]

* McCarthy, G. Michael. "The Forest Reserve Controversy: Colorado under Cleveland and McKinley," ''Journal of Forest History,'' Vol. 20, No. 2 (Apr., 1976), pp. 80-90 [http://www.jstor.org/stable/3983446 in JSTOR]

* Meador, Daniel J. "Lamar to the Court: Last Step to National Reunion" ''Supreme Court Historical Society Yearbook 1986'': 27-47. ISSN 0362-5249  

* Meador, Daniel J. "Lamar to the Court: Last Step to National Reunion" ''Supreme Court Historical Society Yearbook 1986'': 27-47. ISSN 0362-5249  

* Morgan, H. Wayne. ''From Hayes to McKinley: National Party Politics, 1877-1896'' (1969), thorough scholarly survey [http://www.questia.com/library/book/from-hayes-to-mckinley-national-party-politics-1877-1896-by-h-wayne-morgan.jsp online edition]

* Morgan, H. Wayne. ''From Hayes to McKinley: National Party Politics, 1877-1896'' (1969), thorough scholarly survey [http://www.questia.com/library/book/from-hayes-to-mckinley-national-party-politics-1877-1896-by-h-wayne-morgan.jsp online edition]

* Summers, Mark Wahlgren. ''Rum, Romanism & Rebellion: The Making of a President, 1884'' (2000) campaign techniques and issues [http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=104865169 online edition]

* Summers, Mark Wahlgren. ''Rum, Romanism & Rebellion: The Making of a President, 1884'' (2000) campaign techniques and issues [http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=104865169 online edition]

* Welch, Richard E. Jr. ''The Presidencies of Grover Cleveland'' (1988) standard scholarly overview of his two administrations

* Welch, Richard E. Jr. ''The Presidencies of Grover Cleveland'' (1988) standard scholarly overview of his two administrations

*  Grover Cleveland, ''The Writings and Speeches of Grover Cleveland,'' edited by George Frederick Parker (1982) 571 pages [http://books.google.com/books?id=toH4pXJPahkC&printsec=frontcover&dq=intitle:%22grover+cleveland%22&lr=&num=100&as_brr=1 online edition], coverage to 1892

*  Grover Cleveland, ''The Writings and Speeches of Grover Cleveland,'' edited by George Frederick Parker (1982) 571 pages [http://books.google.com/books?id=toH4pXJPahkC&printsec=frontcover&dq=intitle:%22grover+cleveland%22&lr=&num=100&as_brr=1 online edition], coverage to 1892

*  Grover Cleveland, ''Presidential problems'' (1904) memoirs, [http://www.questia.com/read/8997001?title=Presidential%20Problems online edition from Questia]; [http://books.google.com/books/pdf/Presidential_Problems.pdf?vid=OCLC00535681&id=OqoFAAAAMAAJ&output=pdf&sig=3T40zxIg7GU17llmt_ie4foSe5g free online edition from Google]

*  Grover Cleveland, ''Presidential problems'' (1904) memoirs, [http://www.questia.com/read/8997001?title=Presidential%20Problems online edition from Questia]; [http://books.google.com/books/pdf/Presidential_Problems.pdf?vid=OCLC00535681&id=OqoFAAAAMAAJ&output=pdf&sig=3T40zxIg7GU17llmt_ie4foSe5g free online edition from Google]

* [http://www.usa-presidents.info/speeches/hawaii.html President Cleveland Message about Hawaii December 18, 1893] - Cleveland's message where he tried to discredit the Hawaiian Revolution. It was contradicted by the Congressionally issued Morgan Report in 1894.

* [http://www.usa-presidents.info/speeches/hawaii.html President Cleveland Message about Hawaii December 18, 1893] - Cleveland's message where he tried to discredit the Hawaiian Revolution. It was contradicted by the Morgan Report issued by Congress in 1894.

* National Democratic Committee. ''Campaign Text-book of the National Democratic Party'' (1896) a fierce defense of Cleveland written by Gold Democrats who supported Cleveland and opposed Bryan and McKinley http://books.google.com/books?ie=UTF-8&vid=LCCN09032461&id=VIwkzQzzbl4C&vq=wilson&dq=Democratic+%22campaign+text+Book%22&pg=PP19&printsec=4&lpg=PP19 online from Google]

* National Democratic Committee. ''Campaign Text-book of the National Democratic Party'' (1896) a fierce defense of Cleveland written by Gold Democrats who supported Cleveland and opposed Bryan and McKinley http://books.google.com/books?ie=UTF-8&vid=LCCN09032461&id=VIwkzQzzbl4C&vq=wilson&dq=Democratic+%22campaign+text+Book%22&pg=PP19&printsec=4&lpg=PP19 online from Google]

* Nevins, Allan, ed. ''Letters of Grover Cleveland, 1850-1908'' (1934), major collection of his letters

* Nevins, Allan, ed. ''Letters of Grover Cleveland, 1850-1908'' (1934), major collection of his letters